1917 the turning point of wwi the russian revolution the u.s. entered the war
TRANSCRIPT
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1917 the turning point of WWI
• The Russian Revolution
• The U.S. entered the war
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• Czar Nicholas II - “Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationalism”
• Unlike his predecessors, he was weak, incompetent and suspected of being under the influence of his German-born wife Alexandra, and a half-crazed monk named Grigori Rasputin.
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• There were two revolutions in 1917:
• The February (March-western calendar)
• The October (November…)
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The November 6th Revolution…
• The second revolution was instigated and inspired by a radical socialist party then known as the Bolsheviks. Its leader was Vladimir Lenin.
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World War One: The Battle of Tannenberg, 1914
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• In 1915, Czar Nicholas decided to go and direct the war from the front lines
• Czarina allowed a crazed monk named Rasputin to run the homefront
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Demonstrators gathering in front of the Winter Palace in Petrograd, just prior to the Russian Revolution, January 1917.
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• Czar Nicholas abdicated on March 15.A Provisional Government (the provisional government is often referred to as the “Kerensky Government” ) because its primary figure was Alexander Kerensky..
• - continued the war- - big mistake that led to its undoing
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Vladimir Ulyanov aka “Lenin” was a folk legend…
• A founder of the Bolshevik Party which was outlawed in Russia.
• Lenin had spent 20 years living in exile but writing about a “peoples revolution.”
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Location of Bolshevik Leaders in February, 1917
Bolshevik Leaders Location
Lenin Switzerland
Radek Switzerland
Zinoviev Switzerland
Bukharin New York
Litvinov London
Antonov-Ovseenko Paris
Dzerzhinsky Moscow
Latsis Petrograd
Molotov Petrograd
Kirov Vladikavkaz
Stalin Kureika (Siberia)
Ordzhonikidze Pokrovsk (Siberia)
Sverdlov Turukhansk (Siberia)
Kamenev Achinsk (Siberia)
Rykov Narym (Siberia)
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• Lenin was secretly aided by the German govt to return to Russia
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Upon returning to Russia, Lenin promised “Peace, Bread and Land” …and “All Power to the Soviets.”
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 1918
• Lenin accepted Germany’s harsh conditions in order to focus on securing power…the real revolution was yet to come.
• Russia lost 1/3 of its population, 3/4 of its iron resources and 9/10 of its coal supply plus a huge indemnity to Germany.
• News of the treaty contributed to a civil war which lasted until 1921.
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American Entrance into the war Woodrow Wilson’s
Proclamation of Neutrality
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Significance of American entrance into the war:
• Turned the tide of battle in favor of the Allies
• Broke sharply with America’s traditional avoidance of foreign entanglements – the policy of isolation – George Washington
• America’s emergence as a world power and eventually a world leader
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What changed for Americans?
• German unrestricted submarine warfare: • attacked ships of neutral nations without warning and
without attempting to save the crew and passengers• May 7, 1915: The Lusitania – 128 Americans died
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Allied propaganda:
Americans felt a kinship with the British and friendship with France since the American Revolution
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American economic interests
• American agricultural and manufactured goods were sold almost exclusively to the Allies.
• American investors extended substantial loans to the Allies
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American idealism
• “a war to end all wars”
• “the world must be made safe for democracy”
• The March Revolution in Russia brought a democratic govt to Russia
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April 6, 1917 America goes to war…
• The formal end to neutrality came when Congress passed a formal declaration of war
• Wilson offered a peace plan: The Fourteen Points
• It took about a year for the U.S. to recruit, train, supply and transport a modern army to Europe
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Hostility towards Germany
• Autocratic Kaiser William • Invasion of neutral Belgium• The Lusitania• Cont’d submarine warfare• The Zimmerman telegram
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Any questions?