I64TFn CONOREBSff S AT DocumtENTist essifo SENATE No. 324

AFFAIRS IN MEXICO

MESSAGEFROM THE

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATESTRANBMITTING

IN RESPONSE TO A SENATE RESOLUTION OFJANUARY 6, 1916, CERTAIN INFORMATION

RELATIVE TO AFFAIRS IN MEXICO

FEBRUARY 17, 1916.-Read; ordered to lie on the tableand to be printed

WASHIINGTONGOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1916

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SUEMITTED BY XR. FALL.

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED) STATES,January 6, 1916.

Resolved, That the President be requested, if not incompatible withthe public interests, to inform the Senate upon the following sub-jects and to transmit to the Senate the documents, letters, reports,orders, and so forth, hereinafter referred to:

First. Is there a government now existing in the Republic ofMexico; and if so,

Second. Is such government recognized by this Government; howis such government maintained, and where; who is now the recog-nized head of such government, and is the same a constitutionalgovernment?

Third. By what means was the recognition of any government inMexico brought about, and what proceedings, if any, were followedprior to and resulting in recognition, in any conference between thiscountry and Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, and any othercountry or countries?

Fourth. What' assurances has Ahe Government of Mexico giventhis Government as to its course in protecting American lives andproperty in Mexico and in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Cali-fornia' and, if such assurances have been given, what evidence hasthis government of the ability of such Government to fulfill itspromises and obligations in the premises?

Fifth. What orders or instructions have been issued to our offi-cials and armed forces on or near the Mexican border for the protec-tion of the lives, property, and peace of American citizens along saidborder?

Sixth. What assurances have boon received from the MexicanGovernment, or requested bv this Government, as to payment ofAmerican damage claims for injury to life or property of our citizensresulting from the acts of Mexico or citizens of that country withinthe past five years?

Seventh. What assurances have been given by the Mexican Gov-ernment as to the protection of foreigners and citizens, and par-ticularly in the free exercise of their religion, in public or in private ?

Eighth. Reports of the Brazilian minister to Mexico made tothis Government by letter or otherwise while said minister wasrepresenting this Government in Mexico; also reports of Americanconsuls an df consular representatives in Mexico during the past fouryears, together with reports from any special or other sources ofinformation available or in hand concerning or relating to Mexicanaffairs and conditions, or to Mexican officials or military and fac-tional leaders; reports of the actions of the Redl Cross in Mexico,and their reports to this Government.

4 AmRa IN MEXIo.

Ninth. Data, letters, and reports relating to the closing of theport of El Paso and reopening same to importations of meat fromJuarez, and also to the setting aside or revocation of any decrees ororders of Villa concerning mining property.

Tenth. Information concerning the occupation of Vera Cruz byour land and naval forces; duration of such occupation; our admin-istration of affairs during such occupancy; and the date and causeof the evacuation of Vera Cruz, with all correspondence concerningsuch evacuation.

Attest:JAMEs M. BAKER, Secretary.

-fESSAGE OF TRANSXITTAL

Tot7 Senae: .In response to the resolution adopted by the Senate on January 6,

1916, requesting the President to inform the Senate, if not incom-patible with the public interests, upon certain subjects respectingthe situation in Mexico, and to transmit to the Senate the documents,letters, reports, orders, and so forth, therein referred to, I transmitherewith a report by the Secretary of State, with accompanying

Pae-report of the Secretary of State has my approval.WOODROW WILSON.

The WwITz HOUSE,WaTh0i8ton, February 17, 1916.

8 D-64-1-vol 41-81

LIST OF PAPERS.

1. The Secretary of State to Mr. Arredondo, October 19, 1915.::2. Statement by the President with regard to Mexico, June 2, 1915.3. Appeal to all generals governors, and other leaders in Mexico, Aigned by the

Stretary of Bt~te the, ambadorsa of Brazil, Chile, and Arentina ad theminister of Bolivia, Uruguay, and Guatemala, Augist 11, 1916.

4. From Mr. Arredondo to the. Secretary of State, October 7,1915.4d. From Gen. Carrauza to Mr. ArredoDdo October 6, 1915 (telegram).4B. R4sum6 of the Mexican Constitutionailst Revolution and its program, by Mr.

Arredondo dated October 7, 1916.4C. Plan of Guaidalupe, March 26, 1913.4D. Decree of n.G CSrranza, December 12, 1914.4E. Declaration to the Nation by Gen. Carranza, June 11, 1915.4F. From Gen. Carrana to Mr. Arredondo, October 6, 1915 (telegram).6. From the Secretary of War to the Secretary of State, February 10, 1916.6A. Weekly report of general conditions along the Mexican bolder, based on weekly

reports of January 1, 1916.SB. Weekly report of general conditions along the Mexican bWrder, based on weekly

reports of January 16 19166. From the Secretary ofWar to the Secretary of State, January 26, 1916 (extract).7. From Mr. Arredondo to the Secretary of State, October 8, 1915.8. From consul at Chihuahua to the Secretary of State, No. 658 July 31, 1915.8A. From the Acting Secretary of State to the consul at Chihuaf.u No. 379, August

11, 1915.8B. From Mine and Smelter Operators' Association to the Secretary of State, received

August 6. 1915 (telegram).80. From George 0. Carothers to the Secretary of State, received August 12, 1916

(telegram).9. From Rear Admiral Fletcher to the Secretary of the Navy, April 9, 1914 (tele-9A. FmtkeSecretary of the Navy to the Secretary of State, January 19, 1916.9B. From the Secretary of War to the Secretary of State, January 26, 1916.

10. From the Secretary of State to the Brazilian Minister in Mexico, September 22,1914 (telgram).

11. From thie Bazilian: Minister in Mexico to the Secretary of State, November10, 1914 (telegram

12. List of Americans killed in' Mexico during 1913-1915.12A. List of Americans killed in Mexico in 1910, 1911, and 1912.12B. List of Americans reported killed in American territory as a result of the Mexi-

can border troubles during the years 1913-1916.120. List of American soldiers killed in American' territory on account of Mexican

border troubles.12D. Mexicans reported killed in American territory as a result of border troubles

other than those resulting from firing across the international line, duringengagements in Mexican border towns, between the years 1913 and 1915,Inclusiare.

LETTER OF TIE SECRETARY OF STATE TO T PRESIDENT.

To the PREBIDENT:The resolution adopted by the United States Senate on Januar 6,

1916, requesting to be furnished, if not incompatible with the publicinterest, fwithD documents, letters, reports, orders, etc., relating to theMexican situation, having been referred by you to the Departmentof State for report, I have the 'honor to state, after earnest consider-ation of the request in the light of such study as the department hasgiven this subject for a period of several years, that I believe it tobe incompatible with the public interest to transmit to the Senate, atthe present time, the voluminous correspondence called for by theresolution between the Department of State and the representativesof the United States in Mexico, or that between this department andrepresentatives of the de facto Government of Mexico, of which Gen.Venustiano Carranza is the Chief Executive. -

In response, however, to the inquiries made in the resolution, Ihave ha prepared the following concise statement, together withcopies of certain pertinent documents which are hereto appended:

11): The government at present existing in Mexico is a de factogovernment, established by military power, which has definitelycommitted'itself to the holding of popular elections upon the resto-ration of domestic peace.

(2) This do factor Government of Mexico, of which Gen. VenustianoCarranza is the Chief Executive, was recognized by the Governmentof the6United States on October 19, 1915, and a copy of the letter toMr. Rlseo Arredondo, the representative of the de facto governmentat this capital, informing him of such recognition is hereto appendedclosurer: No. 1). The said de facto government has since beenrecognized by substantially all the countries of Latin America;lsoby Great Britain, Fiance, Italy, Russia, Japan, Austria-Hungary,Germany, and Spain; and several other countries have recentlyannounced their intention of extending recognition. The said dofactor; government is at present being maintained at Queretaro, nearMexico City.

It can not be said that the de facto Government of Mexico is a con-stitutional government. The de facto government, like the majorityof revolutionary governments, is of a military character, but, asalready stated, that government has committed itself to the holdingOf elections, and it is confidently expected that the present govern-ment will, within a reasonable time, be merged in or succeeded by agovernment organized under the constitution and laws of Mexico.

(3) After July, 1914, the revolutionary party became divided intofactions thereby delaying the pacification of the country. Mean-while this Government took no action, hoping that these factionswould, by region, be able to restore order. As this desirable resulthad not ben achieved up to June 2, 1915, the President's statement

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AFFIRS IN MEXIOO.

of that date, containing a warning to the leaders of the factions, wastelegraphed to the American consular officers in Mexico, for circula-tion. A copy of this statement is appended hereto enclosuree No. 2).

Several weeks after the statement was issued, as the factionaldifferences seemed to be no nearer to a settlement, this Governmentsounded the six' ranking diplomatic representatives' of latin-Americaas to whether they would confer and advise with this Government inregard to formulating some practicable plan, if possible, for the solu-tion of the Mexican problem. Under instructions from their respec-tive governments, these representatives signified their desire to co-operate with this Government, and the first conference with therepresentatives was held on August 5last.As a result of that conference the: ambassadors ofA -entina, Brail

and Chile, the ministers of Bolivia, Uruguay, and Guatemala, andthe Secretary of State of the United States, acting severally, signedan appeal to the civil-and military leaders of the revolutionary fact-tions in Mexico, suggesting that thelatter hold a conference to dis-cuss a peaceful statement of their differences and offered to act asintermediaries to arrange the time, place, and other details of suchconference. Identical communications in this sense were, under dateof August 13 and 14 last, sent by telegraph to all generals, governors,and other leaders known to be exercising civil or military authorityin Mexico. A copy of this communication is appended (inclosureNo.~.3).The'attempt to bring the factions together fora 'conference failed.Substantially all the ommanders and other in authority who

were: associated with Geni. Villa, replied directly and independently, invaried language, accepting the suggestion for a conference. On theother hand, all the commanders and others in authority who wereaffiliated with' Gen. Carranza replied briefly to the effect that theappeal had been referred to (Jon. Carranfza, whose superior authoritythey ackinowledged, and who Iwould make such reply as he deemedproper. The inference to be drawn was plain. On the one hand,there seemed to be no central organization amonj the Villista forces,while, on the other hand, submission to a cent :authority was evi-denced in the replies of the Carranzistas. Theunity and boyalty ofthe Cakranzistas appeared to indicate the ultimate triumph of thatfaction1 especially as the Carranzista forces were then in control ofaproximately 75 per cent-of the territory of Mexico. Accordinglythe conferees, after careful and impartial consideration of all thecircumstances, decided unanimously to recommend severally to theirrespective governments that in their opinion the government ofwhich. Gen. Carranza was the leader should be recognized as the defacto government of 'Mexico.

(4) 1Ihere is appended hereto a copY of a letter from Mr. EliseoArredondo, the- local representative of Gen. Carranza in Washineton,dated October 7, 1915 enclosuree No. 4), transmitting several docu-ments (inclosures. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D 4E and 4F), setting forth theprogram of the do facto government with respect to the protection'ofthe lives and property of foreigners in Mexico, the settlement ofclaims arising from the disturbed conditions, and other matters ap-pertaining to the restoration of order.As to the ability of the de factor government to fulfill its promises

to protect lives and properties along the border, the undersigned has

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the honor to callyour attention to the fact that since assurances inthis respect were given to this Government by the de facto govern-ment, the disturbances along the border have in a large measureceased. In this connection a copy of a letter from the Secretary ofWar, dated February 10, 19i6 enclosuree No. 5), and copies of weeklyreports Not 146 ana 148 for the weeks ending January 1 and January15, 1916, prepared by the War Department, concerning general con-ditions 'along the Mexican border enclosuress Nos. 5A and 5B), arehereto appended. It will be seen from these reports that conditionsalong the border are practically normal.

In respect to the evidence in the possession of this Government ofthe ability of the de fact government of Mexico to fulfill its promisesand obligations relative to protecting American lives and property inMexico, the department's information indicates that the de factogovernment is now in control of all but a few sections of Mexico, andDhat, bearing in mind that the nation is just emerging from years ofdomestic strife, itmay' be said that within the territory which itcontrols it is affording, in all the circumstances, reasonably adequateprotection to the lives and property of American citizens and that itis taking steps to extend its authority over and restore order inisections now in the hands of hostile factions. In this connectionhowever, it should be stated that the lawless conditions which havelong contianed throughout a large part of the territory of Mexico arenot easy to remedy and that the great number of bandits who haveinfested certain districts and devastated property in such tertoncan not be suppressed immediately, but that their suppression willrequire some fime for its accomplishment, pending which it may beexpected that they will commit sporadic outrages upon lives andproperty.

(5); With reference to the protection of the lives and property ofAmerican citizens on or near the Mexican border, there is enclosedherewith an extract from a letter on the subject from the Secretaryof War dated January 26, 1916 enclosuree No. 6).

(6) With regard to the settlement of American claims against theMexican Repuiblic for injuries to the lives or property of Americancitizens, the u1ndersigned has the honor to direct your attention toto the copy of a letter from Mr. Arredondo, dated October 7, 1915,and its inclosures, heretofore referred to and hereto appended asenclosure No. 4 and its annexes.

(7) With reference to the assurances given by the Mexican gov-ernment concerning the protection of foreigners and "citizens,"particularly respecting the free exercise of religion, the undersignedencloses herewith a copy of a letter on the subject from Mr. Arredondo,dated October 8, 1915 enclosuree No. 7).

(8) As heretofore stated, it is not considered compatible with thepublic interest to transmit to the Senate at the present time thecorrespondence regarding political conditions in Mexico. Muchof this correspondence is of a highly confidential nature, submittedby the consular officers of the United States, by diplomatic or con-sular officers of other Governments, which have graciously consentedthat their officers night supply this Government with informationduring the necessary absence of American representatives, and byother persons residing in Mexico. To reveal the contents of thesportss submitted by representatives of the United States and by

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the representatives of other Governments would be incompatiblewith public interest, as it would tend to impair the usefulness ofthese officials to their respective Governments; and to make publicthe personal and frequently confidential statements submit fromtime to time by civilians might seriously embarrass them.

It may be added that the papers requested by the Senate resolutioncomprise thousands of documents, the greater part of which setforth individual opinions and suggestions from different points ofview, and therefore contain a mass of divergent and contradictorymatter incapable of reduction to a harmonious statement of factregarding the situation in Mexico or of the plans proposed for itsimprovement.

(9) With reference to the request for "data, letters, and reportsrelating to the closing of the port of El Paso and reopening same toimportations of meat from' Juarez," the undersigned has thee honorto state that the: port of El Paso has not been closed during thisadministration, to the importation of meats from Juarez. If meatsfrom Juarez were at any time prohibited entry into the United States,it was because such meats were not properly repared to pass theinspection maintained under the regulations of the Department ofAgriculture of this Government and not because the port of El Pasowas closed to any particular class of imports. IWith respect to the revocation of the mining decree issued by

Gen. Villa, the undersigned inclose an extract fNrm a dispatch fromthe American consul at Chihuahua dated July 31, 1915 enclosureeNo. 8), and a copy of the'department a reply thereto, dated August 11,1915 enclosuree No. 8A).. There is zlnoina0sed a copy of a tegramin regard to this matter from the Mine and Smeter Operators'Association, dated at El Paso, Tex., August 6, 1915 enclosureNo. 8B) together with a copy of antudated telegram from M.George6. Crother, the department's special :ent, received by thedepartment on Au t 12, 1915 (inclosure No. 80), stating thatGen. Villa's mining decree would not be enforced.

(10) Concerning the occupation and evacuation of Vera Cruz byUnited States land and naval forces, the undersigned has the honorto inclose a copy f ;Adimiral Fletcher's telegram to the Secretary ofthe Navy, dated April 9, 1914 enclosuree No. 9) quoting a telegramfrom Admiral Mayo, of the same date, reporting tie arrest at Tampicoof the paymaster and a boat's crew Of the U. & S. Dolphin; a copy ofa letter from the Secretay offthe Navy, dated January 19, 1916(enclosure No. 9A); and an extract from a letter from the Secretaryof War, dated January 26, 1916 (inclosue No. 9B), hereinbeforementioned as enclosure No. 6, in which reference is made to borderconditions..3.ben the arret of the men mentioned was reported to the De-

partment of State, informal negotiations were immediately begunwith the Huertista government with a view of settling the difficultybut owing to the refusal of Gen. Huerta to comply with AdmiraiMayo's demand for a salute, the negotiations were suspended. TheAmerican consuls in Mexico were informed by telegraph on April 201914, that the negotiations had been suspended, and that the Presi-dent would lay the matter before the Congress on that date, with a viewto taking such action as might be necesary to obtain reparation forthe offense against the flag and Navy of the United States, and

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they were instructed to advise Americans to withdraw from Mexicanterritory.On September 15, 1914, 7 p. m., the Department of State dispatched

a telegram to the minister of Brazil at Mexico City, temporarily incharge of American interests, for delivery by him to ice ConsulSilliman, i which the latter was instructed to say to Gen. Carranzathat the President was arranging to withdraw the American troopsfrom Vera Crmz and that he desired that some responsible authoritybe named to whom the customhouse could be turned over and thatofficials be designated to whom authority in the city could be deliv-ered. On September 22, a telegram was sent to the minister of Brazil,in which the Carranza government was requested to give certainassurances in regard to the parent of taxes treatment of refugeesat Vera Cruz, and other matters. A copy of this telegram is inclosedherewith enclosuree No. 10).On November 10, 1914, the minister of Brazil at Mexico City tele-

graphed Gen. Carranza's reply to the assurances requested on Sep-tember 22. A copy of this telegram is inclosed herewith enclosureeNo. 11).

I have also the honor to append a list enclosuree No. 12) of the citi-zens of the United'States, who, from various causes, have lost theirlives in Mexico during the years 1913, 1914, and 1015. The total is76. From the latter part of February, 1913, when the military oper-ations Iagainst Gen. Huerta began, to the close: of the vear 1916, aperiod of 34 months, a great portion of the territory of Mexico wasihe scene of domestic strife. Yet it may be noted that during theyears 1910, 1911, and 1912, when a much smaller area was disturbedby war, 47 Americans lost their lives iin Mexico enclosuree No. 12A);and this was at a time when the country was assumed to be at peace,since the Madero revolution, which began on November 20, 1910,lasted only six months.While 76 Americans lost their lives in the entire territory of Mexico

during the years 1913, 1914, and 1915, in the same period there were20 civilian Americans and 16 American soldiers kiled on Americansoil adjacent to the international boundary inclosuress Nos. 12B and124) and:during those (years there were approximately 92 MexicanskiileA in the same area enclosuree No. 12D).These figures indicate that a condition of lawlessness prevailed

along the border, due in large measure to factional conflicts in Mexicantertoryr for ports of entry, and to the-unfriendly personal relationsexisting between the American and Mexican residents in that region.The department, however, has no reliable information as to the num-ber of Mexicans killed on the Mexican side of the boundary and inits immediate vicinity as a consequence of this state of disorder.

Respectfully submitted.ROBERWT LASING.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,Washington, February 12, 1916.

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(Inclcuro No. 1.1

THEK SECRETARY OP STATE TO MR. ARREDONDO.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,Washington, October 19, 1916.

MY DEAR MR. ARREDONDO: It is my pleasure to inform ou thatthe President of the United States takes this opportunity of extend-ing recognition to the de facto government of Mexico, of which Gen.Venustiano Carranza is the Chief Executive.The Government of the United States will be pleased to receive

formally in Washington a diplomatic representative of the de factogovernment as soon as it shall please Gen. Carrauza to designatetand appoint such representative; and, reciprocally, the Governmentof the United States will accredit to the deo facto government a dip-lomatic representative as soon as the President has had opportunityto designate such representative.

I should appreciate it if you could find it possible to communicatethis information to Gen. Carranza at your earliest convenience.

Very sincerely, yours,ROBERT LANSING.

fInclosure No. 2.1

STATEMENT OF THE PRESIDENT WITH REGARD TO MEXICO.

For more than two years revolutionary conditions have existed inMexico. The purpose of the revolution was to rid Mexico of men whoignored the constitution of the Republic and used their power incontempt of the rights of its people; and with these purposes thepeople of the United States instinctively and generously sympathized.But the leaders of the revolution, in the very hour of their success,have disagreed and turned their arms against one another. All Pro-fessing the same objects, they are, nevertheless,unable or unwillingto cooperate. 'A central authority at Mexico City is no sooner set upthan it is undermined 'and its authority denied by those who wereexpected to support it. X, Mexico is apparently no nearer a solutionof her tragical troubles than she was when the revolution was firstkindled. And she has been swept by civil w-ar as if by fire. Hercrops are destroyed, her fields lie unseeded, her 'work cattle are con-fiscated for the use of the armed factions, her people flee to the moun-tains to escape being drawn into unavailing bloodshed, and no manseems to see or lead the way to peace and settled order. There is noproper protection either for her own citizens or for the citizens of othernations resident and at work within her territory. Mexico is starvingand without a government.In these circumstances the people and Goverment of the United

States can not stand indifferently by and do nothing to serve theirneighbor. They want nothing for themselves in Mexico. Least ofall do they desire to settle her affairs for her, or claim any right todo so. But neither do they wish to see utter ruin come upon her,and they deem it their duty as friends and neighbors to lend any aidthey properly 'can to any instrumentality which promises to beeffective in bringing about a settlement which will embody the realobjects of the revolution-constitutional government and the rights

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Of the people. Patriotic Mexicans are sick at heart and cry out forpeace and for every self-sacrifice that may be necessary to procure it.Their people cry out for food and will presently hate as much as theyfear every man, in their country or out of it, who stands betweenthem and their daily bread.

It is time, therefore, that the Government of the United Statesshould frankly state the policy which in these extraordinary circum-stances it becomes its duty to adopt. It must presently do what ithas not hitherto done or felt at liberty to do, lend its active moralsupport to some man or group of men, if such may be found,: whocan rally the suffering people of Mexico to their support in an effort toignore, if they can not unite, the warring factions of the country,return to the 'constitution of the Republic so long in abeyance, andset up a government at Mexico City which the great powers of theworld can recognize and deal with, a government with whom theprogram of the revolution will be a business and not merely a plat-fom, I therefore publicly and very solemnly call upon the leadersof faction in Mexico to act, to act together, and to act promptly forthe relief and redemption of their prostrate country. 17 feel it to bemy duty to tell them that, if they can not accommodate their dif-

- ferences and unite for this great purpose within a very short time,this Government will be constrained to decide what means shouldbe employed by the United States in order to help Mexico save herselfand serve her people.WASHINGTON, June 2, 1915.

APPEAL TO GENERALS, GOVERNORS, AND OTHER MEXICANLEADERS.

InIoUr6 No. 3. et to all consuls in Mexico under date of Aug. 13 and 14, 1914.J(Tramslation.]

WASHINGTON, D. C., August 11:, 1915.The undersigned, the Secretary of State of the United States, the

ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Brazil, Chile,and Argentina and the envoys extraordinary and ministers pleni-potentiary of [Bolivia Uruguay, and Guatemala, accredited to theGovernment of the Vnited States of America, acting severally andindependently, unanimously send to you the following communi-cation:

Inspired by the most sincere spirit of American fraternity, andconvinced that they rightly interpret the earnest wish of the entirecontinent, have met informally at the suggestion of the Secretary ofState of the United States to consider the Mexican situation and toascertain whether their friendly and disinterested help could 1)0 suc-cessfully employed to reestablish peace and constitutional order inbur sister Republic.

In the heat of the frightful struggle which for so long has steepedin blood the Mexican soil, doubtless all may well have lost sight ofthe dissolving effects of thie strife upon the most vital conditions ofthe national existence, not only upon the life and liberty of theinhabitants, but on the prestige arid security of the country. Wecan not doubt, however-no one can doubt-that in the presence ofa sympathetic appeal from their brothers of America, recalling to

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18~~~APPFAIS IN ICX=CO.

them these disastrous effects, asking them to save their mqthlaudfrom an. abyss-no one can doubt, we repeat-that the patriotismof the men who lead, or aid in any way the bloody stife will notremain unmoved; no one can doubt that each and every one of themmeasuring in his own conscience his share in the responsibilities ofkpast misfortune and looking forward to his share im the glory of tepacification and reconstruction of the country, Will respond noblyand resolutely, to this friendly appeal and give their best efforts toopening the way to some saving action.We, the undersigned, believe that if the men directing the armed

movements in Mexico-whether political or military chiefs-shouldagree to meet, either in person or by delegates, far from the soundor cannon, and with no other inspiration save the thought of, theirafflicted land, there to exchange ideas and to determine the fa ofthe count try-from such action would undoubtedly result the strongand unyie ding agreement requisite to the creation of a provisionalgovernment, which should adopt the first steps necessary to the con-stitutional reconstruction of the country-and to issue the first andmost essential of them all, the immediate call to:general elections,An adequate place within the Mexican frontiers, which for the pur-

pose might be neutralized, should serve as the seat of the conference;and in order to bring about a conference of this nature the under-signed, or any of them, will willingly, upon invitation, act as inter-mediaries toarrange the time, place, and other details of such con-ference, if this action can in any way aid the Mexican people.The undersigned expect a reply to this communication within a

reasonable time; and consider that such a time would be 10 daysafter the communication is delivered, subject to prorogation for cause.

ROBERT; LANSING,Secretary ofState of the United States.

'D. DA GAKA,Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary ofBraze.

EDo. SULRBZ-MUJIOA,Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of CAi.

R. S. NA6NAmbas8ador Extraordinary and Plenipoteiary ofArgentina.

I. CALDERONEnvoy fxWraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ofBolivia.

CARLOS MARIA DE PENA,Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Uruguay.

JOAQWfN MtNDPZ,Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ofGuatemala.

[Icmlosure No. 4.]

MR. ARREDONDO TO TN RORCETARY OP STATE.

AGENOA CONFIDENCIAL DELGoBIERNO CONSTITUOIONALISTA DE MtXnCO,

Washington, D. a., October 7, 1915.Mr. SECRETARY: In consideration of, the agreement between your

excellency and the other American representatives, during the lastconference held in New York, on the 18th ultimo,. I have the honor

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to transmit herewith, for your excellence's information, a briefrvies of the Mexican revolution, initiated by Mr. Venustiano Car-ranza in FebAm , 1913, explaining its orn, development, andpropess made to this day; and a copy of declarations made by Mr.Cranr fia, s the leader of the revolution and depository of the exebu-tive power of Mexico, which define the tendencies and program to befollowed by the constitutionalist government, during its transitoryperiod, midispensable for the holding of general elections in theRepublic, wherefrom a definite constitutional government wilemanate.

Mr. Venustiano Carranza depository of the executive power ofMexico, whom I have the honor to represent in this country, hasauthorized me to say to your excellency that his public declarationsof December 12, 1914, and June 11, 1915, bear the statement thatthe government he represents, in its capacity of a political entity,conscious of its international obligations and of its capability tocomply with them, has afforded guaranties to the nationals, andhas done likewise with regard to foreigners, and shall continue to seethat their liv and property are repeated, in accordance with thepractices established by civilied nations and the treaties in forcebetween Mexico and other countries.That besides the above he will recognize and satisfy indemnities

for damages caused by the revolution, which shallbe settled in duetime and m terms of justice.

I avail myself of this opportunity to reiterate to your excellencethe assurance of my highest consideration.

E. ARREDONDO,Confidenti Agent.

His Excellency ROBERT LANSNG,Secretary of State of the United States of Ameica,

Washington, D. a.

*Iniomw. No. 4.)

G1N. O flANZA TO ME. ARREDONDO.!Tdogram.1

VERA CRuz, Mzxwio, Octoer 5, 1915.ELIso AEREDONDO, Esq.,

Metican Embassy, Washington, P.C.Your ciphered message dated yesterday. The general situation

of the country is constantly improving, and preferent attention isbeig given to repairing railway lines in order to facilitate transpor-tation of merchandise to place where they are lacking. It is untruethat the Zapatistas blew up a passenger train, as stated by you, andalthough several bands are harassing trains, these are well pro-tected, and the persecution waged against will soon annihilate them.it is true that a minor officer killed a young lady, but he succeeded inescaping, but he is being pursued, and when arrested he will receivea severe punishment.

CARRNZA:.

ii

"FAIR IN MECO.

[below"r NO. 4B.J

ItSUMS Or N IAS OONWTUTIONALST EVOL ONAND ITS PROGRZES.

The civil strife in Mexico, now nearing its end which grow out ofthe arrest and subsequent death of Francisco . Madero and JoseMaria Pino Suarez, President and Vice President, respectively, of theRepublic of Mexico, and was a consequence of the usurpation ofpower by Gen. Victoriano Huerta, had its beginning on the 19th ofFebuary, 1913. On this date Mr. Venustiano Carranza, uponbeingapprised of the above-mentioned outrageous assault and of the

infringement of the federal constitution1 and acting in hiscapacityof governor of the StateofCoahuila andm fealty to the oath he hadtakenupon enteringinto the performance of his high investiture topreserve andcause all others to observe~ the federal constitution andto guard its institutions repudiated the aforesaidGen. Huerta asPresident of Mexico and initiated that which has been named as

"The revolution: of the Constitutionalist Party."Mr. VenustianoCarranza, obeying the-provision of the federal con-

stitution whichhis oath of office involvedas governor of the State of

Coahuila,raised the

flag oflegality against the usurpation of federalpower,

at the same time calling all public officers inthe country to dotheirduty and inviting all commanders of troops to repudiateandoppose(len. Huerta asPresident of the Republic; but in view of thefact that none of the secretariesin the cabinetof Mr. Madero, whoby operation of law and according to their precedence were expectedto punish the:outrage committed against the constitution, respondedto the call to duty, Mr. Carranza constrained to assume theleadership of therestorating movementbecause it was his duty to do doas governor of the State Coahuila andpursuant unanimous

vote oftthe citizens who at that momenthad rallied around him todefend the political constitution of theunited Mexican States and tosave itsinstitutions.

Mr. Carranza is, therefore, in the light of the federal constitutionof Mexico, the rightful successor of FranciscoI. Madero in the exer-cise of the executive power, to e exlusionof any other publicofficer, because he was the only who complied with his dutyaccording to the fundamentalcharter of theRepublic.The nomination of Mr. Carrauza as chief of therevolution took place

in thehaciefida de Guadalupe, State of Coahuila, where the well-known "Plan of Guadalupe was framed and enacted onMarch26, 191.3, which was the rule of action to be observed and followedby thearmy which then being organized withhhe solepurposeopposing and overthrowing the power of Glen. VictorianoRuerta,andwhich was wisely named at that timeas "constitutionalistarmy."

In accordance with this brief, concise, and well-defined plan ofaction the sole obje t of which and its only duty were to restorethe edetiveness

ofthe constitution trampled upon by Huerta andhis accomplices, a small group of patriotsleadfby Mr. Carranza and

seconded afterwards by thet tate of Sonora only, started a disad-vantageous struggle against the central power of Huerta, who hadthe decided support of the federal army and of the powerful elementsof the cientifico and reactionary party.

18

OFAF IN MEXICO.

After a revolution of a year and a half which disturbed the wholenountty and has shed so much blood and caused so great injuryto the Mexican people, Mr. Carranza made his triumphant entryinto the City of Mexico at the head of the restorating army on August19, 1914, taking immediate possession of the executive authority ofthe Republic of Mexico, in accordance with the plan of Guadalupe,dated March 26, 1913.Aisoon as Mr. Carranza took his seat in the national palace of

the City of Mexico, he began the organization of the various depart-ments of state with view to attending at once to all the services ofpublic administration, and tat the same time comply with a verbalpromie he made to al the leaders who seconded7the plan of Guada-lupe when the constitutionalist army should occupy the City ofMexico. He called all the governors and leaders in command of troopsto a meeting which was to take place on the 1st day of October,1914, for the purpose of discussing and adopting the program orplatform which the constitutionalit government should[ followprior to elections; the reforms which sh-ould be carried into effectthe date on which elections should be held, and all other matters ofgeneral interest which the circumstances might require.But Gen. Francisco Villa, who was then the commander of the

northern division of the constitutionalist army, who had signed andswoW to support the lan of Guadalupe, induced and encouraged ba group of sordid an? ambitious counselors, who had not been aW-mntted by Mr. Carransa, and confirming his rebellious designs againstthe first chief, of which he had given evidence since the month ofJune of 1914, when he refused to obey the orders of his chief to goto the rescue of Gen. Panfilo Natera, who was attacking the city ofZacatecas, which was then occupied by Huerta's forces, made a replyto the call, stating that neither he nor any of the generals of his ;div-sion would attend the meeting to be held on Octoberl in Mexico, atthe same time publishing a, declaration repudiating the leadership of

r. Carranza and alleging that he was not the man required by thecircumstances to occupy the presidency of the Republic and insurethe triumph'of the revolution.The conventionlwas, therefore, held without the attendance of the

northern division, among the other military commanders and gover-nors of States; but as soon as the sessions were initiated, Mr. Carranzaconsidered that Gen. Villa and the commanders of his division wereobstinate in a futile struggle which would again stain Mexico's siwith the blood of its people and wouldboeof disastrous consequenceand seeing with sadness that several oth6r leaders were vacillatingin the face of danger and the hardships of a new struggle, loyal tothe principles of a negation and patriotism of which he had givenevidence, aad guided only by the desire to avoid greater evils to hiscountry, he appeared before the assebl on a certain day in thelegislative palace of Mexico and astonish everybody by relinquish-ing before it the Rower with which he had been vested, promising toretire to private life and even to leave the country, stating that hewould return the authority to those who had conferred it on him andhoped that they wotild-know how to save the Republic from a newstruggle growing out of Villa's rebellion and would carry into practicethe reforms, of an economic and social order which the people de-manded and which had been the subject of the strife.

19

20APPLIES INIttXI*O.

r. Carrns divested of all command and -a' siple otien,returned to his home, leaving the convention in complete liberty tcontinue its sessions and to discuss and designate the person whoshould take his place.The convention went on with its work, and, ifter brief deliberations

concerning theresignation of Mr. Carranza, all those present upnani-mousi decided to call him back and ask him to resume the dut es offirst cLief of the constitutionalist army and to continue at the headof the executive power of the nation, inasmuch as ho was the ennerepresentative ofthe revolution, the faithful interpreter of it teiid-encies and purposes. To that effect, a committee of five generaappointed by the convention called at the home of Mr. Criiza a late hour of: the night and a few minutes la carried him tothe chamber of deputies, where the important convention was beingheld, where he was received amidst the applause: of theattendat$who acclaimed him as their child and again invested him with thepower of the nation' and Mr. Carrana, respondding to the nAcesitieof the country and Ais voice of his partisan, accepted the trust andonce more protested that he would dohis duty wand.ould defend theprinciples and program of the revolution t the ambitions #ndmalevolence of its enemies, to whom the rebellion of Villa should beadded.

Mr. Carranza having again taken0ch e of the executiverwer ofthe nation and invested again with the taracter of first chief of theconstitutionalist army, several army officers called upon himiin~his permission to proceed north in order to eonfer with the com-manders of the northern division; headed by Gen. Villa, in an effortto procure an agreement with them and avoid the menacing conflictwhich everyone felt would be of seri consuences for the euseand the interests :of Mexico. After several interviews in thichMr. Carranza constantly endeavored to dissuade the aforesaid g6n-orals from the futility of their intent, admonis them aist theantecedents, ignorance, and w6l-known trais of Villa, which couldhardly inspire any confidence in his agreeents land promises, per-mitted them to go to aclientes, where they:'fre tWomeettheothers, but reserng to th authority on any decision adopteduntil he would kow e result of the aboov-mtidoned confereficesThe mere conversation and exchane of opinioI ad judginent

among the aforesaid leides, moved ohly by the desire to avoid thenearing conflict, was asuffticent pretext for Villa to gite them thecharacter of a convention, which began by Simple confeences andended by assuming the name of a sovereign convention, wih di-tated anewpro am for the revolution and compleely disregardedthe plan of Guadalupe.

It is well known that G(en. Villa immediately sent troops in largen bears to the city of Aguascalientes' bdy means of th manifes-tation of violence succeed in having Gen. Eulaio utierrez ap-pointed provisional president of Mexilo fot a term of 20 days, withthe avowed purpose of eliminating M. Ciareanza frm the position offirst chief and of his trust as depository of the executive powtwhichhad been then ratified in his favor. It is also a well-known ftwithin as well as without Mexico that oly a few days had to passwhen Villa revolted also against roviioa Presidpnt Go itie , thechoice of the so-called convention, aad toziipa'MM by a b6dy 6f

20

AFAIR IN MEXICO.

armed troops attacked him in his own home, forcing Gutierrez to fleefrom the capital to save his life.Once.the works of the so-called convention ended at Aguascalientes

and having set in relief, as stated before, that the aim of Villa was noother than to assume power by assault and declare himself the dic-tator of Mexico, the various leaders and officers, who, deceived on theone hand and startled on the other by the precipitation of the oc-currence and their lack of experience in political matters, had attendedthe Aguascalientes convention, returned to the side of the first chiefand once more declared their willingness to defend the government ofMr. Carranza against the malevolence and ambitions of Villa and thosewho followed him.

It was at that time, October of last year, that the second strugglewhich Mi. Carranza had to face began; and it has been necessary todevote one whole year of hardships and sacrifice; to destroy thousandsof lives and interests of the country to overpower the Villa faction,which at this time, already disorganized, 'without elements of support,followers, or cohesion, has been confined to the material occupationof the northern portion of the State of Chihuahua and a part of theState of Sonora.

In order to foster his ambitions, Glen. Villa sent (Gen. Felipe Angelesto the State of Morelos to seek the allegiance of the Zapata faction inthe new fight against Mr. Carranza, for which purpose he made Zapataall kinds of promises and succeeded in having a group of 26 Zapatistadelegates attend the Aguascalientes convention, although they had nocredentials of any kind or color to attend the conference, nor had everbeen identified as revolutionaries; but this was of no avail, for theends which Villa and Angeles pursued, whose ambition was to securea majority in the convention, which would insure the success of theirpurpose.IBWeZapata faction, which has never been an organized nucleus of

resistance, -and composed merely of bands of marauders numberingsometimes 100, 50, 20 10, and even less men, never was nor has beenin accord with the Villa faction except in their intention to fight Mr.Carranza; but these latter having been defeated by the forces underGens. Gonzalez and (Cos,'have retired to their mountain hiding in theStateof Morelos, and their activity is reduced to raids in the States ofMexico,`Vera Cruz, and the Federal district, where; they attack defense-les towns and passenger trains without any other object or finalitythan to rob and profit by the proceeds of their loot, all of whom areacting on their ow personal initiative ahd are living in this manneroutside of the pale of any authority or law.From the above it appears that the constitutionalist party, headed

by Mr. tarranza, initiated the revolution against Huerta in February1913 and organized and equipped successively in various States ofthe republic an army of volunteers which fought the usurpation ofHuerta, and finally threw him out of power, as hereinbefore stated;and has also fought and completely defeated the factions of Villa andZapata, who had revolted against the authority of the first chief.At the present time Mr. Carranza controls 24 States of the 27 which

make up the Republic, and the territories of Tepic and Quintana Rooand the Federal district, and has established in each of them a localgovernment which attends the various branches of public service,as hereinafter stated, giving the names of the governors ruling theStates:

S D-64-1-vol 41---82

21

-AFAIB8 IN MEXICO.

In Sinaloa the pvernoa is Engieer Manuel Rodriguez Gutierres;in Nuevo Leon, Licentiate Pablo de la Garza; in Coahuila, LicentiateGustavo Espinosa Mireles; in Tamaulipas, Gen. Lis Caballero; inDurango, Gen. Domingo Arrieta; in Zacatecas, Gen. Romulo Ft>roa; in Aguascalientes, Gen. Martin Triana; in San Luis Potosi, .Gabriel Gavira; in Guaniajuato, Dr. Jose SuirOb, in Queretaro, Gen.Gederico Montes; in Michoacan, Gen. Alfredo tlizondo; in JaJisco,Licentiate Manuel Agui r Berlangs; in Colimat Gen. Juan JoseRios; in Hidalgo, Glen. Nicolas Flore; in the Federal district Gen.Ceasar Lopez de Lira; in Puebla, Col. Dr. Lids G. Cervantes inTlaxcala Lieut. Col. Porfirio del Castillo; in Veracruz, Gen. CandidoAguilar- in Oaxaca, Glen. Jesus Agustin Castro;. in Guerrero, Maj.Simon Jnu; in Yucatan, Gen. Svador Alvarado inC pehe, (Gen.Joaquin Mucel; in Tabasco, (Gen. Francisco Jose fugica,; in ChiaasGen BIAs Corral; in Quintana Roo, Col. Caos Plank; in Tepic, Con.Ernesto Dayand in Mexico, Cen. Pascual Morales y Molina.,

All of theave leadersofthe constitutionalist army andgovernorswho have been just appointedrecognize the first chieftsanship of Mr.Carraa and his authority -as thedepository of the executive powerof the nation, as theyIhave recently stated it when plying to thenote addressed to them by the Secretary of Stateof the Unite Statesand the American diplomatic representatives, tendering their goodoffices as mediators and inviting thm t a cerence for thepur-pose of solving in thismAnnr e strgle in Mexico.

From the abore-mentioned rep .itisseen that, differingfrom theleaders of the Villa and.Zapata factions, who madeindividal repliesto the aforesaid note according to their own judgment, all the Consti-tutionalist leaders referred their replies to Mr. Carranza,thus recog-nizing

his character of chief of all of them and reiterating theirallegiance to him. This exampleof discipline, cohesion, and solidarityofthe:;Constitutionalist Party clearly manifsts that it is notonlya

compact and organized group of men with predetermined tenden-cies but a real government from the point of view ofinternationallaw which has been able to demonstrate its ability to constituteitsef and to gain the will and respect of the Mexican people.The various executive departmentsae already installed in the

City of Mexico, and in a short time Mr. Carranza will definitelytransfer his offices to the capital of Mexico, in order to attend withmore dispatch and efficiency to the exigenciesof public adininistra-tion.The department of justice has already organized local courts and

courts of firstinstance in the Federal District and Territories, and isnow ready to carry into effectthe agreed project for the organizationof all the courts in the Republic adfor the desnation of suchauthorities as are within its province to appoint anwhich are notelective by popular vote.

In order to insure the relar operation of the government ingeneral ahd those of everytate, as well as to afford the greaterpossible guaranties to nationals and foreigners, the constitutionalistgovernment has at its disposal an army of 150,000 men, who willsupport, as the circumstances may demand, the eistae d govern-ment, and which is conveniently distributed throughout the countryin five divisions or army corps, respectively named divisions of the

22

IAFAI IMIoZOO.

northeast, northwest, center, south, and east, and respectively comemended by Gens. Jacinto Trevito, Alvaro Obregon, Salvador Alba-rado, and Pablo Gonzalez.

indeolantiou issued to the nation on December 14, 1914, andJune 11 of the present year, clearly define the political program of theprovisional constitutionalist government, which will bi continueduntil the conditions of the country may permit the holding of generalelections and the installation of a general confess. When thelatter is established, Mr. Carrauza will appear before it and renderan account of the use he may have made of the extraordinary authorwith which he is invested, as well as of the political, economic, andsocial reforms decreed by him during the'revolutionaryperiod, toth. aid that the above-mentioned reforms may be given the characterof constitutional provisions, or may, be repealed, amended, or supple.mented by the aforessid high assembly.(In conclusion, Mr. :Carranza has authorized al of the division

generals to extend amnesty to their opponents, and to the pe tdate 1tousands of soldiers, officers,: and civilians have availed them-selves of this prerogative, and a decree is now in course of preparationin order that Mexicans residing abroad,, whose antecedents or theoffenses they have committed in Mexico may not constitute amenace to public order and the peace needed for the reconstructionof the country, may return to their homes to look after their interestsand follow their usual occupations. This, without doubt, will con-tribute to a geneial improvement of Mexico and to the resumption ofall activities in commerce, industry, and agriculture, thus cooperatingto lthe welfare and prosperity of Mqxico,In regard to soldiers of the defeated factions who are still in a

hostile attitude toward the constitutionalist government, all ofthem, or a greater majority, are awaiting the decision regarding therecgition of the Mexican government in order to depose their arms'and d they have not done this to this day it is due to the especiafpsycology of ail irregular armies which do not grasp the true situ-ation, and, exaggerating what they consider their self-pride and miliutaryi dignity, they leave to time the preparation of a better oppor-tunitytto depose their arms without blemish to their erroneousidea of honor.Summing up the conditions hereinbefore stated with the endurance

of the constitutionalist army during the struggles, with its gooddisposition to organize a0local vernment, as has been done in eachState under its control, and with the effiency with which it has beenable to afford, safety to life and property of nationals and foreignersalike during the war, it is evident that Mr. Carranza's governmentconstitutes a real entity and posses a political existence of its own,willing to comply with the duties of international life, and has theability to conform to them.

E. ARRnDoNDo,-Confidentil Agent qf the Contitutionalst Govrnment of Mexico.

WawNworoN, D. C., October 7, 1916.

28

A4Arnius Lanoo(Itr No. 40.3

PLAN OF GVADALUE.

MLN OF GUADALUPE SIGNED BY 64 OFIMERS OF THE TROOPS OP THESTAE OF COAHUILA ON THE 28TH DAY OF MARCH, 1918.

DCLARATION TO TEE NATION.

Whereas Gen. Victoriano Hiuerta, to whom Francisco I. Madero,constitutional President of Mexico, intrusted the defense of the insti-tutions and the legality of his government, on uniting with the rebelenemies in arms opposing the same government, to restore the formerdictatorship, committed the crime of treason to reach power, byarresting the President and Vice President, as well as the members ofthe cab~et, forcing them under menace to resign their posts, asshown by messages addressed by the same Gen. Hiuerta to governorsof the States, advising them that-he had the chief executives of theRepublic and the cabinet as his prisoners, andWhereas'the legislative and judicial powers have recognized and

protected Gen. Huerta and his illegal and antipatriotic proceedings,contrary to constitutionaltlaws andprecepts; and;Whereas several governors of StatesIof the Republic have recog-

nised the illegitimate government, imposed b that part of the armywhich consummated the treason, headed by the aforesaid Gen.Huerta, notwithstadin¶1 that the sovereignty of those very Stateswhose governors should have been the first to repudiate Huerta, hadbeen violated, we, the undersigned, chiefs and officers commandingthe constitutionalist forces, have aeed upon, and 'shall sustain witharms, the following:

PA..

1. Gen. Victoriano Huerta is hereby repudiated as President of theRepublic.

2. The legislative and judicial powers of the federation are alsoherby disowned. :e3re Re governors of the State who still recognize the federalpow of the present administration, shall be repudiated 30 daysafter the publication of this plan.

4. For the: purpose of organizing the army, which is 'to see that ouraims are carried out we name Venustiano Cavrranza1iow governor ofthe State of Cohuiia, as first chief of the amy, which is to be calledconstitutionalist army.

5. Upon the occupation of the city of Mexico by the constitu-tionaliit army, the executive power shall be vested in VenustianoCarransa its first chief, or in the person who may substitute h incommand.

6. The provisional trustee of the executive power of the Republicshall convene general elections as soon as peace may have beenrestored and will surrender power to the citizen who may have beenelected.The citizen who may act as first chief of the constitutionalist arMy

in the States whose government might have recognized that ofHuerta, shall take charge of the provisional government and shallconvene local elections, after the citizens elected to discharge the highpowers of the federation may have entered into the performance oftheir duties, as provided in the foregoing bases.

24

"31A3 If-HOgOo.2

[Inc:lo No. WD.

-DECREE OF GEN. CAILANZA.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

I Venustiano Carranta, first chief of the constitutionalist arsmyand depository of the executive power of the Republic of Mexico,taking ito consideration-That on the arrest of the President and Vice President, on the 19th

of February, 1913, by ex-Gen. Victoriano Huerta, and the usurjationof public power by the latter, on the 20th of the same monti andimmediately thereafter depriving the above-mentioned public owicersof their lives, the constitutional order of the Republic, was interruptedand thus the country was: deprived of a lawful government;That the undersigned, in his capacity as constitutional governor of

the State of Coahuia, had solemnly taken the oath to observe andcause the general constitution to be observed, and that, complyingwith this duty and of the above oath, he was inevitably obliged to risein arms to oppose the usurpation of Huerta, and to restore constitu-tional order mi the Republic of Mexico;That this duty, -furthermore, was imposed upon him in a precise

and express manner by a decree of the legislature of the State ofCoahuila, by which he was categorically directed to repudiate thegovernment of the usurper Huerta and to oppose it by the force ofarms until it would be completely overthrown;

That, in view of the occurrence, the undersgned called all patrioticMexicans to arms, and with the first ones who followed hiin he framed,the plan of Guadalupe, on March 26, 1913,.which has served to thisday as the banner and by-law of the constitutionalist revolution;TIhat,from the military groups. which were formed to oppose

Huerta's usurpation, the ivisions of the northwest northeast, east,center, aa; south, operated under the leadership of the first chieftain-ship; perfect harmony existing between this and the former, and com-plete coordination inl the means of action to accomplish the desiredpurpose; though the same did not occur with the northern division,which.,under the command of Gen. Francisco Villa, showed from thebeginning private tendencies, and finally severed its connections withthe headquarters of the constitutionalist revolution, acting-accordingto its own initiative, to such extent that the first chief does not knowto this day, in a great measure, the means by which the above-men-tioned general has secured funds and sustained the campaign, theamount of such funds and the use he may have made of them;

That, upon the arrival at the City of Mexico of the victoriousrevolutionary army, it endeavored to properly organize the revisionalgovernment, and was getting ready besides, to meet the demands ofpublic opion, by a satisfactory solution of the imperative exigencies.of social reform needed by the people, when it was confronted withthe difficulties which the reaction had been preparing in the bosom ofthe northern division, in order to frustrate the triumphs reached bythe efforts of the constitutionalist army;That the first chieftainship anxious to organize the provisional

government in accordance with the ideas and tendencies of the menwho, with arms in hand, made the constitutionalist revolution, andwho, therefore, were intimately cognizant of the ideals which were

25

2APA IN MIOM.pursued, called a general convention to be held in the City of Mexico,composedof generals governors, and officers; in command of troopsto the' end that all o them together should decide on a program ofgovernment, indicate in a general way such reforms as seemed indis-pensable for the accomplishment of the social and political redemp-ton of the nation and would establish the form and time wh#nicon-stitutional order should be restoredThat this purpose had soon to be deferred; because the geneni,

governors, and officers who attended the military convention in theCity of Mexico considered it advisable that there should be representstives at all the meetings of the elements which had, tae part i thefight against the usurpation of Huerta as some of them had abstainedfrom: attending, giving as a pretext a lack of guaranties and becauseof the rebellion which l rancs'co Villa had already started gint tihechief's office, and' on this account they expressed their desire to b&transferred to Aguascalientes, the lace they considered more appro-prite and having the conditions of neutralitK sought by the militaryconvention for the prosecution of their work;That the members of the convention adopted this! determination

after they had reiterated to the undersigned their confirmation of hisfunctions as first chief of the constitutionalist revolution and deposi-tory of the executive power of the Republic, which investiture hehad then relinquished formally, in order to show that he wa notanimated by .undue sentiments of personal ambition, but that, isview of existing difficulties, his cherished aim was that revolutionaryaction should-not be divided, and thus frustrate the fruits of thevictorious frevolution;That this first chieftainship made no opposition to the transfer of

the military convention to the city of Aguasoalientes, althoiAh itwaee intimately persuaded that, far from obtaining the conciinsought, the separation: between the 'commander of -the northerndivmion and the conatitutiounlist army would become still deeper,because the first chief did not wish to nmake the impression that- hhad the deliberate intention of excluding the, northern division fromthe discussion upon m itters of the great importance; also becausehedid (not ?J wish to appears refusing thta last effort toward eoneilit.tion should be made, and because he beieved that it was imperaiveforthe good of the revolution that the true motives of Gen. Villa shoiudbe isclosed in an evident manner before national conscience, relieve.ing from error those who in good faith believed in the sincerity andpatriotism of Gen. Villa and the group of men who surrounded himr;

That. so soon as the works of the Agascalienes convention wereinitiated the machinations of the Villista agents weit laid bae,they having performed the principal r6le at the conventions and thesystem of threats was felt and unbridled pressure was put to, practiceagainst those who, on account of their sense of honor and spirit ofindependence, opposed the impositions of the commander of thenorthern division to direct the works of the convention to suit hispleasure;

That, on the other hand, many of the chiefs who attended theAguascalientes convention did not grasp the importance and truemuuon of the convention and as they were men oflittle or noexperience in political matters, their good faith was profited by the mlicieagents of Villa, and dragged them to second inadvertently the

2B

AFFAIRS IN MEXICO.

maneuvering of the northern division, without regard to the causeof the people or even outlining the general thought of the revolutionand the program of the preconstitutional government, which wasgenerally desired;That Tor the purpose of avoiding a controversy of a purely personal

character and the further shedding of blood, tIe first chieftainshipmade every possible effort to reach a conciliation, offering to with-draw from power provided a government capable of carrying intoeffect the social and political reforms demanded by the countryshould be established. But having failed to satisfy the thirst forpower of the northern division, notwithstanding the successive con-cessions made by the first chieftainship, and in view of the well-defined attitude of a great number of constitutionalist leaders who,repudiating the resolutions adopted by the AL1asca!ientes conven-tion, ratified their allegiance to the plan of buadalupe, this firstchieftainship was constrained to accept the challenge to fight thereaction lead at present by Gen. Francisco Villa;That the class of the elements on which Gen. Villa is banking,

which are the same that prevented President Madero from directinghis plicy, are, therefore, politically responsible, in a radical sense,for h8 downfall. On the other hand, the express declarations madeon ;several occasions by the commander of the torthem divisionadvocating the establishment of constitutional order before thesocial 'an&political reforms demanded by the country take place,clearly demonstrate that tho insubordination of Gen. Villa is of astrictly reactionary character and contrary to constitutionalistactivities, and has or a purpose to frustratetehe complete success ofthe revolution, preventing the establishment of a preconstitutionalgovernment intrusted with the enactment and enforcement of thereforms which have been the subject of the struggle which has beenraging for the last four years;

That, therefore it is a duty in behalf of the revolution and thefatherland to continue the revolution started in 1913, pursuing thefight against the newmenemies of the liberty of the Mexican people;

That it being imperative, therefore, that the interruption o con-stitutional order should subsist during this-new period of the struggle,the plan of Guadalupe should therefore continue to be in force, as ithas been the guidance and banner of it until the enemy may havebeen overpowered completely in order that the constitution may berestored;-'That it having been impossible to carry into effect the purposes

for which the military convention of October, 1914 was convened,and the purpose of the new fight being, on the part oi the reactionarytroops commanded by- Gen. Villa, to prevent the realization ofrevolutionary reforms demanded by the Mexican people, the firstchief of the revolution is obliged to procure, that at the earliest pos-sible moment, there should be put mto effect all the laws coveringthe political and economic reforms which the country requires,enacting the sime during the.struggle that is to be commenced;

That, therefore, and it being necessary for the plan of Guadalupeto remain in force in its essential part, it is imperative that theMexican people and the conptitutionalist army should clearly knowthe military ends which ate being pursued in the present fight, whicham the annihilation of the reaction creeping up with Gen. Villa at

27

AFFAIRS IN MEXICO.

the head, and the establishment of the political and social principleswhich inspire this first chieftainship, which are the ideal for whichthe Mexican people have been fighting during the last four years.That therefore, and in accordance with the most general sentimentsamong the leaders of the constitutionalist army, the governors of

the States and of other collaborators of the revolution, and interpret-ing the needs of the Mexican people, I, Venustiano Carranza, have

seen fit to decree the followingArticle 1. The plan of Guadalupe of March 26, 1913, shall subsist

until the complete triumph of the revolution, and, therefore, CitizenVenustiano Carranza shall continue in his post as first chief of the con-stitutionalist revolution and as depository of the executive powerofthe nation, until the enemy is overpowered andpeace is restored

Article 2. The first chief of the revolution and depository of theexecutive power of the Republic, shall enact and enforce, during thestruggle, all the laws provisions, and measures tending to meet theeconorhic, social, and political needs of the count, carrying intoeffect the reforms whichpublic opinion demands as indispensable forthe establishment of a rAgime which will guarantee the equality ofMexicans among themselves, agrarian laws favoring the creation ofsmall landowners, the suppression of latifundia or large landholders,and the restoration to townships of the lands illegally taken fromthem; fiscal laws tending to establish an equitable systemof taxationon real estate; laws tending to improve the condition of the rurallaborer the workingman, the miner, and, ingeneral, of the workingclasses; the establishment ofmunicipal freedom as a constitutionalinstitution; bases for a new systemof organization of the army;amendments of the election laws in order to insure the effectivenessof suffrage; organization of an independent judicial power, inthefederation as well asin the States; revision of the laws relative tomarriage and the civil status of persons; provisions guaranteeing thestrict observance of the laws of reform; revision of the civil, penal,and commercial codes; amendment of 'judicial procedure, for thepurpose of expediting and causing the effectivenessof theadministra-tion of justice; revision of lawsrelative to the exploitation of mines,petroleum, water rights, forests, and other natural resources of thecountry, in order to destroy the monopolies created by the old regimeand to prevent the formation of new ones; politicalreforms whichwill insure the absolute observance of the constitution of Mexico, and,in general, all the other laws which may be deemed necessary toinsure for all theinhabitants of the country theeffectiveness and fullenjoymaent of their rights,and their equality before the laws.Article 3. In order to continue the struggle and to carry into effectthe reforms referred to in the preceding article, the chief of therevolution is hereby expressly authorized to convene and orgaizethe constitutionalist army and direct the operations of the campaignto appoint the governors and military commanders of the States andto remove them freely; to effect the expropriations on account ofpublic utility which may be necessary for the distributions of lands,feuding of townships, and other public services; to negotiate loansand issue obligation against the national treasury, indicating.theproperty whichshall guarantee them; to appoint and removefreelyfederal employeesofthe civil administration and of the States andto.fix the powers of each of them; to make, either directly or through the

28

AFFAIRS IN MEXICO.

chiefs he may appoint requisitions for lands, buildings, arms, horses,vehicles, provisions, and other elements of war; and to create deco-rations and decree recompenses for services rendered to the revo-lution.ARTICLE 4. Upon the success of the revolution, when the supreme

chieftainship may be established in the city of Mexico and after theelections for municipal councils in the majority of the States of theRepublic, the firt chief of the revolution, as depository of the execu-tive power, shall issue the call for election of congressmen, fixing inthe calls the dates and terms in which the elections shall be held.ARTICLE 5. Once the federal congress has been installed, the chief

of the revolution shall render an account before it of the use he marhave made of the powers with which he is vested hereby, and he shaliespecially submit the reforms made and put into effect during thestruggle, in order that congress may ratify them, amend them, orsupplement them, and to the end gat those which it may see fitmay be raised to the rank of constitutional precepts, before the reestablishment of constitutional order.ARTICLE 6. The federal congress shall convene the people to the

election of president of the Republic, and as soon as this takes placethe first: chief of the revolution shall deliver to the president elect theexecutive power of the nation.ARTICLE 7. In case of absolute default of the present chief of the

revolution and in the meantime the generals 'and govemors proceedto the election of the person who is to take his place, the chief officeshall be temporarily filled by the commander of the army corps atthe place where the revolutionary government may be the time thedefault of the first chief occurs.

V. CARRANZA.ADOLFO DDE LA HUERTA,

CONTITTIO ief0Dlerk of the Department of the Interior.CoNsTITUTION AND REFORMS,:

Vera Cruz, December 12, 914.

(Ineaomm No. 4EL3

DECLARATION TO NATION.

DECLARATION TO THE NATION BY THE 4ST CHIEF OF THE CONSTI-TUTIONALIST GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO AND DEPOSITORY OF THEEXECUTIVE POWER OF THE REPUBLIC.

At last, after five years of struggle brought about by the longr6gime of oppression, which kept ale and aggravated the economicand social unbalanced conditions of the colonial era, the revolutionis about to end, overpowering the enemy and establishing definitelythe economic reforms and political reforms, which constitute itspurpose and which are the only ones which can insure the peaceemanating from the welfare of the majority, from equality beforethe law and from justice.The revolution ba had the instinctive and generous sympathy

of free countries, precisely because its aim has not been the mere

29

AFFAIRS IN MEXICO.

change of personnel of the administration, but the.complete substi-tution of a r6gilmle of oppression by a regime of freedom. The strug-gle has been a long one because the impatience of the revolutionariesto attain victory in 1911 gave room to the compromise with theelements of the old regime at Ciudad, Jaurez. From that moment,those elements accepted so easily and kindly, began their work ofundermining within the revolutionary midst itself the prestige andauthority of the men who a short time later were elevated to powerby the free vote of the people. President Madero found himselfin the impossibility of realizing the reforms demanded by the peoplefirst, because within, his own government almost the whole personnelof the old regime had remained, and, second, because he had to devotehis whole time to fight that same old regime which had successfullyrisen in arms with Reyes, Orozeo and Feliz Diaz, and which fomentedat the same time that it vitiated the rebellion of Zapata. Thereaction having been unable, in spite of the above, to suppress thereform tendencies of the new regime, it decided that the federalarmy should betray the legitimate government of the Republic.Treason was carried into effect by Gen. Huerta under the pretextof saving the City of Mexico from the horrors of war, and with thecooperation of a up of foreigners favored by the old: rgime andwho surrounded enr Lane Wilson, the President and Vice Presi-dent were assainated and due to the complicity or weakness ofhe other powers, the nation was left without a constitutional repre-Tentative. Then I, as governor of the State of Coahuila and inobedience to the constitutional provisions, articles 121 and 128 ofour fundamental charter, assumed the representation of the republicin the terms in which the constitution itself vests me with thisright, and supported by the people which rose in arms to regain itsliberty. In fact, the above-mentioned articles provide the follow-ing: $Every public officer, without exception, prior to his taking posion of his charge,

shall render an oath:that he will sustin the Constitution and the laws emanating there-from. This constitution shall not fail in force or vigor, even though on account ofrebellion its observance may be interrupted. In the case that puSuant to a publicdisturbance a government contrary to t rinciples sanctioned by the constitutionmay be established, as soon as the people regions its freedom, its observance shall bereestablished, and, according to it and to the laws which by virtue of it may havebeen enacted, those who may have figured in the government emanated from therebellion shall be tried a well as those who may have cooperated in the movement.

After overpowering, the rebellion and usurpation of Huerta, andbefore the constitutionalist army reached the City of Mexico, thereactionaries, faithful to their old procedure, began to mingle in ourranks and to corrupt those who ought to have given their support tothis: government, determining as a result the repudiation of it byG(en. Villa and the formation of factions whose chiefs felt encouragedby the presence of foreign representatives who were with them.When our forces left the Citty of Mexico, pursuant to a military and

political plan, it was thought that the constitutionalist governmenthad lost the support of the people and with it its prestige and force,and that it would follow the course of previous trespassers of publicpower, but the apparent victory of the reaction headed by FranciscoVila was still more ephemeral than the one obtained by the usurpa-tion of Gen. Huerta, and to-day, after the greatest and most definitevictories militarily obtained by the army of the people in various

so

APAS IN dMXI.

paptOo tie country, I can say to my countrymen that the consti-uionaist government has control of over sevea-eighths of the na-

timl territory; that it is organizing public administration in 20 outof 27 States of the Republic and in more than half of the other 7states; that it controls all the maritime ports on the Gulf and on thePaciefi Ocean, with the exception of Guaymas, and all the ports ofoatey n the northern and southern frontiers, with the exception ofPiedras Negras, Ciudad Juarez, and Nogales; that more than thirteenmillion of the fifteen which represent the population of the country-that is to say nine-tenths of the total population of the Republic-afre govied by the administration I preside; that day after day thefaction are being routed and dispersed, -their offensive action beinglimited at present to acts of brigandage, and that within a short timethe occupation. of the City of Mexico will contribute to make theaction of the constitutionalist government more harmonious andefficient in all the territory of the Republic. Therefore, our countryis earning the end of its revolution and the consolidation of a definitepeace, based on conditions of welfare and justice.

In the midst of the-greatest difficulties and within that which maybe humaly possible, the constitutionalist government has compliedwith its duties and has extenuated in beho of the people the hard-ships of war, either forbidding the exportation of articles of primenecessity or - adopting measures of practical effect to facilitate theacquisition of the same for the benefit of the poor; it has affordedguaranties aand given protection to the inhabitants within the ter-ritory controlled by the e 3titutionalist forces, all of whom live alife of normal activity; it has prevented and punished the faults andabuses growing out of the state of social disturbance, which, lament-able as they may be, neither because of their number nor their im-portance, can be considered as characteristic feature of a govern-mental regime. I am the first one to deplore the privations whichthe Mexican people have had to suffer as a result of the war, whichcosatitute one ofthe many sacrifices the people have to pass throughin order to conquer their liberties; but I am decided to employ all themeans which may be at the reach of the government to comply withthe work of humanity demanded by the circumstances. Fortunately,the recent victories over the factions enlarge the sphere of action ofthe constitutionatist government and facilitate the compliance of theduties which all Governments have with regard to their constituentsto afford guaranties to the inhabitants an4 to procure the welfare ofthe amases.With regard to our foreign relations, notwithstanding that one of

my first acts was to address a note by telegraph to the State Depart-ment of the United, States of America apprising it of my capacity infront o-fthe rebellion and the usurpation, one of the difficulties whichhas retarded our labors has been the lack of understanding betweenthe govrent I have the honor to represent and the Governmentsof other nations, especially that of the United States.Tho great interests of the old regime have created a real system of

falseoods and slander against this government, spreading tem dayafter dy through the channel of the powerful journals ofthe Amer-he, scientific press, which reach the ear of the press of the world,with the object of deforming before the opinion of other nations theprocedure and the tendencies of the Mexican revolution; the same

Si

8AAS IN SEXIoo.

interests have used their influence to have false reports rendered tothe Governments of other countries, and especially so with reigrd tothe United States, whenever they have endeavored to form judgmentconcerning the Mexican situation. The constitutionalist govorert.ment has been deprived of the ficilities to make any rectificationsagainst such reports, because it has been denied the opportunity aridthe means incidental to diplomatic relations between one countryand another.We feel that we are at the present time in condition to ovetcome

this last difficulty, because the constitutionalist government is nowin fact in definite possession of the sovereignty of the. country; andthe legitimate army of sovereignty is the essential condition to beborne in mind when deciding upon the recognition of a gQveriimentif as we expect it and desire it in behalf of the Mexican people and ofthe foreign residents of this country, the governments of other nationsrecognize the constitutionalist government, this act of justice willafford it an efficient moral assistance not only to strengthen thefriendly relations which Mexico has always maintained with thosenations and be able to discuss their common affairs conciliating theirmutual interests, but also to secure a more speedy consolidaton ofpeace to establish a constructive constitutional government supportedby the reforms and the program of the revolution, whose aims are thegreater good of the greaterhnumber.

I am, therefore, of the opinion that the time has come to call theattention of the warring factions which are still engaged in armed optposition against the constitutionalist government, to the futility oftheir attitude, because of the recent and definite victories gained byour army, as well as because of the conviction they must have of oursincerity and capability to carry 'into realization the ideals of therevolution. Therefore, I appeal to those factions to submit to the,constitutionalist roverment in order to expedite the reestablish-ment of peace and to consulate the work of the revolution. Witha view to realizing the ^above-mentioned purposes, I have deemedproper to inform the nation upon the political conduct to be 'ob-served by the constitutionalist government, in the performance ofthe program of social reform contained in the decree of' December12 1914.

First. The constitutionalist government shall afford to foreignersresiding in Mexico all the guaranties to which they are entitled accord-mig to our laws, and shaAmplyIprotect Ethebl lives, their freedom,and the enjoyment of theirrighm of property, allowing them indem-nities for the damages which.the revolution may have. cahedtothem, in so far as such indemnities may be rut and which are to bedetermined by a procedure to be establia ed later. The govern-ment shall also assume the responsibility of legitimate a cialobligations.

Second. The first concern of the constitutionalist governmentshall be to reestablish peace within the province of law and orderto the end that all the inhabitants of Mexico, both native 'and for-eign, shall equally enjoy the benefits of true justice and be interestedin cooperating to the support of the government emanating fromthe revolution. The commission of crimes of the common ordershall be punished. In due time an amnesty shall be enacted in keep-ing with the necessities of the country and the situation, which i

82

AFAIRS IN MEXICO.

no way shafl exempt those under it of the civil responsibilities theymay have incurred.

Third. The constitutionalist laws of Mexico, known under the nameof laws of reform, which establish the separation of the church andthe state and which guarantee the individual right of worship inaccordance with his own conscience and without offending publicorder, shall be strictly observed; therefore, no one shall suter in hislife freedom, and propety because of his religious beliefs. Templesshah continue to be the property of the nation according to lawsin force, and the constitutionalist government shall again cede forthe purposes of worship those which may be necessary.Fourtlthere shall be no confiscation in connection with the

settlement of the agrarian question. This problem shall be solvedby an' equitable distribution of the lands still owned by the ov-ernment, by the recovery of those lots which may have beenillegalys taken from individuals or communities; b the purchase andexproprtion of lare tracts of land, if necessary ; by all other meansof adqitin permitted by the laws of the country. The constitu-tion of Mexico Torbids privileges and therefore all kinds of propertiesregardls6 of who the owners may be, whether operated or not, shain the future: be subject to the proportional payment of a tax inaecdrdazice withe a just and equitable valuation.

Fifth. All property legitimately acquired fro6T individuals orlegal governments, and which may not constitute a privilege or amonopoly' shall be respected.

Sixth. The peace and safety of a nation depends from the clearunde&tanding of citizenship. Therefore, the government shall takepains in developing public education, causing it to spread throughoutthe Whole country and to this end it shall utilize all cooperationrendered in good faith, permitting the establishment of private schoolssubject to our laws.

Seventh. In order to establish the constitutional government,the government by .me presided shall observe and comply with theprovisions of articles 4, 5, and 6 of the decree of December 12, 1914,which-reads as follows:Artice 4. Iymmdately upon te success of the revolution and the reestablihmet

of the irst chiefnship in the City 'of Mexico, and after the elections for municipalcounils in the6m ity of the States of the Republic, the first chief of the revolution,ap~kb do 'try of thp executive, power of the nation, shall convene the people toelections.r members ofthe federal congress fixing in the call the dates and termsin which such election shall' take place.Aicle 5. IimedIAtely after the installation of the federal congress the first chief

if' the rev lution: hall render an .-count before it of the use he may have made ofthe powers with which he is hereby invested, and he shall especially submit to itthe reforms which may have been enacted and made effective during the struggle.to the end that congrem may ratify them or amend them or complete them, anidorder that it may give the vigor of constitutional provisions to those which ought tohave such character prior to the establishment of constitutional order.

Article 6. The federal congress shall convene the people to the election of presidentof the Republic, gnd as soon this takes place the first chief of the revolution shalldeliver to the president elect the executive power of the nation.

Fit CV.ARRANZA,;C7hi of the Contitutionalist Armyand depository of the Executive Power of the Republic of Mexico.

CQNSTITUTION AND REFORMS,Vera Chs, June 11, 1915.

38

"AFAIRS IN MEXIO.

tInelosur No. 4F3

GUN. CARRANZA TO fl. ARREDONDO.(Tdwr~mj

VkRA CRUZ, October &ELISEO ARBEPONDO, Esg.,

Mexican Enmba88y, adhinon, D.w g.I have taken note of your cipher message dated yesterday. Plea

deny that there are any disturbances in the frontier of Chiapa! againstGuatemala and that e Government under my direction is in sonmeway favoring revolution 'in above-mentioned country.A part of the State of Oaxaca is not under our control but the

Constitutionalist Government controls the rest of the State whsointhe important Isthmian Railway i stuated and very soon the wholeState will be under the power Of our forces.

It is so far impossible to state just when our forces will control thYaqui Valley, Sonora, but there are no important reactionary nu-cleuses to suppress and within a short time there will be only a fe1wbands of marauders left.The amnesty: law will be issued in favor of thoe who are not

charged with the commission of civil crimes, while, in option ofofficial responsibility. It will be, issued as soon as te Governmentmay have terminated the campaign and consolidated itself (afrrecognition) for if all the political reugees now expatriated and theiraccomplices of the usurpation (by Huerta) are allowed to come backat once, they will only come here to continue their work of oon-spiray and to bring about greater evils than those which the countryalready has suffered on their account.

V. CmAwu.[Inclome No. 5B.

SECRETARY OF WAR TO SCRETARY OF STATE.

Wa DEPARTMENT,Wa4hinqton, FebrAry (0, 191g.

The Secretary of War presents his compliments to the honorablethe Seretary of State, and incloses, in accordance with t verbs!request made this date by the chief, division of Mexican affaim, addi-tional copies of report No. 146 of general conditions along the Mancan border based on weeky reports of Januar 1, i91, from thelocal military commanding officers, and upon information receizrdfrom all other sources, and Report No. 148 of similar coditions forthe week ending January 16, 1916.

[Indut. No. &A.

WEEXLY REPORT OF GIIENAL CONDITONS.

Weekly report of general conditions along the Mexican border,based on weekly reports of January 1, 1916, from the local militarycommanding officers and upon information received from all sourcesto date.

BROWN8YILLN.

The commanding officer, Brownsville Cavalry patrol ditrict, report.: "Nothing ofimportance to report."

34

"FAIB IN XMFXOC. 36

The comm~dIng officers, Brownsville subdistrict, reports as follow: "Absolutequiet prevariledduring the week ending December 31, 1915. A number of familieswho went over into Mexico with their furniture, stock, and other belongings, duringthe height of the bandit trouble, have returned to this side with their belongings.From all appearance, conditions have assumed their normal state along the border."

HARLINGEN.

The commanding officer, subdistrict of Harlingen, reports: "Nothing of specialinterest port. The Mewicans who attempted to crow the river near Los Indiosthe last week were not bandits, and their attempt has no significance."LOs Ihdioa.-"Two Mexicans were apprehended December 26 while attempting

to cross the Rio Grande from Mexico below San Benito pump. Two other Mexicanswere apprehended' December 27, one while attempting to cross near the Harlingenpupp, the other near San Benito pump. The above was made the subject of a specialreport dated the 28th instant."

Mereede8 Headgate.-"The p- week ha. been very quiet. There is nothing furtherto report."Landrwn'e Ranc. La PaLoma.-" Nothing extraordinary has happened in thiq sector

during the period.'San PedroRabnch, San Bonito.-5' No unusual occurrences."Santa MAa.-AlI quiet."The commanding officer, Twenty-sixth Infantry, IHarlingen, reports: "Quiet.

Conditions provug reaieMt Ces.-Condition hav Remaed normal during the week."Minon.-Following from, commanding officer Twenty-eighth Infantry: "Condi-

tions remained normia throughout the week ending January 1. Two families emi-rated to Mexico during the week and 74 families of 134 persoup immigrated to theUnited States during the same period."The commanding officer, cavalry camp at Mission, reports: "Conditions have con-

tinued normal during the pat week."

FORT RINGGOLD, RIO GRANDS.

"Conditions have remained normal during the past week."1LAREDO.

The commanding general, Second Brigade, reports: "Conditions in this districthave remained iet during the week."The comnn officer, Fort McIntosh, reports: "Everything has remained quiet

in this district during the past week."

EAGLE PASS.

The commanding officer, Seventeenth Infantry, reports: "Nothing has occurredto report on border conditions during the week."The commanding officer, detachment Fourteenth Cavalry, Eagle Pam, report.:

"Conditions remain normal in this district."

DEL RIO. ',"Nothing of importance to report."

WESTERN TEXAS CAVALRY PATROL DISTRICT.

MARIA.

O"Nothing of importance to report. Quiet ha maintained throughout the district.The garrison of the de facto Mexican government at Ojinaga consists of about 300 men;150 of whom are regulars and the remainder apparently local volunteers."

EIowr BRIGADE.PFOR BUSS, EL PASO.

The following report, dated January 2 1916, was received from the commandinggeneral, Eighth Brigade: "The garrison of Juarez having been transferred to Carran-cga control, there were 800 Mexican (0arrarza)s sent there from Chihuahua

36 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO.

on the 29th ultimo. About 2,300 Carrana soldiers with bagag and camp folioerwere disembarked at Pelca on the 30th ultimo and marched into Jug from thatpoint without incident. Gen. Obregon left El Paso on the let instant for Chihuahua.The whereabouts of (len. Villa continues to be unknown. Conditions in this vicinityseem to be peaceful and it is reported that most of the es-Villa troops have beenmustered out, paid off, and returned to their homes."

OOLUMBUS.

"The Villista forces at Palomas, Mexico, and the Border Gate have transferred theirallegiance to the Carranza Government."

HACHWTA.

"Border conditions in this patrol district for week ending January 1, 1916, haveremained normal."

DOUGLAS.

The following report, dated January 2, 1916, was received from the commandingofficer, Second Cavalry Brigade:

" Military situation.-In and about Agsq Prietalthere have been no military move-ments of any kind. Peace reigns to the south and southeast and no reports of Vil-liatas have been received during the pat week."

"BIusines outlook.-Train service between Douglas and Nacosari was resumed onSaturday, January1. ,Thelarge bridges that were burned have been temporarilyrepaired and it is expected that the regular traffic will be roumed within four or fiveday Practically all of the miningpeople who werecompelled to leave Sonora onaccount of the Villa campaign have returned to their mines, the Nacosari Railroadgranting them free transportation south.

"It is expected that the wholeState of Sonora will be normal within a week or 10days."With the opening of the railroad there were heavy shipments of concentrates to

the Copper Queen Smelter in Douglas. The Montezuma Mining Co. have their minesand mill now in operation."The commanding officer, Seventh Cavalry, reports: "Conditions have remained

normal in this vicinity during the week."

NACO.

The following report,, dated January 1, was received from the commanding officerof this station: 'Nothing of importance has occurred in ti vicinity during the week.The mines and furnaces of the Cananea Consolidated Copper Co. are in operation.The Southern Pacific de Mexico Railroad is operating on both the Cannes and No-gales branches, On December 30, 1916, Gen. Gavin, with his brigade, was trans-

rtted by way of the El Paso & Southwestern Railroad from Naco, Sonora, to Palace,N. Met, en route to Juarez. Each of the two sections of the train crying theseMexican troops wa accompanied by one commissioned officer and eight men of mycommand."

(Inolcoure SB.I

WEEKLY REPORT OF CONDITIONS ON MEXICAN BORDER.

Weekly report of general conditions along the Mexican border,based on weekly reports of January 15, 1916, from the local militarycommanding officers and upon information received from all sourcesto date:

BROWNSVILLE.

The commanding officer, Brownsville Cavalry patrol district, reports as follows:"About 15 wagonloads of furniture came over the past week with Mexican familiesreturning to the United States, which shows to some extent increased confidence inthe stability of present conditions."The commai officer, subdistrict of Brownsville, reports as follows: "Nothing

unusual developed during the week. Conditions normal. The reported withdrawalof thesquadron of the Twelfth Cavalry from the valley, in my opinion, is responsible

.^AVAIRS IN WUZYOP. 317for the several, rumors of bandit movqwentascrom. the river. The residents of thelower valley of the Rio Grande will orpuue the withdrawal of any troops from thevolley, ad say suggestd movement of troops away from this locality Will, no doubt,big on a new crop of rumors."

N1ARLINOEN.

The coimanding officer,lTwenty-sixth Infaitry, rPort. "conditions quiet duringthe week."The commanding o6ffli[ SiSth Catlhy. repofh:' "No disturbances due to ba~fts

this week. It is aid thatitiguel Garcia froni near El Soliseno Rancho, oppositeSanta Maria, *a trying to enlist men to make a raid into United States and offereda dollar a day as wage. He failed to get any recruits."

MZRCEDE8.

"Conditions have remained normal during the period in this section."

MIssON.

The Twenty-.ihth Infantry; reports: "Conditions remainednormal in this district during the week ending Janlary 16, 1916. During this weekone family emigrated to Mexico and 48 families of 80 person immigrated to theUnited States."The co --di officer of the Cavalry camp at Mision reports: "Conditions have

continued nw-014 during the Past Week."

FORT RINGGOLD, RIO GRANDS.

Report not received.: >"C~~~~ARDO.t

The fo6o1in report, daWdJnuary 15, Xt received from thecmmandin gel,SeconJdBrigade: Conddtiov in so around Lredofe remedy quiet and un-changed'ifor the past week.`; Americana coming out of, Mexico report a great deal oftyphus fever, is~ally in -thi City of' Mei-co and iii the twntetween there andour boder. Then are now two caesof typhus ii Laredo in the city pesthouse. Upto date there have been firaase-, one of which died and two recovered."The commanding officer, Fort McInto*, reports: "Everything has remained quiet

in this district during the pat week."

.D,BAGLI PASS.

Thecommanding office, Seventeenth I try, reports: "Nothing has occurred toreport on border conditions during the week. "The commanding officer detachment2 Fourteenth Cavalry, Eagle Pas, reports:

"Conditions remain mai in thi distct."

DEL RIO.

"Conditions remain nornal in this vicinity.",WxEsTRN Tune CAVALRY PATROL Disr.

MARFA.

"Nothin of importance to report. Things have remained quiet throughout theentire district durng the p- week."

COLUMBUS.

The commanding officer of this station reports as follows: "It is reported that theCarransista forqe at Palomas, Mexico, have been reinforced by about 60 cavalrymenand 30 infantrymen."

NACHrTA.

"Border conditions in this patV- district for the week ending January 15, 1916,have remained normaL"

S D-64-1-vol 41-83

A8AmLB IN xnnoO.DOUGLAS.

The following repot dated January 15, 1916, was received from the mofficer Second Cavrfry brigade:"MihiumJ .iegaeion,-On January 13, 1W0 men under CGl. Quevedo left Agpt

Prieta for Cam Granda to cooperate with other Carransa forces aid to have beensent from muar05. IMaj. (5aUpbellmn _omdohtwpino at Aguo N1~et., gavesrict orders to Col. Quevedo that th no raiding of the country throughwhich his troops? paied and to exterminate any Villsoldiers found.

I"Economic tnuation.-8outh of Dougla In the Nacozaal and Moctezum district.,great aCtivity s reported. Mining men are returning to open up theirPropertiu,and it is probable lare shipments wll be made in the near future. Tie hotel atNacozarit s crowded and means are being taken to increase the accommodations, onaccount of the heavy traffic expected in the spring. "The commanding officer Seventh Cavalry reports: "Conditions have remained

normal in this vicinity during the week. "

NACO.

"AU has been quiet from a military standpoint in this vicinity dung the week."

alas ow weI~slm saroNo.I!]SEGRUTASY 01 WAS TO B3CSU1ASY 01P STATE.

WAR DEPATamNT,Washington, January *6, 1916.

The honorable the SECRETARY OF STATE.My Doa MR. SECRETARY: Referring. further to your letter of

January 17, 1918, stating that the Department of State has been4jected by the President to prepare an answer to Senate resolution,dated January 6, 1916, i regard to the Mexican situation, and re-questing that a statement be prepared by this department respectingthe ordes gen ; to Gen. Funto foi the protection of Americanlives and property on the Mexican border, together with any pertinentfacts concernmg the occupation and evacuation of Vera Cruz, Mexico,by the forces of the United States, I beg leave to adve you that therecords of the department show as follows:

1. MEXIOAN BORDEIR.

Advices having been received by the State Department indi-cating serious unrest and intrigue on both sides ofthe Mexican border,and Miformation having been received from the Mexican, Governmentthrough its ambassador in Washington that bands of revolutionistswere assembling at variouspDlaces on the frontier of Texas, direc-tions were issued on November 19, 1910, to the commanding generalsof the Departments of Texas and Colorado to investigate the situa-tion on the frontier and to advise the War Department as to whatprecautionary measures were deemed praoticabfe and necessary. Asa result of the reports received the commanding general, Departmentof Texas, was authorized under date of November 21, 1910, when-ever in his judgment sucl action became necessary, to 'send troopsto aid the civil authorities in enforcing the neutrality laws, and underdate of November 22 1910, he reported to the War Department tlat,in pursuance of the instructions before referred to,:he had sent onetroop of Cavalry to Del Rio and another troop to Eagle Pas, Tex.

38

*A7AM INXMIO.

The Miternal situation in Mexico having become more acute, andreports rmiro4g.frw * State 2PepAr t pod*e D-prtment ofJustice, as well as from officers of the Army on duty on the Mexicanborder, haing Indicated that serious disturbances were imminent,additionalI troops weM sent to 'places on the border until the entireborder line from the mouth of the Rio Grande to, Sat Diego, Cat,was patrolled by United States troops in order to secure the strict*nfor et.-of Wie, rules 4 international law governing neutrality,as W as to obtn a observance and enforcement of. theneutrality sttutes of the Federal(Government. To ti end theproper otcwrv wore dircated to ,is due dinien to see that suchjutes n4 Zawswore obmsvd. Troops hhv9 been kept on the borderfor the purpoe stated from that time to the present writingCqonmandersof United States troops on the Mexican border were

ordered to give aU ppsilwe protection to American life and property,to warn the commpiders of Mexican forces along the border to refrainfrom apy action that woud endanger,American life and property onte Ameican Side of the border and to jutorm them that UnitedStates force ..would be used to prevent action by Mexican troopsendangering ife and property on the American side of the line.

Sinceey, yours,ULIND= M. GAmuolf,

Secoary of War.

Phnm" NO; 7.M. ARDONDO TO BTflECRflX OIP StTAr.

AGozwou CoNFDENCAUL DELGorNo CONSTITUOIONALIStA DE MEXICO,

WaEhington, D. C., October 8, 1915.M:rDun Mn. LANsNG: Complywg with your excellency's request

asking me what is: the attitude of fhe constitutionalist governmentn regard to the Catholic Church in Mexico, I have the honor to saythat inasmuch as the reestablishment of peace within order and lawis the purpose of th Goveent of Mr. Venustiano Carranza, to theend 'that all the inhabitants of Mexico without exception, whethernationals or foreigners, may equally enjoy the benefits of true jutice,and hence take interest cooperating to the support of the Govern-ment, the laws of reform, which guarantee individual freedom ofworship according to everyone's conscience; shall be strictly observed.Therefore the constitutionalist government will respect everybody'slife, property, and religious beliefs without other limitation than thepreservation of public order and the observance of the institutionsin accordance with the laws in force and the constitution of theRepublic.'Hoping that I may have honored your excellency's wishes, I avail

myself of this opportunity to reiterate to you the assurances of myhighest consideration.

E. A DONDO.His Excellency ROBERT LAxsING,

Scary of Stateo, Wahington, D. a.

89

A0Lw nT uon.

OOiSUL ATf VONUAWVA TOAIM M*tr 01 STATE.

Anaw Conouw,.:O7knxzwe Me'co, July 81,1916.

-The honorable the Sa1cmwtrAnY OFSTATS,;WhAW Do 0.

S: I am in receipt of a letter dated J Iy2 from M. WilliAm J.Guigley,j anaker of the El Potosi ning Co., one of. the membersof the Mife and Smelters operators' Aociation, i wh Iiusquested to bring the following mat r to th6e 4epartment'p attentifhand to request an opinion thereof, for theridane of the patiesininterest.On July e12the executive committe d the Mine and tblter

Operators Abociation was smned bFforeSr. Ftaneiso Etcude60,minister of finance in the defact government of Gen. Villaj otht

wise selfstyledi the6conhetionisf er ent,;ad arustiWemade of them, as coming from Gen.Vii, to adce thsid kvefli-ment the sum of $300,0, on thetmndets ding that loansm- do bythe various companies having memberaWhi uocitio Wi^suance of the requ@.t mentioned would be credited to the',ichcom6panies :in the payment iof taxes and freight charges as thee mightbecome due in the future. The association in due time,though itssecretary, advised Sr. Escudero in effect that it would be impossiblefor the operating mining and smelt-in companies to meet his demands,by reason of their fonpi character, ud the OaNer that makigloans of-the character prop se mhigthtbe conitruiy adverse factions in the present civil contlicZ in, Mexico as a hostile proceeding,in so far as they Were. cocerined with the reult that the companiesruilty of these tudiscretions migWtflay themsveles to penalties m thefuture.The mining companies are now fully expecting, either in theiim-

mediate future or more remotely section -of a more vigorous kidcalculated to secure the results aimed at by SR.Escudero, aid iii thisunde-rstanding they request the department to advise them as towhat measures they should pursue to prevent the collection of forcedloas that may be ordered against them.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,MARION LETCSER,

American ao .

(losure No. WA.)ACTNG SEARETARY OF BTATE TO CONSUL AT CHIUAHUA.

AuGUST 1 1915.'MARION Lnounz E.,

American (3on 0,Okiltuahue, ieico.SiR;: The department has received your dispatch No. 658 of Jbly

31, 1915, saying that you are in receipt of a communication from Mr.William J. Quigley, manager of the ElPotosi Miing Co., onS of themembers of the Mine and.Smelter Operators' Association, requestingsuggestions relative to the veiled demands on American miningcompanies for loans.

40

A dA3 IN MEXICO.

The only advice which the department can give to the associationat this tiAe is that if the authorities in the clty of Chihuahua shallattempt to impose a forced loan upon the members of the association,immediate notice of such attempt should be given to the department.

I am, sir, your obedient servant(Spie) WILBUR J. Cue

r the Acting Secretary of Ptate..~~~~~~~~[ulw P4.8.

Pokme. No. AD.)3I ADS"0MLT OPECRATORS' ASSOIATION TO SECRETARY

Or STATE.

EL PAso, TzC., Augut 6, 1916.SERETARY OF STATS,.

Gen. Villa has demanded that accredited representatives of the mineand smelter, operators of Chihuahua present themselves at the gover-nor's Palace at Chihuahua August 9 to meet Gen. Villa to receive, aproposition of rave importahncewhich will be submitted at that time.

ie thratens at ro rtieshich are notrepresented at the proposedmeeting by, fully empowered representatives will be closed. lHestated thatfhewoid conclude with those present arrangements whichwould be binding on the industry although we have pointed out toVilla that the specific purpose of the meeting and the object for dis-cussion must be known before necessary authority with proper limitstion can bedelegated by the principals to their representatives oragents, nevertheless he hLO flatly refused to state to us or even toindic*tp AX nature of the proposition which is to be submitted. It isour dnaflimou& opinion that Villa's purpose is to obtain money in-justly and coercively. We realize from previous instances the likli-hoo4 that coercive methods and intimidation will be applied by Villaat such a, meeting. On July 12 Senor Escudero, secretary of ha-cienda;SCting under instructions of Gen. Villa, proposed that becauseof theX ugtBne of his government the members of this associationeach advance as large a sum as possible such. advance to be repaid bycrediting same against amounts which should become payable formining taxes and railroad .frei hts. Total amount required wasstated as $3000010gold. We refused t contribute on grounds: thatsuch iditnces would compromise us because open to construction asparticipation in the internal political affairs of Mexico. We are there-fore apprehensive that Villa now intends to exact a forced loan or itseouivflent,hedwe respectfully and earnestly request that appro-prate, representations be made' to Gen. Villa for the purpose of orestalling any demand4 upon us by him for a forced loan or any otherillegal exaction. We believe that such representations are necessaryto protect our rights and will avoid disagreeable and embarrassingcomplications in the present delicate situation.

RespectfullyMUx AND SMELTER OPnaTORS' ASsOCIATION,

El Pa8o, Te.

41

42AFAIR MEXIO.bowsur. No. 8s.)

GEORGE 0. CAROTEERS TO TEE SECRETARY OF STATE.

EL PASO, Tzx.,August 12, 1915i.

SECRETARY OF STATE, Washington:In conference between Gen. Scott and myself accompanied by a

committee representing the mining men of Chihuahua and Uen.Villa, we convinced Villa of the impracticability of enforcing hisproposed decrees as against the mining men and he definitely agreedwith us to let the mining men alone and to discuss with them theproblem of keeping the railroads open, the mining men requestinghim to protect their stock of goods which it is necessary for them toimport and Villa offered absolute protection and an escort of algoods ordered to the mines and to enforce his military commandersto abstain from confiscating their stocks of merchandise. At thismeeting, the mining men voluntarily presented G(en. Villa with1,000 tons of coal to assist in the operation of the railroad. It isboth Gen. Scott's and my opinion that we should abstain frommaking further representations to Villa for several days so as not totire him, As soon as expedient I will take up the Tlahualilo andother cases with him. o

gmo. C.CATHRo.

REARAo TO TEE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY.

U.S. S. "FLORIDA,"Ve:ra C<, exico, April 9,1914.

SECRETARY NAVY, Wa igton:Mayo reports, p. M. Thursday:This forenoon Mexican soldiers arrested and whale boat's crew of Dolphin,

part of whom were Istboat with a , macd them two blocks through streets,then back to boat, and there released them. Gen. Zaraposa expressed regret verballyIn view of publicity of event I have clled for formsrdisavowal and apology (and)punishment of officer in charge Mexican squad, and salute to American flg within 24hours from 6 p. m., Thuusday.

MAYO.Uta1 left for Tampico 7 p. m., Thursday.

FLETCHUER.

Hosr No. OA.)

BECRETARY OF THE NAVY TO SECRETARY OF STATE.

NAVY DEPARTMENT,Washington, January 19, 1916.

SM: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter ofJanuary 17, 1916, in which you inform this department that thePresident has directed the Department of State to prepare a reply toSenate resolution dated January 6, 1916, requesting certain docu-monts, letters, reports, orders, and so forth, in regard to the Mexicansituation, in connection with which you request that a statement beprepared for you embodying the pertinent facts concerning the occu-

42

AFFAIRS IX MEXICO.

pation of Vera Cruz by our naval forces. It is noted that you haverequested the Secretary of War to have a similar statement prepared.

In compliance with your request, I have the honor to inform youthat on the night of April 20, 1914 in obedience to orders from thePresident of the United States, Admiral Fletcher, commanding thenaval forces then stationed off Vera Cruz, Mexico, was directed toseize and hold the customhouse at Vera Cruz and not to permit warsupplies to be delivered to the Huerta government or to any otherparty. These orders were received by Admiral Fletcher at 8 a. m onApril 21. The American consul was immediately notified and di-rected to send all foreigners aboard the Ward Line steamer Mexico,then in the harbor of Vera Cruz. The Mexican military commandantwas notified of the intention of our forces to take charge of the custom-house. At 11.30 a. m. on April 21 a landing force from the U. S. S.Florida, Utah, and Prairie, totaling 787 officers and men, of which502 were marines, had been landed and had taken charge of the cus-tomhouse, cable station, railway station, and post office at Vera Cruz.No resistance was encountered on the initial [anding, but about noonthe Mexican forces began firing on :the American troops, so that inorder to hold the customhouse it became necessary to occupy the cityof Vera Cruz. Reinforcements arrived on the night of the 21stinstant, and by April 24 complete control of the city was gained bythe American forces. On April 24 Admiral Fletcher declared martiallaw in the city of Vera Cruz. Army transports arrived at Vera Cruzon April 28, and after conference wit Gen. Funston, Admiral Fletcherestablhed a civil government under martial law.At 8 a. m. on April 30, the forces of the Armv were landed from

transports, and at 2p. m. of that date control of the city was takenovpr by the Army. The naval forces, with the exception of the ma-rines, were withdrawn to the vessels in the harbor, and the marineswere assigned to duty with the Army.

Copies of.allmessages in reference to the occupation of Vera Cruzwere sent to your department.

Sincerely, yours,Jo8srPius DANIELS.

The honorable the SEORETARY OF STATE.

(Inclosg No. 9B.]

SECRETARY OF WAR TO SECRETARY OF STATE.

WAR DEPARTMENT,Washington, January 26, 1916.

The honorable the SECRETARY OF STATE.MyDEnR MR. SECRETARY: Referring further to your letter of Janu-

ary 17, 1916, stating that the Department of State has been directedby the President to prepare an answer to Senate resolution dateAJanuary 6, 1918, in regard to the Mexican situation, and requestingthat a statement be prepared by this department respecting the ordersgiven to Gen. Funston for the protection of American lives andproperty on the Mexican border, together with any pertinent factsconcernig the occupation and evacuation of Vera Cruz, Mexico, bythe forces of the Uniited States, I beg leave to advise you that therecords of the department show as follows:

48

44 Iran IlaXaw

1. MEXIOAN BORvDE.

2. OCCUPATION AND EVACUATION OF VERAORUZ, MEXICO.

Vera Cruz, Mexico having been, by. direction of the President,occupied by the naval forces of the United States, instiuctions wereissued on April 23, 1914, to the commanding general, second division,Texas City, Tex.,: to causethe reinforced Fifth Brigade to embaik assoon as practicable on the Army transports Sumner, Mcellan, Au-patrick, and Meade, and to proceed at once to Vera Cruz.On April 24, 191,4, the fur reiments of Infantry of the Fifth

Brigade together with Company E, Second Battalion ofEngineers,and Fieid Hospital No. 3, a total of 182 officers and 3,047 enlisted

menj sailed from Galveston, Tex., underA.the command of Brig Gen.Funston, United States Army,: and arrived inVeraCruz Harbor onApril 28, 1914, and disembarked. On A-ril 26, 1914, the FirstBattalion:of the Fourth Field Artillery sailed from Texas: City forVera Cruz on the chartered transport Satila to join Gen. Funston'scommand.On April 26, 1914, orderre issued to Gen. Funston, in compli-

ance with instructions received from thePresi'dent, upon arrival atVera Cruz to relieve the Navy of its utie asore incident to theoccupation and control f the oity of Vera C-r-ii and its environs.Gen. Fu~nston was advised en the same date t pursuit to theorders of the President the First Brigade, Uited States MarineCoswld be l0acd undehis'0id foreservicwith the Army.Oun Aprl 29, [914, the lzcdquart.rs*, bad,andodetachment of the

First:BattalioniL,-0fFourth Fiedt ArLtier, a Iland H Sixth

Cavaltr, sailedfrom;Galvestofo MMht'.echarted trans-

port S Mara SignalCorps,Sailed for VIr Grao te naval transot ta

Gen. Funston reported taking over from the av the command atVera Crizio theatron fArl30,: 1914.A itrygb General O ders, No, 3,

Headquartes United Stte Exeiionar ocs May 2 1914.This order set forth the principle that thef government establishedtherebywouLldcontinue the syst0m to whicte people of Vera Cruzwere Laccustomd,in so far s onsisten with military control, andfrom thatdateuntil the evacuation the Army continued to administerthe civil aairs of 'the city. t:The cutive bran f themilitary government established bythe r'l ordercitedabove consited of the following:

Ti fAce, Of the provost mashal general.The offic of t treasurer.Theust servicin ing thighthous service, to ich was

lar added the pilot: rvico.The UnitedStates-mail agen ad t gener t office.Each of these branches was,placed in harge of an officer of the

Arm ecept tMs service, which w"s in t by Coin-0Vmander H. 0. Stikne, United StatsNety, as adinistratr of cusosand c in of the prtA and the Unite Stat ,nil agener andthe geneIl postoce, wici wereA inistred byM. H. M.Robia

44

eAMA IN MUMC.4

Bon, an official of the Post Office Department, sent to Vera Cruzforthe PPoseW iPtior toptheevacuation, instructions were issued to Gen. Funstonto bringwith him to theUnited States all funds in his possession fromwhatever source derived, both United States funds and Mexican cus-tom receipts and taxes. He was also instructed to bringwith him allthe records, accounts, and money papers necess to establish theintegrity and accuracy of his financiaF and other administration, andto make an inventory of all goods in the customhouse, keeping theoriginal of such inventory and leaving a copy with the Americanconsul at Vera Crux. Gen. Funston was also.authorized to leavewith the latter such copies of accounts or other data as might berequired by whomsoever might continue the government of the city.Onttovember 14, 1914, as the result of an announcement issued

by the State Department on November 13, 1914, Gen. Funston was

directed to make all preparations to leave Vera Crux Monday, Novem-ber 23 1914.On November 20, 1914, Gen. Funston was instructed to evacuate

Vera Cruz on the, date specified above, viz, Monday, November 23,1914.

On November 23, 1914, Gen. Funston advised the department thathe would .embark his command a1t 2 o'clock on the afternoon of thatday on the transports Sumner, Kilpatrick, Satobal, McClellan, Kan-san, Anttlla, City of Memphtt Denver, ;nd San Marco&.

On November 26, 1914, Gen. Funston reported the arrival of hiscommand at Qalveston, Tex.

Subsequently to his arrival at Gilveston, Gen. Funston reportedthat; the Mexican funds brought, with :him to the United States,together with the money papers pertaining thereto, had been placedfor safe-jkeepng in the strong room of the First national Bank at

Galveston, storage room for all other records of the military govern-meat of TVeraCuz having been provided by the depot quartermasterat;GsJvestonI In this connection Gen. Funston suggested the advis-ability 41 sending the Mexican funds and the records: of the treas-ures office to the subteasuryat New Orleans, La., for safe-keeping.Uponreceipt of that suggestion the department communicated atonce with the Treasury Department with a view to ascertaining as towhether it would be practicable to place these funds and records in

the subtreasu at New Orleans as suggested, and the Treasury tDe-partment having signified its willniwiess to have the funds and rec-ords so Itransferred, Maj. Blanton inshipt judge advocate, UnitedStatesArmy,s who had immediate charge oft these funds and records,was advisd accordingly6

On Januaryil1915, Maj.'Winshipre-ported that he had on that dateshipped to the subsur at New Orleans, La., one field safe, sealed,containing 1,539,051.20 Mexican pesos and the books and recordsperaining too the military treasurer's okice, together with one sealedwooden x containing 1,065,000 Mexican pesos, or a net total of

2g041051.20 pesos.2A Jaluar 12, 1916, the department advised the Secretary of

Stat.-of the transfer of :the Mexican funds and records, as set forthEtatet4 se fr.habove.Sincerely, yours,

LIED SeyM. GARRIyofWrSecretaiy of War.

46

AFFAIRS IN MEXICO.

(Ic00ure NO. 10.1SECRETARY OF STATE TO THE BRAZI-TAN XM8NZS INuIOG

DEPARTMENT OF STATZ,Washingto, September 22, 1914.

The BRAZILLAN MINISTER, Mexico::Certain rumors have reached this Government as to actions which

may possibly be taken by the authorities at Vera Cruz after itsevacuation, namely:The exaction of further payments of duties on merchandise which

has passed through the customhouse since American occupation andon which the duties have been paid. The exaction of further pay-ments of local and municipal taxes paid since American occupation,such as license fees, property taxes, street taxes, etc. The impositionof fines or other pen ties upon, Mexican citizens, who have beenemployed in connection with the civil government -of the city sinceAmerican occupation.You are requested to call these subjects to the attentionwof Gen.

Carranza and state' to him that this: Government, while it does notgive credence to these rumors, as such actions would be manifostlyunjust, considers that to avoid possible improper conduct by subordi-nates and to allay apprehension at Vera Criz it i hoped that Gen.CarranZa will gin a specific assurance in regard to as subject thatthe rumored action will not be permitted.You will please intimatel to, Ca. Carranza the advisability of

giving these assurances in definite form ad a soon as possible inorder that there may be no delay in carrying out the proposedevacuation of Vera Cnuz by the American forces.You willa please l to Gem. Carransas attention th fact that

there is kinV ea-Cmx a Irgo number o so-called refugees, amonthem an priest aAd nuns, who cameth because of apprehension-a to Ithefpeal sety whik civil sife prevailed inMexico.Tis Government earnestl yhopes tha Ge.Car0rfania will bewilling;to announce that the Mencs entnl authores will not countenanceor permit any wantoinmstrettmeat of the.. people, but will assurefthem that protection which an enlightened-and orderly Governmentaffords to individual within its jurisdiction.

Acting Secretary ofSte.

BRAZLIAICNISTR I 55100TO TEN SNORUCTARLY OF STATS.

Mzxrco Crrr, MxicoNov::e r 10, 1914.

SECRTARY OF STATS,:Wasingtn, D. O.::

November 10-11 a.m.Acting Secretaryfor]Forei Relationis,whois now in Cordoba, State of Vera Crus, ith Oatranza, iAvited me tbkmorning to have a legraphic conference over the wire of the foreip

46

AFFAiRS JiN MEXiCO. 47office, durig whichh be transmitted the following note, with request

that same be transcribed to ybu: at once:CoRDoBA, November 10, 1914.

Ma. MINISTER Referring to your excellency's note, dated the 2(1 instant, rela-tive to the evacuation of Vera Oirl. by fo of the United State. of America by orderof the ft$ of tlnecortitotionallt army in chargeof the executive of tLe union,I have the honor to; infotm your 4exeellency a follows: The fchamiet of comnierceand the owners of real estate at th rprtof Yen Crut, as w*ll as the employees whohave served ir several wpcties ii fthe adminitration of the, port during Americanoccupation have 0ddrsed themselv to the first chief of the constitutionalst armyin charge 01 the exect ve, through the governorIand military commandersof the Statstating tihat the taxny:er ill be atifi ed with such resolutions of the NationalGovernment "amayI e later passed by it in reference to the collection of fiscal dueso have been p*A1 0t the American authorities who have been in exercise in the port;also that the employee are dpo:6se to submit themselves to such disposition athe fexican authories may see fit. The first chief of the constitutionalist army inc e of the executive is ofthe attitude assumed by the chamber of commerce,the own of the acity realestate, and the above-mentioned employees, and of hisconsidering oit for th welfare ofnatlonal interests, ha. been pleased to issue. underdate of the 8th and 9th instanttle following decree:"Venuqtlano Ca-rviza rot chiqf of the constitutional army in chare of the execu-

tive power of the t Stesof Meco, using of the extraordinary authority inme vested, aW coner t t the chaber of commerce and the majority of own-ers and administrators of real esa at the port of Vera GCru' have addrssed the ex-ecutive, is my- chrg, renoun$ng the protection asked for in their behalf by theUnited State. Government before ex Octi the evacuation of Vera ruz, Stating categorically that they, will, pbide' by all the just decisions which the Mexican Govern-ment may render n reference to the collection of fiscal dues previously collected bYforeign athorites And- because I coWider it convenient to the national interests, ihave seen fit to decree as follows:

"'Article 1. 'On *eoccupation of Vera CIra by the Mexi authorities nOenxc-tixon will be made ftainithe inhabitants the pot for the payment of taxes or anothercontkibutionsoft Pedeau characterr which may have previously been paid to the for-ein auoietwhich tori occupied the port

"Article 2. In orderto be entitled to the privilege grantel by this decee it willbe sufficient fior intrted person to present to the tax collector a office the receipt.showing that suceh paytet. were made to the authorities established during the occu-pation of Vera Caus by the Amican forces.'"And Ihaceto Inform you of the above for its immediate publication and due

observanace.I"V. CAIRNEA."

CcNOswruno AND Riwove,Geral Hadquarters at Cordoba, November 8, 1914.

The second decree reads as follows:VenustianoChrrafirt chief of the contitutionalist army in cha ;e of the execu-

tive power o thZ nit States o io by rtueof the extrdnary facilitiesin me vested, and considering fily,the iexicanand foreign employees who havesrved the authorities establshed in Vera Crut d ring it occupation by Americanforces have addrsue4 this first office of the constuo st army thr the gov-ernor and military commander of thi State, stitinfof their on accordth teoply rcog se ahelinal vernment a entitled to reolvethe qustio of interiororder'iacl!referthe punihment opatibn of persons who, as themselvehvserved the forei es; secondly, tht they expressly declared hatthebe agreed totedecisions that the national government may render in rgrd tothem In order thatithiey may n 0tbe considered as an obstacle for th eminentlypriotic at of obtininasipedy evacuation of Ve Cruz; and, thirdly, tht thespontaeous and patriotic attitude of such employee has made them deringof anam ty for suchpealties - they might have incurred, in I have een fit to issuethe following decree:"General a esty is berey ted to*i11 persons:who may have served as em-

ployees in the severed branches orthe public dministration that in a de facto manner~ave exercise control temporarily during the occupation of Vera Cms by Americanforce."

48 SAh IhN 'XMMZO

And I commubunicato the above to y y in t 4i tothefederal and local authorities of the public for it Immda * dstroberance.

V. OAAt&.CONwsruTzoN AND RurO.W-,

Geawul Headqutere at Coro, Noemr *,1914.Gen. Candido Agullar as ita governor of the Stat. of Vera

Cruz, has to-day isued dhefoiowg eeem:The government in my charii. obligated lbto Ot ch person

as mayhave paid the fiscal dues in the port of Vea Cruz to the American aut itie,ad thatch prottionshould be madvextei t the ne ollio och dusecond time as have been paid, Itbeio onded In ety, and oideringthat a=laemajoity of the sidents of d ort oze tha the Mexican Governm ItI the only one-which ought to protc them rey place thmsel der iprotectionas an act: of pute patriotism. For the above consdtio, have snfft to decree as follows*: ::X

"Article 1.: on -the evacuation of Vera CO. b the it kafifo*te and its occupationby exican authoities, noexaction ib madie frm the inhabitants ofthe portbr:ether municipal orstate dues h a a prviosy paid bythem to tIeforeign authorities who occupy the por.

"Article 2. In brderto be:able to enioy the'bisnft ted by thi decree, itwillbe SUMcientt tothe4 restive collector' office. the recipts sho;in theyment made t the functionaries of the admintion which had control of dairduring occupation"T r 1 order that the above be pubd, latd, nd duly complied it.Issued at Cordobaon the 10th day ofNom r,194.:

0; o*Gt. 0. AGULARL. DOtJWOtUh

Ofhili"a hs 1~~_0M teausSuew a/MiGhnentIviewf;thfeet that the W G s thsIsse the decreeswhihe I

Ws b d '-'*~~~~~~~~~~~0"Ane'tbi, Vr'haebad th hor to trnenb tolyucaespitdoutbte(lvenment of the of Asmede for h inued uthe port of VeraUrun have disappeared. In oequeth Arstci of t sututio armyIc ofthe eecutive of the uoj trusts4st,4A:3 tof November1: the tofv th uuXl$eSaM:.4usd. Y1 yO . lone theevautn f Ve ind s ;tov.c the por.:I protest toyr. is tofm hge oside n.

:ozvrrnow urn BRwoe.CszoeO Di OIVEIRA.

1018, 1,1, '018.

The Oist of Ameic iMeIio di t mentionedaboe: ibdivid iio fl hW0casss lll*s;'Ckwe -M er & 4 t auo thiat Qcan be

; w. L-Amornanswhom: have disappared InMexioo tad whopbably klled from housesthat loub att db directly to

e revoluionrdturbtnc&Okau. L.~-Ameuic~ns 14)1.4, appar~ptly ~lirotqh motives of rob-

ber bandits or-:other (not ld g tos iled by India"s.killedby ds pptty throuhmotive

deans killed 1* Mex~co durihg twpbeiod mentiondmmiscelaneous caus and can s ot definitestated.

: ~ ~ au xv naw.. 0

AMERIOAS KILLID I MXXICO FROM CAUSES TEAT CAN BE ATTIU-UTEDDIETLY TO Tfl E OLUTONARY DSTURANCOE8.

Cia.. 1-1918.

John B. Alnmia, May 1$: Hanged aspy and for other alleged crimes, at Rio Bravo,Stat of Tamaulipas.John HemyThomas, Autgst 13: Assasnated by federal soldiers at Maden, State

O halu Murderers .vWted.Edmund Hayes, August 16 Aminsinated by mie band of soldiers as Thomrs,

William ;. obertson e tombe., 10: Murdered by revolutionists at El 14obodsIanw tae~fTnwsed. fal to show his pausport prmtyandraaighile be.--rodXA619IilLiberml:ostwegd at Nuevo IAredo charged with snuggling

ammunition to revolutIon . Stabbed to death with bayonet Appear. to havebeen killed before being brought to trial.

Charles 8e son, Wovember 16: Appears to have been accidentally shot in theback when VIlla captured Juar.Luciano MartIne,PDcember 6: epor to have bees about 16 years olh when

killed. He east$ in the rebel rank in the Tampico district. Representationswere ma'e t tho. authorities to release him, but no ('efinite action appears to havebeen taken by them in the matter, and Martinez was ille I in battle.Ina ion Saichez, December 31: 8aid to have been murderer by Mexican

federal officials at Mexicali.Joss Valencia, December 31: Murdered at the mue time a- Sanchez, above.

:Cie 1-1914.

Frank 8miltbh J usy 2 Killed by federal in the vicinity of Tampico. Nomotive known. ed leutnat sergeant were court-an I executedfor this crime.Guy S. Sawye, :Ap-ri 1914: Wouuv1 l during attack on Monterey by consti.

tutionialist. war ie'l frmeffects.::0 0::;Dr. E. E. Kelly, August 27: Shot in the back an1 killed. by In ian sol Tiers at

NavaB ilio eltict, State of Sonora. No motive known.gF. , Chpe, blovelmber 16:' Shot and krilled by Mexician soldie at Nogales, :State

of Bom. Soldier W on sentry duty and hl challenge Chapel. No reason wasgiven as to w y he was challenged. The soldier was placed unler arrest, but wasafterwards release.

Cass. 1-1916.

John B. McManus, Mar6h 11: Shotdan killed by Zapateti. in Mexico City. Vic-tim; was defend i; his home against assault, due to revenge. Palafox, Villista-Zatiqt Conventionista Acti Secrety of Fori Affair,; expresseI deep regretfor th. zr'er,W'etWi ow Wa pall 120,00 PM-e., or about $20,00 'goll.

Isaac R. Ely'Mar16:A1cI mentallyy shot by Villistas while they were attackingthe Ebano pump station, Tampieo district.

3. N. Benet May 26: Shot by Villtas an I kilez while in launch with Caran-sistas disd, on the Panuco River, off Tamgico.A. Martinektte About June 1: Kill I at Cumpas by Maytorena (Villiata) sol tIer

us~er Get. Trtijifo,.Edgar Bean,November 20: Reported to have been murdered at Puerto Citos, a

subur of Canuea, State of Sonora. It was reported that Bean was an ener,an. that when hisge ran ofttrack Col. Beltran, of the Villista forces, becameenaedad thim.Americans killed in M from causs that can be attributed directly to the

revolutionarydiaturbances (1913, 1914, 1915), 18

60 an xi nco.

AMERICAWS WHO NAVE ISAPWUARED it MEXICO ANTI WHO RAV8PROBABLY DEWN KILLED IFOM CAUSE THAT CAN,B3 AflUUUTEDDIREOTLY TO THE REVOLUTIONARY DISTURBANCE8 (cOVERS THEPERIOD FROM THE FIRST OF 1913 TO AND INOLUDING 1915).

Auss 2-1914.

Gustav Bauch, February 15: Arrested as spy in Ctiduad Suarez by Villistas. Die-appeared between Ciudad Juarez and Chihuahua. Special Representative Cawothenstted that he thought Bauch was killed by order of Gen. Vill*.Mamn Compton, Febx 15: Reported sentenced to be executed. Invetlga-

tiones Chihuahua, CWudad lare, and Ojinaa reveale no trace of him.Charles Milton, March 26.: Rumored murdered by band of Huerta followoerssoth

of Cananea, State of Sonora.Juan Coy April 6: Disappeared when Monclova was being attacked; may have

been killed n attack; no trace of Coy ever found.

Cu~ss 2-1915.

Charles S. Dalrymple, February 12,: Seen in prison at ViCtoria, State of Tamaull-pa. Stated to passerby that he had just been transferred from Chihuahua, wherehe had beenheld ncomunleado fora yor. No tra ofbhm ever found afterbeingseen in Victoria.,Peter Scott, aboutJune 1: Rumored killed at Navjo., near Noales, Stateof Sonora.

No details and no further report.Total number of Americana who disppeared In Melic in the period from 1913 to

1915, inclusive, S.

AME]RIGCAN8 KILtLD IN MEXICO, APPARENTLY THROUGH MOTIVES OFOBBER} BY BANDIrs ox oRnS:(we ISOLUDING THOSE KL1LD

BY 1NDIANS--S0WN IS A F A IST).

CLAS 3-I~iS.Boris orow, Februr 20: iled bandit. in the Territory of Topic.:

Mr: C4ha.Z. Rs, A 2$: AUs known so titty Hines. Murdered by fourMeias whom size surprle whl e :tiywor her home at Chihuahua.Maurice P. Root, Sopt S:0hStb death t . reimsting robbery at Mast.a.Mudrr!ee boght toX jsice.

C:s:-1914.Cle6et0 Verg0 r Fibruy 1S: Seid na Pledas Negras. The reason for his

seizure was not stated. it was reported that altoug Vegara's release was orderedhe was afterwards killed.Weston Burwel,=abu April23: Illed at Osuluma b orders of a federal officer,

Col. Quirol. Motive upvod to have een robb . rwas afterwards arein the United Stateis d to Habana, Cuba.

C. B. Hodwley, May 1 Repd illd at the sme time certain British subjectswere killed or wounded ra on m In the Gu lajara district. Motive proba-bly robbery.

CiAssS-1915.^John Glen Farenter,Mydy baits aftebeing robbed nearGuadaajr. Some of the banidits weekildb ursuin soders.Edward lreemaWlles,Augu- t13h:Killed by ts wheutrainw attacked

botwe SantaLurtlaan Ve C.; bnitnt a ded.JamesJacoby, Aust 21: Murdered u ; m ve probably robbery.

No results from investigation.Jes Talor Septemb 16: Di as result of being shot through the stomach

while tpoecting hi home from robbery nearPanuco, Statei of Vera:Cru.:::Total number of Americans killed Mexico i 1913, 1914, and 1915 apparentlythrough motive of rob by badits at others (not including thoselIedby JIdM-ansshownnasepuMateto10.:

AfAIS IN flflOO. 51

AM3CBICANS KILLED IN MEXICO BY INDIANS, APPARENTLY THROUGHMOTIVES OF ROBBERY OR REVENGE.

CIes 4-1913,Ed d Qr Deter, Jur 14: Iurdered by Indians at San Juan Taviche,

near Oaxaca. 'Four men ed for the crime.

CLos 4-1914.

TomFarell June 28: Killed from ambush by either Yaqui Indians or Mexicans,between San JWavier and La Colorado, Hermosillo district.

O. A4 L. Squires, Auguet 6: Killed by Yaqui at La Colorado, Hermosillo district,while tryin to prevent robbery,JohnWill , August 10: Killed nea Vasitos, State of Sonora, by Mexicans or-Yaquus.,,

Ci.ss 4-1915.

Eugene Camera, February 25: Murdbred by Yaquis at Lencho Station, Guaymasdistrict, State of Sonora.

0. M. Brown, Apil 27: Shot and killed by Mayo Indian. at Ahome, Mazatlan dis-trict State of Sinaloa.John P. Wilson May 11: Killed by Yaqul Indians at Esperansa, State of Sonora.3.J. Donovan, May 11: Killed by same band of Yaquis.Joseph Tays, September 5: Murdered by Indians near San Blue, State of Sinaloa.W.:A.:Fat, May 11: Killed by the same band of Yaquis that murdered Wilson and

Donovan above.Charles (Goldsborough, November 4: Killed along with two companions by Indi

in the district of Fuerte, State of Sinaloa. Identity of companions not known; en.dently Mexicans.

W.: S. Windham, November 6: Murdered by Indians at Quimichis mach, Territoryof Tepic, through motive of even.

Total number of Americans killed by Indian apparently through motives of rob-bery or revenge, 1913, 1914, and 1915, 12.

AMERICANS KILLED IN MEXICO DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY DIS-TURBANCES IN THE YEARS 1918, 1914, AND 1915 FROM MISCELLANE-OUS CAUSES AND FROM CAUSES NOT DEFINITELY STATED.

CLASS 5-1913.

Frank Horace, March-: Murdered by Mexican citizen at Coalcoman, State ofMichoacan. Murderer arrested but escaped. Later reported to have been enlisted inthe army.

Walter Van Den Bosch, March 17: Murdered by Mexican civilian at DuranTwo men arrestedJames 0. Lawrence, March 22: Murdered by Mexican civilian at Tampico.Albert H. Lawrence, March-31: Shot ald killed by Mexican at Tampico. Assailant

sentenced, then released; later shot by Mexican afmy officer.WilliamiW. Corrie April 1: Was attichedtotheU.S. California. Reportedmur-

dered by chief of police of Guayamas.;John C. Klesow, April 1: Attached to the I. S. S. California. Reported murdered

at the same" time as Cdrrie in the same manner.Willi~m Protexter, May 12: Shot by two Mexican civilians at La Junta, Chihuahtia.

One of the Mexicans was shot and killed by Protexter. Protester died as a resultof hiosround.Henry Knox Burton, July 13: Murdered by Constitutionalist, soldier at Santa

Rosli. No motive known. Murderer was arrested, but previous to attack on townby enemy was released.

Victor W. EsBt, September 16: Murdered in the State of Campeche. Murderer

John1Edan, November: Murdered with machetes by four men at El Venado,Guadalaja.

Mrs. John Edson, November: Reported fatally wounded at the same time.

53 ALAIBB IN AXLIC

Oz&ss 6-1914.

Peder Podern,Jary 2: Murdered I Cnto Osul, Stat ofV Gm.February 4: Bndits ome burning stock car into the Oumbre Tunnel, in the

State of Chiiuahua, and a pumeer tain collided with them. The follow Ameri-cans ar known to have been killed; M Gilmartin, Bernard Schofield, John B.Webster, E. J. McOutcheoh, J. I. Moris,teeW , ThomaXKelly, ad H. F.Maderai.

E. M Harmon February 22.: Murdered at Madera State of Chihuahua.Oscar Allen Ifarch 1 ordered at Pear, OhiuahuJames Crawford, May 14: Murdered near Panuco, State of Vera Cm.Richard Urban, MaY20 Murdered west of $acoai, State of Sonora. May possibly

have been murd by partner. 'No further t.Edward L. Nixzo, Sptember 21: Stabbed to death at Tampico by six Mexicaqs.

Murderer were placed under arrest. The American vice consul reported in Aprilk1915, that they would be tried uponith-es blishMet of a civil court.Herbert Atwater, December : Died from being tabbed by a Mexican civilian

at San Jeronimo, State of Vera Cn.CiAe 6-41915.

FebnruryBody Of a man, supposelto be that of Walter McIntosh, found at Tam-pico; presumably murdered. No clues'.:-R6e Gijla, Ail 26: SShot by -a Meican policeman at No while trying, to

escape arrest, Te polie w placed under arrest d on May 10 Maytoreux theVilnuta erse rl that the policeman would be tried.

W.i M.iyid jr ,April 27: RAntedWUb Taico. Retwarepoo hve beenguilty of ali cattle and changing brands, and it WAS stated that he, wa arestedon complaitotfAmslca app tbhve be rily executed by Ga.Urb 1inawthoutth.m ityo atrial.\Gilbert Toi," Ju 16:KIlled at Charcs, State of San Luis Potosi, * trying

to topA quafelTotidnumberof Amricans killed in Mexico durn the revolutionary disturbance

in the yes 1013, 1914, and 1916 bo mlerellan"u caussand from causes not dell-nitely stated, 30.Grand total of Americans killed in Mexico during the revolutionary disturbances

In the yearw11,104aadl2:(1)msin kleMead co o s t asattributed directly to the

(2)AmericanstNihave dlaappsred;n Mexicoitti5isa 194, and 1915M who1were killed fm csts tht b ttibuted directly to thevolu d .. ............................6

(3) eruan lea ty tbu motive of robbery or revenge (notincludlna bose klllpdbylndlans)ws.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

(4) Amerinsi by Ia, a ly throh motives of robbery orreve...... 12

(6) a killed inM duin revotory diturbance the ye1913, 1914, and 1916frommicUllc and causes not defitelystated..80------------------**----BGrand tot.f Americanshilled.durig.th.period mentioned... . . . 76

I this connection it maybe stated that when thei:: murder OfAmrican ciiznswaJreprer 0 th epatmen o State made repreetations, th g its reresentaies for: theX apprehension fand

punisthmentof the assailants; and in someinstances thedepartment'.representatives madesuch representations to the appropriAte official.on~theirowninitiative.XWhere there~has been no &d lteite idnformtion as to the apren-* :...uf 'th. a. 4 . *.son of t rpt to beguilty of outrg on AmericancOUense

resultig inthisr dath, anotation to that ,lect has been omittedfrom t" t fothe sake ofbrety.

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AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 68

(Inclosure No. 12A.)RIQANS KILLD IN MEXICO INi 1910, 1911, AND 1912.

1910.James M. Reid, November 20, Mexico City: Shot and killed by a Mexican police.

man. Murderer was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment.The following Americans were reported killed in the Republic of Mexico in 1910

from miscellaneous criminal causes not connected directly with the revolutionarydisturbances: Cummings, Green, Hughes, Lockart, McLaughlin, Maxwell, Pdrson,Pennington, Randall.

1911.William El. Fowler, March 9, Tuxpam, State of Vera Cruz: Murdered by a Mexican

peon. Murdered man was a naturalized American citizen and a Canadian by birth.George Critchfield, April 7, Ranche Zapatal near Tuxpam: Died from gunshot

wqind. Supposed murderer was placed on trial. No definite report of the outcomeof the trial was made at the time.Roy M. Godman, April 30, 25 miles from Acapulco: Was murdered by a band of

70 or 80 insurgents.Samuel Hidy, May 18, Los Platanos Colony, San Luis Potosi: Motive apparently

robbery. Mexican foreign office informed the American Embassy that everythingposible was being done to apprehend the murderers.

Elbert Pope, May or June, apparently in Lower California: Led a raid from Cali-fornia into Lower California.John G. D. Carroll, June 11, Alamo, Lower California: Reported murdered by

Mexican federal auxiliary soldiers. Carroll had taken out his first papers to becomea Mexican citizen. a

Dr. Allan L. Foster, June 11, Alamo, Lower California: Killed at the same time asCarroll.

Patrick Glennon, June 11, Alamo, Lower California: Killed at the same time asCarroll and Foster. Glennon was a naturalized American of Irish birth.Milton K. Willis, July 17 Calexico or Mexicali, Lower California: Was shot in a

quarrel with another man. his assailant is said to have been related to a local judge.Assailant was imprisoned and later released on the ground of self-defense. No furtherreport at the time.

Oscar M. Pelham, about September 14, Santa {Gertrudis mine, near City of Pachuca:Conflicting statements as to how murder occurred. (American citizenship in doubt.May have been a Canadian.)The following Americjns were reported killed in the Republic of Mexico in 1911

from miscellaneous criminal causes not connected directly with the revolutionarydisturbances: Berthold, Bishop, Clark, Gillett, Jones, Lawton, Lesher, McClelland,Royer, Shope, Swazay, Urby.

1912.W. H. Waite, April 4, Ochotal, State of Vera Cruz: Reported murdered by one or

more employees on his plantation. Consul Haskell at Salina Cruz reported the shoot-ing of two persons supposed to be guilty of this crime.Thomas A. J. Fountain, April 9, apparently in district surrounding the City of

Chihuahua: Reported murdered by rebels under Orozco and under the immediatecommand of Salazar.Hen Crumleyl (also reported Cromley), July' 21, Piirandiro, near Michoacan:

Killedby a servant or in a fight over a woman (two versions of CrumleyI's death).Rowan Ayers. about Augist 14, Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan: Reported murdered

through motives of robbery and revenge. The Mexican Embassy in Washingtonand thie American Embssy at Mexico City reported that the murderer had beencaught and would be executed.John J. Brooks, November 17, Chuichupa, Chihuahua: Reported killed by rebels

whilexresisting robbery.Ernest Spillsbury, December 31, Pachuca: Apparently murdered by a Mexican

civilian.The following Americans were reported killed in the Republic of Mexico in, 1912,

from miscellaneous criminal causes not connected directly with the revolutionarydisturbances: Adams, Buckerdike, Crawford, Haigler, Harvey, Meyer, Reterman,Stevens, Thompson.Total number of Americans killed in Mexico in 1910, as shown above........... 10In 1911.....................22In1912..16

Grandt.. . . ...............47S D-6-1-vol 41-84

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64 AFFAIRS IN MEXICO.

(Inclosure No. 12B.1AMERICANS REPORTED KCILLED IN UNITED STATES TERRITORY

Americans reported killed in United States territory aa a result of the Mexicanborder troubles during the years 1913, 1914, and 1915:

.Special deputy7 about September 13, 1913, Corrizo Springs, Tex.: Consular reportstated that the deputy was killed in a conflict between a sheriff's posse and smugglers.Posse was assisting Uunited States soldiers.

Four American citizens were reported killed in Naco, Ariz., in 1914. Names anddates not stated. They were presumably killed from shots fired across the borderfrom the Mexican side, as a result of fighting between Mexican factions.

1915.

Juan Balamia, May 13: Executed by orders of Gen. Blanco, after court-martial, atRio Bravo, in the Matamoros consular district.Texas ranger (name not stated), May 27, near Pelares, Mexico: Killed on American

territory by Mexican bandits.American river guard, May 27, near Pelares, Mexico: Killed at same time as Texas

ranger above.Dr. E. -S. McCain, October 19, near Brownsville, Tex.: Mortally wounded by Mex-

icans in train hold-up; dWie October 19. Raiding party.American trainman (name not stated), December 21: Reported by collector of

customs at El Paso, Tex., as having been killed while standing on a freight car. Thereport stated that the shot-was fira by an irresponsible Mexican soldier during recenttrouble n Jiarez connected with turning over of Garrison to Carranza forces. Anunverifed reportstat that soldier firing shot was immediatelK afterwards killed.George A. Diepert, December 21: Reported killed by shots fired across the border

duringaV battle at Jhare.Americarn (name and date not reported): Killed at DouglaM, Aris.Bernard foley,}July 22: Reported by the consul at Maoros as ha been

killed near Raymondville.BonIofciolenavides, July 31: Reported by the consul at Matamoros as having

been killednear LosIndie.:A. L. ;:Austin, August 7: Killed by bandits at his home. Reported by the consul

atMatioros.0- :0: :f f :it0harles Austin, Auglust 7:; Son of A. L. Austin, killed at the same tine. Reported

by the American consul at Mat Oros,Charles Jensen (no date sa ): Was a watchman at Lyford Gin. Reported by the

Amercn uconsul at MatamorowII. E. 1)onialdsn, September 2: Reported by the consul at Matamoros as having been

murdered at Fresnos Tract.I. T. Smith, Septem~e2:|2 Samese above.Engineer Kendall, October 19: Killed when bandits wrecked and looted a train

o miles from Bronsville. RepyortbytheAmerican consul at Matamoros.Total number ofAmeri reported killed as above, 20.

Ifnclure No. 12C.]AMRICAN BOLDEXRS KLED IN AMERICAN TERRITORY.

American soldiers killed in American territory on account of Mexican bordertroubles:Two soldiers illed at Naco, Ariz., August, 1914.

1916.

t:SWiliam:S.Warwck January 29: Killed by shot. fired a'O he border durng abattle tlJuaretz, Mezco.Gerge R. vgre,pat, August 2, Alice Road, Tot.: Killed in a skirmish withMexian bandit.. ff ; f (

ot C. Widus, private, August 10, Palm Garden, Mercedes,. Teo.: Killed in akih wit bihMdits. Raidg party.

Jc Wil~l,ancorpl upt 16Jj,ProgremFerry Teo.: Killed by fire from band; *~Si on: We,

AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 55Anthony Kraft, private Septemrber 13, Los Indios Ranch, Tex.:-Killed in a skirmish

with Mexican bandit. aiding party.Forney, private, September 13, Los Indios Ranch, Tex.: Killed in a skir-

nish with Mexican bandits' raiding party.Henry Stubblefield, private, September 24, Progresso Ferry, Tex.: Killed in attack

on Progress post office by Mexican raiders.Albert T. McBoe, corporal, October 18, on train near Brownsville, Tex.: Killed by

Mexican bandits' raiding party (luring holdup.Ernest Shaffer, sergeant, October 20, Ojo (le Agun, Tex.: Killed by Mexican nid.

ing party.Martin F. Joyce, private, October 20, (0)jo de Agua, Tex.: Killed by Mexican raid-

ing party.Herbert McConnell, private, October 20, Ojo de Agua, Tex.: Killed by M.Iexicanl

raiding party.p

(name not yet reported to War Department), November 1, Douglas,Ariz.: Killed in trench by firing across lhrder during attack on Agua Prieta.*Harry J. Jones, private, November 1 or 2, Douglas, Ariz.: Killed by firing acrossborder during attack on Agua Prieta.

SteplhenLittles, private, November 26, Nogales, Ariz.: Killed by Carranza menthrough mi.staking the company for party of Villistas.

Total number of American so1(liers killed as above, 16.

[Inelosnre No. 12D.1MEXICANS REPORTED KILLED IN AMERICAN4.TERRITORY.

Mexicans reported killed in American territory as a result of border troubles otherthan those resulting from firing across the iritenraliotal line during enllgag-ements ilnMexican border towns during the period 19113 to 1915, inclusive:1'313 ............................................................................................. 21915.................................................................. 87NoTE.-One is said to have been killed by ('arranza river guards al(l onie was re-

ported killed by Xilla soltdiors.Mexivans rel)ortid [lflod in American territory as a result of firil) racroFs the inter-

national line (lhrinh- enwagreinuets in MNexicua! border towels (uring the period 1913to 1915, irielusive:1913................................................... 11914............................................................... 2NOTE.-For the years onlitted in above tabulation no deaths appear to have been

reported.Total number of Mexicans killed as above, 92.

Total number of Americans killed On the Anierican side 'i ihown by foregoinglist.......... 20

Total number'of American soldiers killed in Ut)ited S;tates territory as rhown byforegoing list.......................................................... 16

Total number of Mexicans killed .......................--92

Grand tbtal........ 128

NOTE. -The lists of Americall civilians an(d sollievrs killed onAmerican territory, as above stated, are thou(flit to bo substantiallycorrect. However, many of the border troub'1s occurred at a pointin the'intorior of border States, where the local authorities had solejurisdiction, and there woro probably a number of persons killed ofwhich no report was made to the State or War Department. Thenumber of Mexicans killed, as shown above, is based on reportsreceived by the State Department and is thought to be approxi-imately correct.

0

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