1914 – Present20th century and Beyond

AP World History

Dr. Johnston and B. Shee (notes)

Periodization: Why 1914?

20th Century Ideologies

Economic (communism/capitalism) vs Political (totalitarianism/democracy)

Socialism vs. Marxism vs. Communism Fascism- Totalitarianism Representative democracy

World War I- The Great War

Global War: “war to end all wars”: millions dead, trenches, flu, sparked more nationalism

BETWEEN THE WARSDepression, Appeasement, Communism, Facism

Versailles Treaty: Germany unhappy – later appeasementDepression: hits Germany hard; 1920’s “swinging” in US-Cycle of depression hits and stock crash Oct. 29, 1929-Russian Revolution-Chinese Civil War and then Japan invasion-Excess lands after WWI – China, Mandate System: Class A Mandates in Middle East (Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq)-New Science and technology-Rise of Facism and Nazism

World War II – The Western Front

Battle of Britain – B. left to battle Germany alone – France fell and rescue at Dunkirk

-Germany blitzkrieg-Churchill “we shall never surrender”-June-Sept. 1940 – Did not defeat B.-US joins ALLIES

D-Day: June 6, 1944-B. US & Canadian troops to France (Normandy)-Take back France, but G. held back for a year-Hitler commits suicide and war ends in Europe

Allies (B., F.) vs. Axis (Germ., Italy, Japan)

Later: Allies: B., F., US, USSR vs. Axis (G., I., Japan)

World War II – The Eastern Front

1941 – Hitler takes USSR (breaks treaty)-Largest attack in history (Operation Barbossa)-Leningrad cut off – starving, but no surrender (1 million dead)-Germany goes after Stalingrad (near Moscow) and winter does them in-Battle of the Bulge: G. retreat

US gets involved after Neutrality Acts (sell supplies to both sides) – Pearl Harbor in Dec. 1941-Africa: Italians took over Egypt, but not effective…Germans helped in Al Alamein, but B. held them back-Eisenhower led Americans into Morocco and Algeria – won the area-Invaded Italy – Mussolini killed

Revolutions

New ideas about class, property, land reform How did this differ from 18th & 19th century?

LATIN AMERICA1914-Present

Politically: independent in 1800’s – BUT unstable governments: revolution, socialist attempts, dictatorships and military dictatorships ag. Socialism, 1990’s – democracy

Economically: Still under Western influence – trying hard to strike out on their own: hard

NAFTA attempt Socially: issues between white and natives; very

multi-national

Mexican Revolution (1911-1920)

Geographically: lots of invasions and interventions..rich bribed & used forceGeneral Diaz (34 yrs) – Mexico declined1% owned 85% of land (hacienda’s) – other end were Indians and mestizos- Mexican Revolution haphazard… Zapata led revolt ag. Hacienda’s in South; “Pancho” Villa & army of 3,000 seized hacienda’s in N. – create family ranches

RUSSIA

Politically: Changes in politics – autocratic Tsar – communism – communist dictatorship end of communism…but mostly communist

Socially and Economically: not even, superpower but not everyone feels human rights or economic well-being

Russian Revolution

“Peace, Bread, and Land”

Lenin – leader of Bolshevik Rev.

-Czar and WWI too much for Russia-Bolshevik Revolution (Communists) wins Civil War under Trotsky: 1917-Country almost destroyed; Lenin introduces his NEP which allowed peasants to sell surplus instead of turning it over to government…but Lenin still wanted to turn USSR into industrial country…peasants pay for it!-Stalin in 1926 – has Trotsky expelled and begins hard-line communist dictatorship-Great Purge

ASIA

SOUTH ASIA: Under British, gains independence – economically strong, but not still poverty; loses Pakistan; Muslim vs. Hindus – Sikh issues with Indira Gandhi

CHINA: Western control, fights with Japan, becomes communist – (Mao), Deng allows some economic capitalism, still human rights issues

JAPAN: Imperialistic, WWII loses and focuses on economy (no more emperor power)

Chinese Revolutions

Nationalists come to power, replace Qing…-Communists & Nationalists work together (ag. Japanese) and vie for power (i.e. Long March) - Communists win in 1949 with MAO

Cuban Revolution

In 1950’s, Batista unpopular dictator (US support)-Fidel Casto leads a totalitarian revolution – suspends elections, jails opponents, controls press, nationalized economy and took away US sugar mills/refineries -US intervene – Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis (nuclear war threat!!!)- Cuba dependent on Soviets – but Soviets crash in the 90’s: Cuba reforms

MIDDLE EAST

1914 Ottoman; Balfour Declaration 1918 “mandates”–under W. influence

WWII end: Israel begins; wars w. Egypt/etc. Attempts at peace Terrorism ag. Israel and US/Western problems Economically: Oil and OPEC – Iraq and Kuwait –

Persian Gulf Wars

Iranian Revolution

Clash between Islamic values and Western materialism (oil) – IRAN is best example of this

Shah westernized Iran (with US help/support) – but millions lived in poverty-Shah tried to weaken the Muslim leaders called Ayatollahs, but Ayatollah Khomeini incited riots in 1978 – Shah fled and Khomeini took over-Militant Islamic, anti-US, 1979 took US Embassy in Tehran

A New Age of Conflict

Role of technology– how does war change Continued Impact of Disease (AIDS, SARS) Connection of Nationalism to conflict

(Middle East, genocide in Africa) Balance: power politics vs ethnic nationalism

The Cold War

Cold War Ideas

- East & West Germany and Berlin “Iron Curtain Falls”-Policy of Containment (block Soviet influence/expansion)-Truman Doctrine – support countries that reject Comm and Marshall Plan (rebuilding project and aid for above)-Threat of Nuclear War “brinkmanship”-Korea (38th parallel – N comes into S…UN intervenes…-Vietnam: US afraid of Domino Theory – nervous about communist guerrillas in the South (17th parallel) – go in!-Détente with Nixon and SALT agreements-Reagan ratches it up again and then communism falls

International Organizations

UN created to protect members against Aggression-General Assembly and 11-member Security Council to settle disputes – 5 permanent members who have veto (B., China, F., US and USSR)-USSR boycotting UN when UN decided to go into Korea -NATO: defensive military alliance (west) vs. WARSAW PACT (East)

Wars of Independence

AFRICA

1914: Politically “Scramble for Africa” – still colonial powers

WWII – Africa more involved in WWII: sees nationalism and ideas of WWII – inspires independence – decolonizes

Ghana, Kenya, Algeria South Africa Economically still a problem

Independence

Decolonization

A long and painful process– Colonial legacies brought about anti-colonial

nationalism and used lessons of war THREE patterns:

- negotiated independence (India)

- Civil War (China)

- Incomplete decolonization (Palestine, S. Africa and Vietnam)

Colonial Legacy

Global Economics

Global Depression North and South Interdependence Emergence of Pacific Rim Globalization– pros and cons?

NAFTA and W.T.O. Consumerism Religious response to Globalization

International Terrorism

Human Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 Genocide Convention, 1948

Armenian 1918 Jewish Holocaust 1930’s- 1940’s Cambodia- Pol Pot 1975- 1979 Rwanda, 1994

Child Labor, Soldiers, Slavery

Genocide

Social Reforms

Rise of Feminism (suffrage for women) Civil rights movements globally Anti-apartheid movement in South Africa Class, religious, racial, gender, and sexual

orientation, reforms worldwide

Human Environmental and Demographics Interaction

Continued Urbanization Green Revolution Deforestation Ozone depletion Global environmental efforts World Population 7 billion – global impact?

World Population

Conclusions

Impact of technology? Role of International Organizations? Challenges? Universal truths?