1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

Differing ViewpointsDiffering Viewpoints

“ “Family Feud”Family Feud”

“ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles”

“ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”

“ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

#1: Tangled Alliances#1: Tangled Alliances1.Dual Alliance (1879) Ger. & A-H

2.Three Emperors’ League (1881) Ger, A-H, Rus. [secret pact not to fight each other]

3.Triple Alliance (1882) Ger, A-H, It. [now France is isolated—Bismarck is happy!] but what about Russia?

4.Reinsurance Treaty (1887) restore relations between Ger. & Rus.

5.Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)

6.British-Japanese Alliance (1902)

7.The Entente Cordiale (1904) Br.& Fr.

8.British-Russian Agreement (1907)

Bism

arckW

ilhelm II

Pan-Slavism

1888

Bismarck

Britain

France

Russia

Italy

Austria Hungary

GermanySerbia

TripleEntente

1907

189419

04

Triple Alliance

1879

1882

1882

DuelAllianc

e

1882

Alliances PRIOR to the WWI

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

By 1914, the major powers of Europe had found themselves divided into two security

alliances:

Triple EntenteTriple Entente

• France

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance

• Great Britain

• Russia

• Austria-Hungary• Germany

• Italy

World War IGreat BritainGreat Britain wanted to maintain the balance of power

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

3. Economic Rivalries

4. Imperial Rivalries

3. Economic Rivalries

4. Imperial Rivalries

Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914

1. First Moroccan Crisis (1905)

2. Russo-Japanese War (1905)

3. The Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) Persia

4. The Bosnian Crisis of 1908

5. Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)

6. The First Balkan War (1912)

7. The Second Balkan War (1913)

Imper

ialis

m -

Rival

ries

5. Aggressive Nationalism

5. Aggressive Nationalism

World War IGermanyGermany and FranceFrance both wanted to

play a larger role in continental politics:

Germany

gain status as world power

France

regain control of Alsace-Lorraine

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

Protectorate

1889

Annexes it!

1908Serbia

Congress of Berlin

War: The

Setting, the

Causes

6. Lack of an organization that could control

problems among nations

6. Lack of an organization that could control

problems among nations

Quintuple Alliance

Holly Alliance

No “Peace Keeping” Organization!!!

… Cooperation broke down… Rivalries increased….and….there were

Causes of World War I Nationalism: National needed to be upheld

in all situations – No compromise Imperialism: Colonies were absolutely necessary for national well-being Militarism: The best solution to any international problem was military Economic competition: Nations were in economic competition with each other Alliance system: Europe was divided into

two armed camps Lack of International Diplomatic

Order: No international organization existed; Diplomacy was arbitrary

“Europe today is a powder keg and

the leaders are like men smoking in an arsenal. . . .

Bismarck

. . . A single sparkwill set off an explosion

that will consumeus all. . . .

. . . Some damned, foolish thing in the Balkans will set

it off.”

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Austria gives Serbia an“Ultimatum”

Text: P362-363• What was it?

• Why did Austria present it?

• What is meant by the phrase “Germany gave Austria a blank check”?

•What were the results?

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Britain

France

Russia

Italy

Austria Hungary

GermanySerbia

TripleEntente

1907

189419

04

Triple Alliance

1879

1882

1882

Japan

DuelAllianc

e

1914

Romania

1914

Greece

1916

OttomanEmpire

Bulgaria

1914

1915

Allied Powers Central Powers

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

German Atrocities in Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

MobilizationMobilization

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

Financing the WarFinancing the War

For RecruitmentFor Recruitment

Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

SpiesSpies “Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!...

or French scapegoat?

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!...

or French scapegoat?

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Australian PosterAustralian Poster

American PosterAmerican Poster

Financing the WarFinancing the War

German PosterGerman Poster

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

Battle of the Marne (1914) –The French stopped the German assault that began in a desperate battle in September 1914. The stalemate that resulted created the trench warfare of the Western Front.

The Schlieffen Plan is dead; it now became a two-front war

Battle of Verdum (1916) –From Feb-December, Germany attempted to break through French lines at Verdum in a battle that was designed to cause France to “give up” due to extreme cost.

Results: Gr advance four miles; British five miles—it’s obvious the war WILL NOT be “quick” or “decisive”

Western Front

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

Battle of the Somme (1916) –From July-November 1916, Britain attempted to break through the German lines along the Somme River.

Battle is one of the largest in all history!

With minimal gains of territory, British lost 350,000, French allies lost 250,000. Germans lost @450,000

Western Front (Continued)

The Battles o the Marne, Somme and Verdun were all fought on which nation’s soil?FRANCE

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

Eastern Front:Stretch of battlefield along the German and Russian Border where Russians and Serbians battled Germans and Austrians

• Battle of Tannenberg (Oct

1914):Germans attacked the Russian army near this town and in 4 days crushed the invading Russian army and drove it in full retreat!• Battle of Limanova (May 1915):A-H attacked the Russian army near this town; although outnumbered, in 17 days they crushed the invading Russian army capturing over 30,000 Russian prisoners along with their equipment. Russia never recovers!

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

___ Germany declares war on France

___ A-H gives Serbia an ultimatum

___ Germany marches through Belgium

___ 1st Battle of the Marne

___ Britain declares war on Germany

___ Germany declares war on Russia

___ Battle of Tannenberg

___ Battle of Verdum

___ German General develops the Schlieffen Plan

___ Battle of the Somme

4

2

5

7

6

3

8

9

1

10

Place in

Ch

ron

olo

gical

Ord

er

___ Germany declares war on France

___ A-H gives Serbia an ultimatum

___ Germany marches through Belgium

___ 1st Battle of the Marne

___ Britain declares war on Germany

___ Germany declares war on Russia

___ German General develops the Schlieffen Plan

___ Battle of the Somme

Place in

Ch

ron

olo

gical

Ord

er

___ Germany declares war on France

___ A-H gives Serbia an ultimatum

___ Germany marches through Belgium

___ 1st Battle of the Marne

___ Britain declares war on Germany

___ Germany declares war on Russia

___ German General develops the Schlieffen Plan

___ Battle of the Somme

4

2

5

7

6

3

8

1

Place in

Ch

ron

olo

gical

Ord

er

Directions:• TEAMS SHARE:• Review 13.3 (pp 369-377)• Identify/define and explain the significance of

each of the following:

1. Gallipoli Campaign2. Unrestricted submarine warfare3. Total War4. Rationing5. Propaganda6. Zimmermann Telegram7. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk8. 2nd Battle of the Marne9. Armistice

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Ottoman Front

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

“Gassed”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Gassed”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,

1918

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,

1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey

1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

     

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

   

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total 2,133,190 387,800

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

___ 2nd Battle of the Marne

___ U.S. declares war on Central Powers

___ Wilson’s 14-Points

___ Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

___ Zimmerman Telegram

___ Russian Bolshevik Revolution

___ Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare

___ 2nd Battle of the Marne

___ U.S. declares war on Central Powers

___ Wilson’s 14-Points

___ Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

___ Zimmerman Telegram

___ Russian Bolshevik Revolution

___ Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare

7

3

5

6

2

4

1

(Jan. 1918)

(Feb. 1917)

(Nov. 1917)

(April, 1917)

March 1918

(May 1918)- U.S. troops in Europe!