1902 Henry Miles sets up the first film exchange, allowing exhibitors to rent films instead of buying them.

TIMELINE OF THE HISTORY OF VIDEO PRODUCTION

Important in the development of motion pictures was the invention of intermittent mechanisms - particularly those

used in sewing machines.

1846

THE FIRST CAMERA EMPLOYED EARLIER

VERSION OF THE CATHODE RAY TUBE INVENTED IN 1897

AKAI MADE EARLY VERSION VIDEO CAMERAS AND IN 1972. 

VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDERS.

1882 Etienne Jules Marey, inspired by Muybridge's animal locomotion studies, begins his own experiments to study the flight of birds and other rapid animal movements . The result was a photographic gun which exposed 12 images on the edge of a circular plate.

1882 Etienne Jules Marey, inspired by Muybridge's animal locomotion studies, begins his own experiments to study the flight of birds and other rapid animal movements . The result was a photographic gun which exposed 12 images on the edge of a circular plate.

George Eastman devises a still camera which produces photographs on sensitised paper which he sells using the name

Kodak.

Marey1888 Etienne Marey (right) builds a box type moving picture camera which uses an intermittent mechanism and strips

of paper film.

1888 Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the electric light bulb and the phonograph decides to design machines for making and showing moving pictures. With his assistant W.K.L Dickson (who did most

of the work), Edison began experimenting with adapting the phonograph and tried in vain to make rows of tiny photographs on

similar cylinders.

1888

By 1891, Edison and Dickson have their Kinetograph camera and Kinetoscope viewing box ready for patenting and demonstration. Using Eastman film cut into inch wide strips, Dickson punched four holes in either side of each frame allowing toothed gears to pull the film through the camera. 1892 Using his projecting Praxinoscope, Reynaud

holds the first public exhibitions of motion pictures. Reynaud's device was successful, using long strips of hand-

painted frames, but the effect was jerky and slow.

1891

1894 The Lumière family is the biggest manufacturer of photographic plates in Europe A Local kinetoscope exhibitor asks brothers Louis and Auguste to make films which are cheaper than the ones sold by Edison.

Louis and Auguste design a camera which serves as both a recording device and a projecting device. They call it the Cinématographe.

The Cinématographe uses flexible film cut into 35mm wide strips and used an intermittent mechanism modeled on the sewing machine.

The camera shot films at sixteen frames per second (rather than the forty six which Edison used), this became the standard film rate for nearly 25 years.

1894 During this year Woodville Latham and his sons Otway and Gray began working on their own camera and projector.

Kinetoscope1894 In October of 1894, Edison's Kinetoscope made its debut in London. The parlour which played host these machines did remarkably well and its owner approached R.W Paul, a maker of photographic equipment to make some extra machines for it. Incredibly, Edison hadn't patented his kinetoscope outside of the US, so Paul was free to

sell copies to anyone, however, because Edison would only supply films to exhibitors who leased his machines, Paul had to invent his own camera to make films to go with his duplicate kinetoscopes.

Mutoscope1894 Another peepshow device, similar to the kinetoscope arrived in the Autumn of 1894. The Mutoscope was patented by Herman Casler, and worked using a flip-card device to provide the motion picture. Needing a camera he turned to his friend W.K.L Dickson who, unhappy at the Edison Company cooperates and with several others they

form the American Mutoscope Company.

SUP BRO

R.W. Paul continued to improve his camera and invented a projector which began by showing copies of Acres' films from the previous year. He sold his machines rather than leasing them and as a result speeded up the spread of the

film industry in Britain as well as abroad supplying filmmakers and exhibitors which included George Méliès.

1896

The American Mutoscope Company changes its name to the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company to include its

projection and peepshow devices.

1899

189

Josef M. Petzval, a Hungarian mathematician, develops lenses for portrait and landscape photographs, which produce sharper images and admit more light, thus

reducing exposure time.

1840S

The British photographer Frederick S. Archer develops a photographic process using a glass plate coated with a

mixture of silver salts and an emulsion made of collodion. Because the collodion had to remain moist during exposure and developing, photographers had to process the pictures

immediately.

1851

Richard L. Maddox, a British physician, invents the "dry-plate" process, using an emulsion of gelatin, so that photographers did not have to process the pictures

immediately. By the late 1870s, exposure time had been reduced to 1/25th of a second. Gelatin emulsion made it

possible to produce prints that were larger than the original negatives, allowing manufacturers to reduce the

size of cameras.

1871

George Eastman introduces the lightweight, inexpensive Kodak camera, using film wound on rollers

1888

A British inventor, William H. Fox Talbot, an English classical archaeologist, made paper sensitive to light by

bathing it in a solution of salt and silver nitrate. The silver turned dark when exposed to light and created a negative, which could be used to print positives on other sheets of

light sensitive paper.

1839

American inventor George Eastman introduces film made on a paper base instead of glass, wound in a roll,

eliminating the need for glass plates.

1885

By developing films in its own processing plants, Eastman Kodak eliminates the need for amateur photographers to

process their own pictures.

1888

1878 British photographer Eadweard Muybridge takes the first successful photographs of motion, showing how people

and animals move.

THE EMERGENCE OF MOTION PICTURES

Etienne Marey in France develops a camera, shaped like a gun, that can take twelve pictures per second.

1882

Thomas Edison and W.K. Dickson develop the Kinetoscope, a peep-show device in which film is moved past a light.

1889

1922 Lee DeForrest demonstrates a method for recording sound on the edge of a film strip.

1925 Western Electric and Warner Bros. agree to develop a system for movies with sound.

1926 Warner Bros.'s Don Juan, starring John Barrymore, contains music but not spoken dialogue.

1927 Warner Bros.'s The Jazz Singer, presents the movie's first spoken words: "Wait a minute, wait a minute, you ain't heard nothin' yet." The Vitaphone method that the studio

uses involves recording sound on discs.

1928 Paramount becomes the first studio to announce that it will only produce "talkies."

Walt Disney's Galloping Gaucho and Steamboat Willie are the first cartoons with sound.

1929 The first Academy Awards are announced, with the award for the best picture in 1927 going to Wings.

The Development of the Production Code

1922 Former Postmaster General Will Hays is named head of the new Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, which has a censorship division that will be called

the Hays Office.

THE ARRIVAL OF SOUND