19 alcohol 10
TRANSCRIPT
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People & Alcohol
Church Brew WorksPittsburgh, PA
Ohio UniversityPBIO 103 (Plants & People)
Dr. Jared DeForest
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Alcohol influences many differentneurotransmitter
Very effective
Humans and animals are drawn toalcohol
Alcohol has provided a variety offunctions for people
Important role in religion & worship
Source of needed nutrients
Medicinal & antiseptic properties
Enhancing the quality of lifeSocial lubricant
Facilitate relaxationPharmacological pleasure
The Importance of Alcohol
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The discovery of alcohol was byaccident at least 10,000 years ago
Fruit kept in potteryA woven basket would not
produce alcohol
The production of alcohol is asimply biological process
Fermentation
Fleshy fruit especially berriesWill eventually ferment unlessconsumed
Pre-historic
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Beer may have preceded bread as stapleGood way to preserve energy &nutrients lots of calories
Source of clean water - A necessity forsurvival
Earliest alcoholic beveragesBerries and Honey
Winemaking wild grapes native to themiddle east
Ancient Period
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Brewing dates from the beginningof civilization
Alcohol was a necessity of life
Brewed in every household
Common by 2,000 BC
Four types of alcohol beveragesBeer grain
Wine berries (grapes)Mead honeyCider - apples
Ancient Brewing
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When consuming alcohol, moderationwas stressed
Difficult to survive & produce food ifyour drunk
Early civilizations quickly recognizedthe dangers of excessive intoxication
Only the rich or powerful could getdrunk on a regular basis
Common folk reserved intoxication atfestivals & banquets
Moderation
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Wine was the drink of choice amongthe Romans
Distributed free or at cost to CitizensA means to subdue to population
Grapes grew well within the romanempire
Lead poisoning & wineRomans brewed wine in lead pots
Used lead acetate to sweeten wine
Drank out of lead cups
Roman Empire
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After the fall of the Roman Empire,monasteries became repositories ofbrewing
Monks guarded their knowledge
Common folk produced rustic beers &
wild fruit wines
Distillation developedProcess to increase the alcoholcontent (proof) fortified wine
Medicinal purposes
Popularity of beer started to replacewine in Europe
Middle Ages
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Medieval Warming Period 800- 1300 ADWarmer than today
Climate could support wine grapes asfar north as mid-Britain
Wine was the popular drink duringthis time, due to climate
When the Little Ice Age began in 16th
century, most vineyards died outBeer became popular in northern
Europe, whereas wine was popular insouth
Beer English, Belgian, GermanWine France, Italy, Greek
Climate & Wine
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By the 16th century, countries inEurope took their beer and winemaking very seriously
1561 German Beer Purity Law
Beer can only be malted barley, hops,pure water, & yeast
Prevent price competition with bakersfor wheat & rye
Prior to law, people would:Add soot, psychoactive mushrooms, orother potential unhealthy product topreserve beer
German Beer Purity Law
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Alcohol was illegal in the US from1920-1933 The 18th AmendmentMany other countries went throughthe same thing
Pre-prohibition
Every town had its own breweryDistributed locally
Rural farmers brewed their own always had a parcel for barley
Because beers character comes fromits environment, the variety of beerwas enormous
Beer was an integral part of daily
life since American colonization
US Pre-Prohibition
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ProhibitionVirtually all small town brewerswhen out of business
Some large breweries survived
Malted products for food industrySelling sacramental wine
Brewing went undergroundThe mob gained power by sellingbootlegged booze
Prohibition was very unpopular by the1930s
Illegal alcohol worse to society thanlegal alcohol
US Prohibition
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Post-Prohibition21st Amendment repelled the federal law
Liquor laws still on the booksNo sales in certain counties
e.g. Lynchburg TN, home of JackDaniels whiskey, is a dry county
Industry of large breweries emergedDemise of small breweries 10 years ofidle equipment and low operation budgets
Mass marketing of beer beganAn increase in alcohol content
US Post-Prohibition
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The ingredients in beer changed
Before prohibition, beer was maltedbarley, water, yeast, & hope
After, beer contained less malt & hops,and more adjuncts
Adjuncts Added to beer to lighten thebody & increase the alcohol content
World War II - rationed grainsMost beer drinkers in US were women,
who preferred lighter body & taste
One style of emerged light lagerse.g., Budweiser et al.
The American Lager
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Choice of beer was limited afterprohibition
Many people started to homebrewRecapture centuries-old tradition of
beer making
Microbreweries started to spring-upagain (1990s)
Emergence of craft beer in US market
Virtually all early microbreweries wasfrom home brewers
Microbreweries
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The End
Modern microbrewery