1866-1896. warm up list three ways in which the federal gov’t was involved in the economy from...
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The Party Machine: Graft• political organization in
which an authoritative boss commands a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts
• Democrats - “Boss” Tweed (NY) ‘Tammany Hally’– Controlled NY politics from
1845 -1877– 3rd biggest landowner in NYC,
Member of US H of R, the NY State legislature, eventually found guilty of embezzling $25 Mil.
2. 2. Intense Intense
Voter Voter Loyalty Loyalty to theto the
Two MajorTwo MajorPolitical Political PartiesParties
2. 2. Intense Intense
Voter Voter Loyalty Loyalty to theto the
Two MajorTwo MajorPolitical Political PartiesParties
3. Well-Defined Voting 3. Well-Defined Voting BlocsBlocs
3. Well-Defined Voting 3. Well-Defined Voting BlocsBlocs
DemocraticBloc
DemocraticBloc
RepublicanBloc
RepublicanBloc
White southerners(preservation ofwhite supremacy)
Catholics
Recent immigrants(esp. Jews)
Urban working poor (pro-labor)
Most farmers
Northern whites(pro-business)
African Americans
Northern Protestants
Old WASPs (supportfor anti-immigrant laws)
Most of the middleclass
4. Very Laissez Faire 4. Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.Federal Govt.
4. Very Laissez Faire 4. Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.Federal Govt. From 1870-1900 Govt. did
verylittle domestically.
Main duties of the federal govt.:
Deliver the mail.
Maintain a national military.
Collect taxes & tariffs.
Conduct a foreign policy.
Exception administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.
5. The Presidency as a 5. The Presidency as a Symbolic OfficeSymbolic Office
5. The Presidency as a 5. The Presidency as a Symbolic OfficeSymbolic Office
Party bosses ruled.
Presidents should avoid offending anyfactions within theirown party.
The President justdoled out federal jobs.
1865 53,000 people worked for the federal govt.
1890 166,000 “ “ “ “ “ “
Senator Roscoe Conkling
1880 Presidential 1880 Presidential Election: RepublicansElection: Republicans
1880 Presidential 1880 Presidential Election: RepublicansElection: Republicans
Half BreedsHalf Breeds StalwartsStalwarts
Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe Conkling (Maine) (New York)
James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)
compromise
1880 Presidential 1880 Presidential Election: DemocratsElection: Democrats1880 Presidential 1880 Presidential
Election: DemocratsElection: Democrats
Inspecting the Inspecting the Democratic Curiosity Democratic Curiosity
ShopShop
Inspecting the Inspecting the Democratic Curiosity Democratic Curiosity
ShopShop
1880 1880 Presidential Presidential
ElectionElection
1880 1880 Presidential Presidential
ElectionElection
1881: Garfield 1881: Garfield AssassinatedAssassinated
1881: Garfield 1881: Garfield AssassinatedAssassinated
Charles Guiteau:I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!
Chester A. Arthur:Chester A. Arthur:The Fox in the Chicken The Fox in the Chicken
Coup?Coup?
Chester A. Arthur:Chester A. Arthur:The Fox in the Chicken The Fox in the Chicken
Coup?Coup?
Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883)
Civil Service Act.
The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform.
1883 14,000 out of117,000 federal govt.jobs became civilservice exam positions.
1900 100,000 out of 200,000 = civil service federal govt. jobs.
Republican Republican “Mugwumps”“Mugwumps”
Republican Republican “Mugwumps”“Mugwumps” Reformers who wouldn’t re-
nominateChester A. Arthur.
Reform to them create a disinterested, impartial govt. run by an educated elite like themselves.
Social Darwinists.
Laissez faire government to them:
Favoritism & the spoils system seen as govt. intervention in society.
Their target was political corruption, not social or economic reform!
TheTheMugwuMugwu
mpsmps
TheTheMugwuMugwu
mpsmpsMen may come and men may go, but the work of reform shall go on forever. Will support
Cleveland in the1884 election.
1884 Presidential 1884 Presidential ElectionElection
1884 Presidential 1884 Presidential ElectionElection
Grover Cleveland James Blaine * (DEM) (REP)
A Dirty A Dirty CampaignCampaign
A Dirty A Dirty CampaignCampaign
Ma, Ma…where’s my pa?He’s going to the White House, ha… ha… ha…!
Rum, Romanism & Rum, Romanism & Rebellion!Rebellion!
Rum, Romanism & Rum, Romanism & Rebellion!Rebellion! Led a delegation of
ministers to Blaine inNYC.
Reference to the Democratic Party.
Blaine was slow torepudiate the remark.
Narrow victory forCleveland [he wins NYby only 1149 votes!].
Dr. Samuel Burchard
1884 1884 Presidential Presidential
ElectionElection
1884 1884 Presidential Presidential
ElectionElection
Cleveland’s First Cleveland’s First TermTerm
Cleveland’s First Cleveland’s First TermTerm The “Veto Governor” from New
York.
First Democratic elected since 1856.
A public office is a public trust!
His laissez-faire presidency:
Opposed bills to assist the poor aswell as the rich.
Vetoed over 200 special pension billsfor Civil War veterans!
The Tariff IssueThe Tariff IssueThe Tariff IssueThe Tariff Issue After the Civil War, Congress raised
tariffs to protect new US industries. Big business wanted to continue this; consumers
did not.
1885 tariffs earned the US $100 mil. in surplus!
Mugwumps opposed it b/c farmers did not get protections & gov’t surplus was potential for graft
President Cleveland believed that tariffs should be lowered to help the common man
Tariffs became a major issue in the 1888presidential election.
Filing the Rough Filing the Rough EdgesEdges
Filing the Rough Filing the Rough EdgesEdges
Tariff of 1888
1888 Presidential 1888 Presidential ElectionElection
1888 Presidential 1888 Presidential ElectionElection
Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison (DEM) * (REP)
The Smallest The Smallest Specimen YetSpecimen YetThe Smallest The Smallest Specimen YetSpecimen Yet
1888 1888 Presidential Presidential
ElectionElection
1888 1888 Presidential Presidential
ElectionElection
Changing Public Changing Public OpinionOpinion
Changing Public Changing Public OpinionOpinion Americans wanted the federal govt. to
dealwith growing soc. & eco. problems & to curbthe power of the trusts:
Interstate Commerce Act – 1887
Sherman Antitrust Act – 1890
McKinley Tariff – 1890
Based on the theory that prosperityflowed directly from protectionism.
Increased already high rates -48%
Rep. Party suffered big losses in 1890 (evenMcKinley lost his House seat!).
1892 Presidential 1892 Presidential ElectionElection
1892 Presidential 1892 Presidential ElectionElection
Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison again! * (DEM) (REP)
1892 1892 Presidential Presidential
ElectionElection
1892 1892 Presidential Presidential
ElectionElection
Cleveland Loses Cleveland Loses Support Fast!Support Fast!
Cleveland Loses Cleveland Loses Support Fast!Support Fast! The only President to serve two
non-consecutive terms.
Blamed for the 1893 Panic
Defended the gold standard.
Used federal troops in the 1894Pullman strike.
Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Went to J.P. Morgan “the banker’s banker” to shore up US gold reserves -$65 million with a $7 million commission
The Money Question • The gold standard –prior to 1933, all US
Treasury notes had to be backed by gold– Greatly limited the money supply– 1869 Jay Gould & Jim Fisk tried to corner the
gold market (control enough to rival US holdings)
• Treasury Dept. insisted that 1 oz of silver = 1/16th of an ounce of gold
• Panics of 1873 & 1893 were both brought on by speculation in land, railroads & gold AND the gov’t lack of foresight– Resumption Act of 1879– Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
Populism
• Populist Party (People’s Party) emerged out of the Farmer’s Alliance –militant group of southern & western farmers– Hoped to build a coalition with disgruntled workers– Popular in the Midwest, but never caught on in the East
• Southern Blacks joined, so whites would not– Rose to prominence after passage of the McKinley Tariff
• Wanted silver-backed currency• Graduated income tax• Nationalized railroads, telephone & telegraph service• Direct election of Senators• A one-term presidency• National referendum & initiative
Elite Reactions to Populism
• Homestead Strike– Andrew Carnegie’s steel mill in Pittsburg, PA– Federal troops & private Pinkerton guards
put down strikers & stop unionization• Coeur d’Alene silver mine strike in Idaho
over increased hrs & decreased wages– Infiltrated by Pinkerton men; led to violence
that had to be put down by the National Guard
• ‘Grandfather laws’, literacy tests and poll taxes to suppress black vote in the South