1865-1877 reconstruction. aftershock: beyond the civil war part 1 violence & lincoln’s...

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  • Slide 1
  • 1865-1877 Reconstruction
  • Slide 2
  • Aftershock: Beyond the Civil War Part 1 Violence & Lincolns Assassination Part 1 Part 2 Freedmans Bureau & Johnson* Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6 Part 7 Part 8 Part 9
  • Slide 3
  • Effects of the Civil War Creation of a single unified country Abolition of slavery (13 th Amendment) Increased power to federal government tried to kill the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nation A stronger sense of nationalism Western lands increasingly opened to settlement South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...
  • Slide 4
  • Reconstruction Federal governments controversial effort to repair the damage to the South and restore southern states to the union 4 Presidents were involved (1865-1877)
  • Slide 5
  • Physical Toll 2/3 shipping destroyed 9,000 miles of railroad destroyed Value of southern property plunged 70%
  • Slide 6
  • Human Toll North 364,000 South 260,000 (1/5 of adult white men) Civilian deaths also occurred as the Northern troops moved through the South
  • Slide 7
  • Southern Hardships Black Southerners 4 million freed Poor economy Homeless, jobless, hungry Plantation Owners Lost $3 billion in slave labor Had worthless confederate money Poor White Southerners New competition from freed blacks Migrate to frontier areas for better opportunities
  • Slide 8
  • Freed slaves had the freedom to Move freed slaves looked for loved ones and married Own land provided some economic independence Worship formed own churches, volunteer groups, trade associations, drama clubs To learn 1860 90% illiterate Schools opened 1865-1870 30 African American colleges opened
  • Slide 9
  • Issues facing Reconstruction 2 issues to be resolved at the end of the Civil War 2 issues to be resolved at the end of the Civil War Seceded States Seceded States Freed Slaves Freed Slaves None of these plans (so far) addressed issues facing freed slaves Black Codes Black Codes KKK KKK Lynching Lynching
  • Slide 10
  • Questions after the Civil War 1. How and when should Southern states be allowed to resume their role in the union? 2. Should the South be punished for actions or be forgiven and recover quickly? 3. Would races have equal rights? 4. Should the federal government be stronger? The Founding Fathers didnt foresee a Civil War, so there was no indication of which branch should handle the aftermath
  • Slide 11
  • 4 Reconstruction Plans were Developed 1. Lincolns Plan 2. Wade Davis Bill 3. Johnsons Plan 4. Congressional Plan of 1867
  • Slide 12
  • Lincolns Plan (10% plan) He began working on the plan as early as December 1863 He hoped to achieve unity without thoroughly punishing the South He felt that the South did not legally secede from the union Many felt his plan did not go far enough to support the rights, especially for voting, of African Americans
  • Slide 13
  • 1.Lincolns Plan Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Ten-Percent Plan Offered forgiveness (PARDON) to all southerners who pledged loyalty to the Union and support for emancipation Offered forgiveness (PARDON) to all southerners who pledged loyalty to the Union and support for emancipation With 10% of the population pledging this, the state could then form a government that banned slavery and be readmitted into the Union With 10% of the population pledging this, the state could then form a government that banned slavery and be readmitted into the Union Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia Angered Radical Republicans Angered Radical Republicans
  • Slide 14
  • Lincolns Second Inaugural Address March 1865 with malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nations woundsto do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.
  • Slide 15
  • Lincolns Plan upset Congress Re-admitting states to the Union was a power of Congress, not the president Since secession was against the law, Confederates had never legally left the Union Since secession was against the law, Confederates had never legally left the Union So Congress responds with So Congress responds with The Wade Davis Bill The Wade Davis Bill Once a majority of a states white, male citizens pledged loyalty to the union, it would be readmitted into the Union Once a majority of a states white, male citizens pledged loyalty to the union, it would be readmitted into the Union Lincoln Pocket vetoed Lincoln Pocket vetoed
  • Slide 16
  • 2. Wade-Davis Bill (July, 1864)
  • Slide 17
  • Andrew Johnson Becomes President after Lincoln is assassinated in 1865 One-time slave-owner Moved from North Carolina to Tennessee Was the only southern member of Congress to side with the Union Hated rich planters; strong supporter of poor whites DEMOCRAT In 1865, Congress took an 8 month break and Johnson pursued his plan
  • Slide 18
  • 3. Andrew Johnsons Plan Similar to Lincolns Plan Except Wanted to break the planters power by excluding high-ranking Confederates and wealthy Southern landowners from voting Pardoned more than 13,000 former Confederates so that white men alone must manage the South All but Texas joined and sent Representatives to Congress, Congress refused to admit them
  • Slide 19
  • Freedmans Bureau Begun in March 1865 (prior to Lincolns assassination) 1 st major federal relief agency in history 1866 Congress voted to enlarge the Freedmens Bureau & forbid Southern states from passing black codes provided food, clothing, hospitals, legal protection, and education to former slaves It redistributed Johnson vetoed the Freedmens Bureau Act and the Civil Rights Act
  • Slide 20
  • What do you see (symbols, people, etc.)? What words are used? What can you infer from or about the cartoon?
  • Slide 21
  • Republicans in Congress wanted Favored tougher rules for restoring the states that had left the Union Favored tougher rules for restoring the states that had left the Union Wanted to truly give freed slaves freedom Wanted to truly give freed slaves freedom Overrode Johnsons veto of the Freedmans Bureau and drafted the 14 th Amendment Overrode Johnsons veto of the Freedmans Bureau and drafted the 14 th Amendment 14 th Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States 14 th Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States Reconstruction plan: Reconstruction plan: A. Ratify the 14 th and 15 th Amendments B. Write new state constitution that guaranteed freedmen the right to vote C. Form new governments to be elected by all male citizens including African Americans
  • Slide 22
  • 4. Congress Reconstruction Congress drafted the Reconstruction Plan of 1867 Denied state governments formed under the Lincoln and Johnson plans Divided former Confederate states into 5 military districts This would force southern states to grant African-Americans the right to vote and pass the 14 th amendment to reenter the union. Johnson vetoed Congress overrode Johnsons Presidential Veto
  • Slide 23
  • Congress upset with Johnson, look for grounds to impeach him. Find it after he violates the Tenure of Office Act in 1868 by removing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from office Senate did not vote to convict so he remains in office
  • Slide 24
  • Presidential Election of 1868 Ulysses S. Grant wins the election by 306,000 votes Over 500,000 Southern African Americans had voted in which 9/10 voted for Grant Radical Republicans introduce the 15 th Amendment after the election 15 th Amendment no person can be kept from voting based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
  • Slide 25
  • Republicans in the Postwar South Scalawags: white Southerners who joined the Republican Party Mainly small farmers wanting to improve their economic position Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South after the war African Americans Discontinuity in Southern Republicans Scalawags and white Southerners resisted equal rights for African Americans
  • Slide 26
  • African Americans during Reconstruction 95% of former slaves were illiterate First public schools established in the South by the new African American churches Voted and held office in local, state, and federal governments Many forced into sharecropping because they were denied land Sharecropping: landowners divided their land and assigned each head of household a few acres, along with seeds and tools. Sharecroppers kept a small share of their crops and gave the rest to the landowners
  • Slide 27
  • Reconstruction Collapses Rise of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Goal was to destroy the Republican Party, Reconstruction governments, aid the planter class, and keep Af. Am.s from engaging in politics Killed approximately 20,000 men, women & children Boycotted Af. Am.s who voted Republican Congress passed a series of Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871 to try and block the KKK Supervision of elections in Southern states Gave President power to use fed. Troops where KKK was active May 1872 Congress passed the Amnesty Act allowing 150,000 former Confederates the right to vote and hold government offices Also allowed the Freedmans Bureau to expire
  • Slide 28
  • What do you see (symbols, people, etc.)? What words are used? What can you infer from or about the cartoon?
  • Slide 29
  • Reconstruction Collapses (Cont.) Panic of 1873 after a series of banks fail leads to a 5 year depression Supreme Court undoes some of the social and political changes Radicals made Republicans retreat from Reconstruction policies Southern Democrats regain control of the South Election of 1876 Samuel J. Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Tilden wins popular vote but misses by 1 electoral vote S. Democrats agree to accept Hayes if federal troops are withdrawn from the South