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perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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AN ANALYSIS ON THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE INDONESIAN CULTURAL TERMS IN THE BILINGUAL

TOURISM BOOKLET OF SURAKARTA

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Degree at English Department of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University

By:

MARIA DWI RATNANI WIDHI ASTUTIC 1308507

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF NON-REGULAR PROGRAMFACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY


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SURAKARTA2010



By:


Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University

Thesis Consultant

Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M.Tourism NIP. 196305301990032001

Head of English Department of Non- Regular Program

Drs. S. Budi Waskito, MPd.NIP. 195211081983031001

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By:


Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret Universityon November, 2010

Chairperson : Dra. Diah Kristina, M.A (………………...)NIP. 195905051986012001

Secretary : Ida Kusuma Dewi, S.S., M.A.(………………...)NIP. 197105251998022001

First Examiners : Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M.Tourism (………………...)NIP. 196305301990032001

Second Examiners : Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A(………………...)

NIP. 196708301993021001

Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine ArtsSebelas Maret University

Drs. Sudarno, M.A.NIP. 195303141985061001

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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Maria Dwi Ratnani W.A.

NIM : C 1308507

State truthfully that the thesis entitled An Analysis on the English Translation of the

Indonesian Cultural Terms in the Bilingual Tourism Booklet of Surakarta is

originally compiled by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by others.

The things related to the other people's works are written in quotation and are

included within bibliography.

If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the

responsibility.

Surakarta, November 2010

The Researcher

Maria Dwi Ratnani Widhi Astuti

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MOTTO

DO THE BEST, AND PRAY!

I have strength for every situation through Him who empowers me ... (Philippians 4 : 13)

Throw all your anxiety upon Him, for His concern is about you. (1 Peter 5: 7)

Everything is beautiful in the best time...

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DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated into:

My Almighty God who empowers me, Jesus Christ...

My lovely parents and family...

My “lovers”...

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I would like to be thankful to the Lord of the Universe – my

Lover, my everything – Jesus Christ, for His everlasting love, blessing, guidance,

and strength that empowers me in all my life. I really thank to God for His blessing to

finish this thesis as a partial fulfillment of graduating requirement of Sarjana Degree.

It was a challenging work for me to complete this thesis. It took a lot of energy, time,

and patience. I have actually struggled to finish this thesis. However, I really realized

that without the supports and encouragements from the people surround me, I might

not be able to accomplish this thesis. Therefore, I would like to give my special

thankful to all of people who had given valuable contributions. My gratitude goes to:

1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Sudarno, M.A., for

approving this thesis.

2. The Head of English Department of Non – Regular Program, Drs. S. Budi

Waskito, M.Pd., for giving me admission for my thesis to examine.

3. My Academic Consultant, Mr. Agus D.P., S.S. , M. Call, for being my advisor

during my time to gain Sarjana Degree through Transfer Program.

4. My Thesis Consultant, Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M. Tourism, for giving me

valuable supports, care, and patience in compiling this thesis. Also, for giving

me the “real example” about the struggle in life to be successful. I'm really

proud to have such a lecturer like you, Mam!

5. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M. Ed, M.A., PhD, for his advice and valuable

knowledge of translation.

6. All of lecturers in English Department who have given the precious

knowledge during my study.

7. My raters: Mr. George, Mr. Douglas, and Mr. Shane, for giving me great

contributions in rating my thesis data.

8. My beloved father and mother, for giving me everlasting love, care, patience,

supports, and prayers in all my days, until I could complete this thesis. Thank

you so much for encouraging me to finish my thesis.

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9. My lovely brother and family, who always love and support me.

10. My beloved “future family”, the two lovers of mine.

11. All of English Department Students of 2006 and all my translation friends

who give me valuable moments and supports.

12. My 'swadana transfer' friends ’08 for becoming the fighters together in the

effort of accepting Sarjana Degree with me.

13. My beloved friends: Sist Niken, Elysa, Hani, Dinar, Cathy, Rina, and Ringgo,

for the precious supports, love, and care in togetherness and beautiful

friendship.

14. Holy Spirit, for the strength in all my days to be the better person in God.

Finally, I really realized that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, I

look forward for any supporting criticisms and suggestions.

Maria Dwi Ratnani Widhi Astuti

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL OF THE THESIS CONSULTANT ....................................................iiAPPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS..................................................iii PRONOUNCEMENT ...............................................................................................iv MOTTO ....................................................................................................................vDEDICATION ..........................................................................................................viACKNOWLEDGMENT ...........................................................................................viiTABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................ixLIST OF TABLE ......................................................................................................xiABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................xii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background....................................................................................1B. Problem Statement ........................................................................................7C. Research Objectives ......................................................................................7D. Research Limitation.......................................................................................7E. Research Benefits...........................................................................................8F. Thesis Organization.......................................................................................8

CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Definition of Translation................................................................................10B. Principles of Translation................................................................................11C. Process of Translation....................................................................................14D. Types of Translation......................................................................................15E. Translation Techniques..................................................................................16

1. Shift/ Transposition..................................................................................172. Naturalisation...........................................................................................183. Transference/ Loan word (Borrowing)....................................................194. Cultural equivalent...................................................................................205. Literal Translation....................................................................................206. Functional Equivalent..............................................................................207. Reduction.................................................................................................218. Synonymy................................................................................................219. Modulation...............................................................................................2210. Addition...................................................................................................23

F. Translation Techniques in Translating Cultural Terms.................................23G. Accuracy and Acceptability...........................................................................25H. Problems of Equivalence...............................................................................26I. Cultural Terms...............................................................................................29J. Problems in Translating Cultural Terms........................................................32K. The Bilingual Tourism Booklet....................................................................34

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CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of Research...........................................................................................37B. Data and Source of Data................................................................................38C. Sample and Sampling Technique..................................................................39D. Research Procedure.......................................................................................40E. Techniques of Data Collection......................................................................41F. Techniques of Analyzing Data......................................................................43

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS

A. Introduction...................................................................................................44B. Data Analysis.................................................................................................45

1. The analysis of translation techniques ....................................................45a. Shift / Transposition ..........................................................................45b. Addition ............................................................................................46c. Transference / Loan word (Borrowing) ............................................47d. Cultural Equivalent ...........................................................................48e. Functional Equivalent .......................................................................48f. Reduction ..........................................................................................49g. Literal Translation .............................................................................50h. Couplet (Transference plus functional equivalent)............................50

2. The analysis of translation accuracy .......................................................57a. Accurate Translation .........................................................................62b. Less Accurate Translation .................................................................63c. Inaccurate Translation ......................................................................65d. Very Inaccurate .................................................................................66

3. The analysis of translation acceptability ................................................67a. Acceptable Translation .....................................................................68b. Less Acceptable Translation .............................................................70c. Unacceptable Translation .................................................................71

C. Discussion......................................................................................................76

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion ....................................................................................................82B. Suggestion .....................................................................................................84

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES

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LIST OF THE TABLE

Table 1 : Accuracy of the Translation of Cultural Terms........................................41Table 2 : Acceptability of the Translation of Cultural Terms..................................43Table 3 : The Distribution of Translation Techniques.............................................52Table 4 : Accuracy Scale of the Translation of Cultural Terms ............................58Table 5 : Accuracy Score of the Translation of the Cultural Terms .......................59Table 6 : The Classification of Translation Accuracy.............................................67Table 7 : Acceptability Scale of Translation of Cultural Terms..............................68Table 8 : Acceptability Score of the Translation of the Cultural Terms..................73Table 9 : The Classification of Translation Acceptability.......................................76Table 10 : The Level of Accuracy of the Translation Techniques.............................80

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

As translation is more widely used as a means to connect the gap in the

inter-lingual communication, it is also related to many aspects to be concerned.

One of those aspects is about the culture. When a translator is faced with cultural

terms and has to look for cultural equivalents between the source language and the

target language, sometimes it becomes a difficult process. The difference between

the source language and the target language, and the variation in their cultures,

makes the process of translating a real challenge.

It is difficult to find the cultural equivalents, since there is the fact that the

target language that is spoken by people of a culture is very different from the

culture of the people who speak the source language. Concerning language and

translation, Newmark (1988:94) defines culture as “the way of life and its

manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as

its means of expression”. It means that culture relates to art, custom, and habit of a

society, in which language is used as a means of communication.

However, Newmark (1988:95) also states that he does not regard language

as a component or feature of culture”. Newmark does not include language as a

part of a culture. Furthermore, the differences between cultures may cause more

severe complications for the translators than do differences in language culture. It

means that the differences among cultures may cause more difficulties for the

translators than the differences of languages among cultures.

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Of course, the culture influences in translation are important as well as

lexical concern. Translating the culture is more difficult than translating the word

itself. Larson (1984:33) argues “when a source language text is from a culture

which is very different from the culture in which the receptor language is spoken,

it is often difficult to translate in such a way that the results will communicate the

same message”. From the above quotation, it is clear that the more different the

culture, the more difficult to communicate the messages into the target language.

Furthermore, Basnett (1980:23) points out that “the translator must tackle

the SL (source language) text in such a way that the TL (target language) version

will correspond to the SL version…. to attempt to impose the value system of the

SL culture onto the TL culture is a dangerous ground”. It means that it is

important for a translator to consider not only the lexical terms on the target

language, but also how the cultural aspects be seen and make the translation

accurate and acceptable by the target language readers.

Cultural terms are the very sensitive matters to be translated. As we know,

culture is something related to the “personality” and the “originality” of a nation,

therefore, culture is different from one another. It shows prosperity and greatness

of a nation. Therefore, it is difficult enough to find the equivalence of the cultural

terms from one language to another. For that reason, the proper translation

techniques are required to produce the quality translation, especially in terms of

accuracy and acceptability.

Frequently where there is cultural focus, there is a translation problem due

to the cultural ‘gap’ or ‘distance’ between the source and target language


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(Newmark, 1988:94). Therefore, translating cultural terms is difficult to do.

According to Nida (1964), the task of interlingual communication in terms of

translating cultural terms is challenging. It can be said that translating cultural

terms is challenging and unique to do.

As we know, every culture has different ways of communication. Even

though the source language text has been translated into the target language text

concerning the grammatical structure of the target language, the translation may

be still unnatural. Larson (1998:470) states that as a part of culture, translation

from one language to another language cannot be done adequately without having

knowledge about the two cultures as well as the two language structures.

Therefore, the translators should master the knowledge of the two cultures, both

the target language culture and the source language culture, and be able to

translate the cultural terms. Without having good knowledge of the two cultures,

the translators will face many difficulties in translating the cultural terms. Even,

the translators will make many errors in their translation. In addition, those errors

will automatically influence the degrading quality of the translation. Therefore, it

makes the process of translating the cultural terms is uneasy thing to conduct.

Cultural words can be divided into several categories. It may be classified

as ecology, material culture (food terms belong to this group), social culture (work

and leisure), organizations, customs, activities, procedures, concepts, and gestures

and habits. These categories may be translated in different ways according to their

role in the text and their aims for the target - text readers.

The book used as the source of data of this research is the bilingual

tourism booklet of Surakarta entitled “Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of


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Solo, published by the Cultural and Tourism Office of Surakarta. The English

translation of this bilingual tourism booklet is translated by the related official

staff. The bilingual tourism booklet itself is interesting and challenging to analyze

because it employs many Indonesian cultural terms from the various different

aspects, such as food and beverages, historical terms, entertainment, religious

terms, arts, and attractions. Those aspects are potentially significant to study. This

bilingual tourism booklet, representing the various cultural aspects, should have a

good English translation, especially to be accurate and acceptable for the target

readers.

Moreover, there may be equivalents or there may not be any equivalents

from Indonesian into English. For example, in the Indonesian language, there are

three words padi, beras, and nasi, but in English, they name it into rice. Here are

some examples from the bilingual tourism booklet of Profil Wisata Kota Solo:

Tourism Profile of Solo:

Example 1

ST (the Indonesian cultural term): ‘gamelan’ (datum no.17) is translated

into TT (English version): ‘Gamelan (a set of Javanese orchestra)’, (Profil Wisata

Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo, p.4). From the example above, gamelan is the

original cultural term from Indonesia, since there is no cultural equivalent in

English. In this case, the translator applies couplet (transference plus functional

equivalent) technique to transfer the good message into English, to be ‘gamelan (a

set of Javanese orchestra)’. By applying this technique, the target readers will

imagine and understand about what gamelan is. Actually, it is difficult enough to

transfer the message of this cultural term, since the message can be understood or


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not by the target readers.

Example 2

ST: ‘Karak’ (datum no.77), is translated into TT: ‘rice crackers’, (PWKS:

TPS, p.44). The Indonesian cultural term ‘karak’ has hardly any cultural

equivalent in English. The translator translates the term by applying functional

equivalent technique into ‘rice crackers’. The translator does not employ the word

‘snack’, but the translator applies the word ‘cracker’. There should be the

differences between snack and cracker. Basically, cracker is a thin, crispy, and

usually salty or savory biscuit (www.wiktionary.org/wiki/crackerdry). Whereas,

snack is a type of food not meant to be eaten as a main meal of the day –

breakfast, lunch, or dinner – but rather to assuage a person's hunger between these

meals, providing a brief supply of energy for the body. It also refers to a food item

consumed between meals purely for the enjoyment of its taste

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/snack). The other definition of snack is a light meal;

an item of food eaten between meals; to eat a light meal; to eat between meals

(http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snack). From the explanation above, it is clear that

the translator should translate the term ‘karak’ into ‘a kind of snack made from

spicy rice which is dried and fried’, because ‘cracker’ refers to a kind of biscuit.

In fact, ‘karak’ is not a kind of biscuit, but it is a kind of snack. It usually

functions as a food accompaniment in Surakarta culture in this case.

Certainly, those two examples of the Indonesian cultural terms (about

foods terms) above do not have equivalents in English. In that case, the translator

is highly recommended to apply couplet (transference plus functional equivalent)

technique. The other example can be seen as follows:


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Example 3

ST: ‘tirakatan’ (datum no. 122) is translated into TT: ‘ascetic act’, (PWKS:

TPS, p. 61). In this case, the translator used the functional equivalent technique as

stated above. The translation of the term ‘tirakatan‘ into English also seems

accurate and acceptable.

Translating Indonesian cultural terms into English is difficult, but

challenging. This research analyzes the techniques applied in translating the

Indonesian cultural terms into English and the translation quality in terms of

accuracy and acceptability of the related matter. Since there are many differences

in cultures and language systems between Indonesian and English, the translation

techniques are selected to be studied in this research.

The application of the proper translation techniques can influence the

quality of the translation whether it is going to be good or bad. Furthermore, the

errors in translating cultural terms can also occur because of the mistakes in

applying the translation techniques. Likewise, the equivalent messages between

the source text and the target text does not guarantee the high quality of the

translation.

The phenomenon above is interresting and challenging to observe because

in translating the cultural terms, the translator should consider the two main

things, the message conveyed by means of proper translation techniques and the

quality of translation. Considering the explanation above, the researcher will

conduct a research entitled AN ANALYSIS ON THE ENGLISH

TRANSLATION OF THE INDONESIAN CULTURAL TERMS IN THE


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BILINGUAL TOURISM BOOKLET OF SURAKARTA.

B. Problem Statement

Based on the research background stated above, the following problem

statements are proposed:

1. What are the techniques applied in translating Indonesian cultural terms into

English?

2. How is the translation quality in translating the Indonesian cultural terms into

English in terms of accuracy and acceptability?

C. Research Objectives

The objectives of the research are:

1. To describe the techniques applied in translating Indonesian cultural terms into

English.

2. To explore the translation quality in translating the Indonesian cultural terms

into English in terms of accuracy and acceptability.

D. Research Limitation

The main objectives of this research are to describe the techniques of

translation applied and translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability in

translating the Indonesian cultural terms into English. The data analyzed are in

terms of words and phrases level only. The research is focused on the English

translation of the Indonesian cultural terms.

Additionally, the translation quality in this case is only focused on the

accuracy and acceptability of the translation product. Accuracy means how

accurate the original message is conveyed into the target text, while acceptability


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refers to how natural or acceptable the target text for the target readers is.

E. Research Benefits

It is expected that this study will be beneficial for:

1. Translators

The findings in this study is expected to be used as an input in translating a

cultural –based text (Indonesian - English and vice versa) in order to have better

quality by applying the good techniques in a translation process.

2. Students of English Department

This research is expected to improve the ability of the English Department

students in translating a cultural–based translation text to be qualified especially

in terms of accuracy and acceptability.

3. Other researchers

This research is expected to be able to provide any information in the field of

translation, especially when they want to analyze similar aspects of the bilingual

tourism booklet.

F. Thesis Organization

The thesis is organized as follows:

Chapter I: Introduction

This chapter covers Research Background, Problem Statement, Research

Limitation, Research Objectives, Research Benefits, and Thesis Organization.

Chapter II: Literature Review

This chapter consists of Definition of Translation, Principles of Translation,

Process of Translation, Types of Translation, Translation Techniques, Translation

Techniques in translating Cultural Terms, Accuracy and Acceptability, Problems


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of Equivalents, Cultural Terms, Problems in translating Cultural Terms, and

Bilingual Tourism Booklet.

Chapter III: Research Methodology

This chapter covers Type of Research, Data and Source of Data, Sample and

Sampling Technique, Research Procedure, Technique of Data Collection, and

Technique of Analyzing Data.

Chapter IV: Data Analysis

This chapter consists of Introduction, Data Analysis, and Discussion

Chapter V: Conclusion and Suggestion

This chapter consists of Conclusion and Suggestion

Bibliography

Appendices


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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Definition of Translation

There are many definitions of translation proposed by many translation

experts. According to Brislin (1976:1), translation is the general term that reffers to

the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target)

whether the languages are in written or oral form. Catford (1965:20) emphasizes the

use of technical terms in translation which are called as source language (SL) and

target language (TL) where the textual material of the source language text is

replaced by the equivalent textual material in target language text.

Furthermore, Nida and Taber define that translating consists of reproducing in

the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,

first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (1969:11). Similarly, Bell

(1991) states that translation is a representation of a text in one language by a

representation of an equivalent text in second language. The idea above is supported

by Nida and Taber statement (1974) that the best translation does not sound like a

translation.

According to Bell (1991:13), the word ‘translation’ has three distinguishable

meanings:

1. Translating: the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object).

2. A translation: the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translated text).

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3. Translation: the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of

translating and the product of that process.

Therefore, the term ‘translation’ means both the process and the product.

In addition, Larson defines that translation is transferring the meaning of the

source language text into the target language text (1998:3). In translating, Larson

really concerns that the meaning of the source language should be transferred into

the target language text. It is done by going from the form of the first language to the

form of the second language by way of semantic structure. Then, translation consists

of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural

context of the SL text.

Simply speaking, translation is a process of transferring the message from one

language (source language/ SL) to another language (target language/ TL) done by a

translator. The message should be transferred from SL to TL well, so the target

readers can easily understand the message, which is in context to be the same as when

the original readers understand the SL text.

B. Principles of Translation

The aim of the translator in translating a text is to produce good translation.

In this case, equivalence is very needed. Actually, there are some conditions that

should be considered in order to produce a good translation. All of the principles of

translation are emphasizing the same thing that the translators should communicate

the source language text in the natural form of the receptor language.


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According to Etienne Dolet in Nida (1964:15), there are some fundamental

principles of translation, as follows:

1. The translator must understand perfectly the content and intention of the author

whom he is translating.

2. The translator should have a perfect knowledge of the language from which he is

translating and an equally excellent knowledge of the language into which he is

translating.

3. The translator should avoid the tendency to translate word for word, for to do so is

to destroy the meaning of the original and to ruin the beauty of the expression.

4. The translator should employ the forms of speech in common usage.

5. Through his choice and order of words, the translator should produce a total overall

effect with appropriate tone.

From the principles above, it can be seen that Dolet highlights the

reproduction of the sense and suggests to avoid word-for-word translation.

Furthermore, it is important to produce natural translation without ignoring the

important of the equivalence of the translation. Moreover, Tytler in Bassnett

(1991:63) describes three basic principles of translation :

1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work.

2. The style and manner of writing should be in the same character as that of the

original.

3. The translation should have all the cases of the original composition.


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Those principles are related to what a translator has to do with the source text. The

idea, style, and manner of writing of the source text are some aspects that should be

considered in order to produce a good translation.

According to Savory (1968:50), there are some principles of translation, as

follows:

1. A translation must give the words of the original.

2. A translation must give the ideas of the original.

3. A translation should be read like an original work.

4. A translation should not be read like a translation.

5. A translation should reflect the style of the original.

6. A translation should possess the style of the translator.

7. A translation should be read as a contemporary of the original.

8. A translation should be read as a comtemporary of the translator.

9. A translation may add to or omit from the original.

10. A translation may never add to or omit from the original.

11. A translation in verse should be in prose.

12. A translation in verse should be in verse.

It emphasizes that the message, meaning, and the content of the source

language should be transferred correctly and completely into the target language in

order to be understood easily by the target readers.

Besides, Kridalaksana (1985:77) states that there are some factors as the

requirements for a translator to produce a good translation. It is said that a translator

has to master the SL and TL, fully understands the translated material, and also


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master the methods and techniques of translation. Therefore, a translator should have

many skills in translating the text in order to produce a good translation.

C. Process of Translation

Translation process is an activity of a translator when doing translation. In this

case, Nida (1975:80) has three steps of translation process that can be used by the

translator: 1). Analysis, 2). Transferring, 3). Restructuring. The scheme can be seen

as follows:

Source Language Receptor Language

Text Translation

Analysis Restructuring

Transfer

Process of Translation (Nida, 1975:80)

The process of analysis are, however, relatively complex, for they involve at

least three different sets of features: the grammatical relationships between

constituent parts, the referential meanings of the semantic units, and the connotative

values of the grammatical structures and the semantic units (Nida, 1975:80).


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1. Analysis

In this case, the translator should understand the message and the meaning of the SL

text based on the context, to decide the right word in traslating. Therefore, the

translator must have the knowledge of the SL and TL culturally and linguistically.

2. Transfer

A translator translates the analyzed meaning of the original language into the target

language.

3. Restructuring

A translator checks the transferred text or message in the target language. Therefore,

it will sound natural and readable for the target reader.

D. Types of Translation

Actually, it is possible for the translator to apply more than one type of

translation in translating one language to another. There are eight types of translation

suggested by Newmark, with some types emphasize on the SL and the other

emphasize on the TL, as follows:

SL emphasis TL emphasis

Word-for-word translation Adaptation

Literal Translation Free Translation

Faithful Translation Idiomatic Translation

Semantic Translation Communicative Translation

(Newmark, 1988:45)


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Newmark criticizes that equivalent effect is “illusory”. The conflict of

loyalties, the gap between emphasis on the SL and TL will always remain as the

overriding problem in translation theory and practice. He suggests narrowing the gap

by applying semantic and communicative translation. He affirms that only semantic

and communicative translation fulfill the two main aims of translation, which are

accuracy and economy.

There are also other classifications of the types of translation. Larson

(1998:17) classifies the two types of translation, literal and idiomatic translation.

Literal translation is the form-based translation that follows the form of the SL, both

in the grammatical and in the diction. Meanwhile, idiomatic translation is the

meaning-based translation that attempts to communicate the meaning of the SL text

in the natural form of the TL.

E. Translation Techniques

There are many kinds of translation techniques with the different ideas from

the different translation experts. According to Hurtado Albir and Molina (2002:499),

translation techniques allow us to describe the actual steps taken by the translators in

each textual micro-unit and obtain clear data about the general methodological option

chosen. Techniques describe the result obtained and can be used to classify different

types of translation solutions.

Actually, there is a difference between translation methods and translation

techniques. The translation methods affect the whole text, but the translation

techniques only affect micro-units of the text. In its correlation with the translation


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strategy is that the strategies open the way to find a suitable solution for a translation

unit. The solution will be materialized by using a particular technique. Therefore,

strategies and techniques occupy different places in problem solving: strategies are

part of the process, and techniques affect the result. For example, paraphrasing can be

used as the strategy of translation, and it can be an amplification as the technique

used in the translated text.

There are five basic characteristics of translation techniques stated by Hurtado

Albir and Molina (2002:509), as follows:

• They affect the result of the translation

• They are classified by comparison with the original

• They affect micro-units of the text

• They are by nature discursive and contextual

• They are functional

In simple words, translation techniques are the procedures to analyze and

classify the way of equivalence happens and it can be applied in whatever lingual

terms. However, translation techniques are called as the realization of the decision

making process, where the product can be identified on the translation result. Below

are the kinds of translation techniques that are proposed by Newmark (1988: 81-91)

as follows:

1. Shift/ Transposition

Shift (Catford’s term) or Transposition (Vinay and Dalbernet’s term) is a

translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL


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(Newmark,1988: 85). One of the type of shift found based on the data is stucture

shift. This is a shift in grammatical structure including change in word order. Struture

shift occurs when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL.

Here is the example of the datum that belongs to this category:

SL : Sebagian besar dari zaman Majapahit (1293-1476) dan Mataram (1586-1755)

masa kekaisaran, tarian topeng klasik, wayang orang, pakaian, wayang kulit dan

wayang kayu, patung-patung keagamaan, perhiasan, dan benda-benda antik serta

pusaka-pusaka lainnya.

TL : Most of them were from Majapahit era (1293-1478) and Mataram era (1586-

1755) at the time of the empire, classical mask dance, human wayang (drama),

dresses, leather puppet and wooden puppet, religious statues, jewelry, and antique

matters, also other valuable heirlooms. (p.3)

SL (Indonesian) : Wayang Kulit H M

TL (English) : Leather Puppet M H

In Indonesian, the word “Wayang” must precede its modifier “Kulit”. Meanwhile, in

English, the word “Leather” that functions as modifier precedes the word “Puppet”

having functions as the head in the noun phrase.

2. Naturalisation

This is a kind of translation technique that succeeds the borrowing (transference)

technique. According to Newmark (1988: 82), this technique succeeds transference

and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation. Then to the normal


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morphology (word-form) of the TL, for example: computer (English) to be komputer

(Indonesian).

3. Transference/ Loan word (Borrowing)

This translation techniques is commonly called borrowing. Newmark calls

this technique as transference. This technique is usually applied when there is not yet

an equivalent of the certain word or it is applied to appreciate the SL word /term. It is

done simply by using a loan word from the SL and putting it into the TL. Generally,

only cultural “object” or concept that should be transferred (Newmark, 1988:81).

Here is the example of the datum related to this category:

SL: Pura Mangkunegaran (datum no. 005) menyimpan koleksi yang tak ternilai

harganya. (p. 3)

TL: Pura Mangkunegaran has invaluable collections.

Borrowing (transference) can be for different reasons, with the examples

below being taken from usage rather than translated texts:

• the target language has no (generally used) equivalent. For example, the first

man-made satellites were Soviet, so for a time they were known in English as

"sputniks".

• the source language word sounds "better" (more specific, fashionable, exotic

or just accepted), even though it can be translated. For example, Indonesian IT

is full of terms like "soft[ware]", and Indonesian accountants talk of

"overheads", even though these terms can be translated into Indonesian.

• to retain some "feel" of the source language.


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4. Cultural equivalent

This is a translation technique applied to find the equivalence of the cultural

terms. Newmark states that this technique is applied when the SL cultural word is

translated by a TL cultural word (Newmark,1988:83). As we know, the term that is

related to cultural matters are the serious problem to find the equivalence. It also

depends on translators’ competence to produce the good result of translation. Here is

the example of the datum related to the category:

SL: Klenteng (datum no. 49) yang berada tepat di seberang Pasar Gede ini sudah

berdiri sejak tahun 1746 M. (p. 7)

TL: The t emple is located across the Pasar Gede was built in 1746 AD.

5. Literal Translation

This techniques is applied by translating word-for word translation. Newmark

prefers to call it as “through translation”. Normally, literal translation should be used

only when they are already recognized terms (Newmark, 1988:85). The example is

the sentence I will call you that is translated into Saya akan menelpon Anda. Again,

sometimes it works and sometimes it does not. The other example from the bilingual

tourism booklet is “Raja Paku Buwono II” (datum no. 002) as the Indonesian cultural

term that is translated in English into “King Paku Buwono the 2nd”.

6. Functional Equivalent

This technique is used when a SL cultural word has no TL equivalent. This is

applied to cultural matters and requires the use of a culture free word (Newmark,

1988:83). This technique is the accurate way of translating a cultural word as what

proposed by Newmark.


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The example of this category is:

SL : Wayang orang Sriwedari telah berjasa besar dalam ikut melestarikan

kebudayaan bangsa, yaitu seni wayang orang, seni tari, seni busana, seni suara, serta

seni karawitan (datum no. 025, p.12 )

TL : Human Wayang of Sriwedari has given a huge contribution for conservating

traditional culture, such as human watang art, dabcing art, fashion art, singing art, and

Javanese orchestra art.

7. Reduction

This is a technique in which the information/ message is given implicitly in

the TL. In contrast, the SL information is explicit one. This technique is in contrast

with amplification technique. This is rather imprecise translation techniques practiced

intuitively in some cases (Newmark, 1988:90). It is to suppress a SL into item in TL.

Here is the example of this category

Sl : Gladag Langen Bogan (datum no. 055) sebuah penguat bagi sebutan Solo

sebagai kota yang tak pernah tidur. (p. 34)

TL : Galabo emphazises more the so – called Solo as the city that never sleep

8. Synonymy

Newmark states that the word 'synonym' is used in the sense of a near TL

equivalent to an SL word in a context, where a precise equivalent may or may not

exist (1988: 84). This technique is used for an SL word where there is no clear one-

to-one equivalent, and the word is not important in the text, in particular for

adjectives or adverbs of quality. The translator has to make do with it as a


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compromise, in order to translate more important segments of the text and the

meaning more accurately.

Example:

SL (Indonesian) : Dia adalah seorang pria sejati.

TL (English) : He is a gentleman.

From the example above, the word 'gentleman' is translated into 'pria sejati' since

there is no one-to-one equivalent in the TL. In here, the translator considers that 'pria

sejati' in Indonesian has the same meaning as the word 'gentleman' in English.

9. Modulation

As cited in Newmark (1988:88), Vinay and Dalbernet defines that

'modulation' is 'a variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective and very

often of category of thought'. The translators usually use this technique when the TL

rejects literal translation.

Example:

SL (Indonesian) : Dia akan menjadi seorang bapak.

TL (English) : He is going to have a child.

In this case, the translator tries to find the point of view of the word ' akan menjadi

seorang bapak' to be 'is going to have a child'. Based on the literal meaning, the words

'akan menjadi seorang bapak' should be translated literally into 'is going to be a

father'. However, in this case the translator translates it into the same meaning 'is

going to have a child'.


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10. Addition

This technique is commonly used by using additional information. It is

usually applied in cultural-based translation (Newmark, 1988: 92). Additional

information in translation may take various forms:

1. within the text

2. notes at bottom of pages

3. notes at end of chapter

4. notes or glossary at end of book

Example:

SL (Indonesian) : Sebuah taman rekreasi di Jl. Ir. Sutami yang terletak di tepi

Bengawan Solo (datum no 034, p. 18)

TL (English) : A recreation park in Jl. Ir. Sutami which located at the side of

Bengawan Solo river

In this case, the additional word 'river' in the English translation adds the clearer

information about what Bengawan Solo is as the Indonesian term.

F. Translation Techniques in Translating Cultural Terms

Translating cultural terms (cultural–bound terms) is a serious matter to be

concerned. Harvey (2000:2) defines culture-bound terms as the terms which "refer to

concepts, institutions and personnel which are specific to the SL culture".

Furthermore, Harvey (2000:2-6) puts forward the following four major techniques for

translating the cultural terms (cultural-bound terms): functional equivalent, formal


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equivalent or ‘linguistic equivalent’, transcription or ‘borrowing’, descriptive or self

explanatory translation.

1. Functional Equivalent

This techniques are applied by using a referent in the target language (TL) culture

having similar function to the source language (SL) referent. Weston (1991:23)

describes it as "the ideal method of translation," while Sarcevic (1985:131) asserts

that it is "misleading and should be avoided." Actually, some of the translators still

applies the technique.

2. Formal Equivalent or 'linguistic equivalent'

It means a 'word-for-word' translation or literal translation.

3. Transcription or 'borrowing' (i.e. reproducing or, where necessary, transliterating

the original term)

According to Harvey (2000:4), transcription is a translation technique where the

translator borrows a word or lexical term of the SL. If the term is formally transparent

or is explained in the context, it may be used alone. In other cases, particularly where

no knowledge of the SL by the reader is presumed, transcription is accompanied by

an explanation or a translator's note.

4. Descriptive or self-explanatory translation

Descriptive uses generic terms (not cultural-bound terms) to convey the meaning of

the source text (Harvey 2000:5). It is appropriate to use in a wide variety of contexts

where formal equivalence is considered insufficiently clear. In a text aimed at a

specialized reader, it can be helpful to add the original SL term to avoid ambiguity.


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G. Accuracy and Acceptability

a. Accuracy

According to Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997:3), accuracy is described as

follows:

“A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation

matches its original. While it usually refers to preservation of the information content

of the source text (ST) in the target text (TT), with an accurate translation being

generally literal rather than free, its actual meaning in the context of a given

translation must depend on the type of equivalence found in the translation”.

Based on the the description above, it can be concluded that accuracy in

translation deals with the message or the content of the SL into the TL. A translation

is considered accurate, if it can transfer the whole message from SL to TL perfectly.

In simple words, the faithfulness of the SL message is still maintained in the TL.

b. Acceptability

Acceptability of a text refers to the ‘natural sense’ of the translation.

According to Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997:2-3), a translation that learns toward

acceptability can thus be thought as fulfilling the requirement of “reading as an

original” written text in the TL rather than that of “reading as the original”.

Acceptability relates to the naturalness of the translated text to the target readers. It is

determined by the faithfulness to the linguistics and cultural bounds of the target

system. Therefore, the translator has to observe the norms of the SL and the target

system before he / she translates the text. The translated text will be considered


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acceptable if it is read as an original text written in TL and sounded natural for the

target readers.

H. Problems of Equivalence

The aim of the translator is to produce the equivalent translation that is

accurately communicating the same meaning as the SL. However, the different

characteristics between the SL and the TL often create many problems for the

translator. Hervey, Higgins, and Haywood claim two reasons why it is hard to

produce equivalent in translation. First, the requirement that the target text (TT)

should affect its recipient in the same way as the source text (ST) does (or did) its

original audience raises the difficult problem on how any one particular recipient

responds to a text, and of the extent to which text has constant interpretations even for

the same person on two dofferent occasions. ........ Second, the principle of equivalent

effect presumes that the theory can cope not only with ST and SL audience, but also

with the impact of a TT on its intended TL audience (1995:14).

For those reasons, Nida (1964:159) distinguishes two types of equivalence,

formal and dynamic. Formal equivalence focuses on the message itself, in both the

form and content. It aims to allow the readers to have a better understanding about the

TL context. However, this method sometimes produces unnatural translation, that is

hard to understand by the target readers.

Meanwhile, dynamic equivalent is based on the principle of equivalent effect,

for instance : that the effect of the message of the TL text to the receptor language

should be the same as the message effect of the SL text to the original receivers.


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However, a complete equivalence is impossible because of the cultural gap between

the SL and the TL. Thus, information loss and gain in the process of translation can

not be avoided.

Sometimes, the purpose of translation is to produce the same effect on the

translation readers as well as the original text readers and this purpose will be

achieved when the equivalence occurs between an SL and a TL text. According to

Hatim (2001:28), translation equivalence may be achieved at any or all of the

following levels:

1. SL and TL words having similar orthographic or phonological features (formal

equivalence;

2. SL and TL words referring to the same thing in the real world (referential or

denotative equivalence);

3. SL and TL words triggering the same or similar associations in the minds of

speakers of the two languages (connotative equivalence);

4. SL and TL words being used in the same or similar contexts in their respective

languages (text normative equivalence);

5. SL and TL words having the same effect on their respective readers (pragmatic or

dynamic equivalence).

Moreover, Nababan (2003:55-60) states that there are four factors affecting

problems of equivalence in translation, they are: different systems of SL and TL,

semantic and stylistic complexity, translator's competence, and quality of the SL text.

1. Different systems of SL and TL.


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If only all languages in this world had the same system of languages, there

would be no problems in term of translation (Nababan, 2003:55). Nevertheless, in

fact, there are no languages in this world having the same system of languages. Every

system of languages is different in terms of syntactical, lexical, and morpheme

structure. The different system of SL and TL also can be seen from the differences in

terms of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.

2. Semantic and stylistic complexity.

Semantic field is the most complicated one (Nababan, 2003:58). It can be

understood since the meaning has the broad scope and tends to be subjective. The

high level of subjectivity in term of meaning is related to the relationship about the

meaning of the words with the socio-cultural aspects of the people using the

language. The differences of languages and cultures will cause the serious problem

for the translators, especially if they do not master the cultures of SL and TL well.

The stylistic complexity also becomes one of the factors that cause the

problems in translation (Nababan, 2003:59). The literature texts, such as poetry,

prose, and play, are expressed in the different style from the science texts. Because of

the different culture of SL and TL, the stylistic matters of both languages are also

different.

3. Translator’s competence.

A translator is the subject in the translation process, and the translator competence

will affect the successfulness of a translation result or not (Nababan, 2003:59-60).

The competency level of the translator in translating a text will affect the translation

result. A translator with high competency in translation will solve the problems in


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translation process easier. In contrast, a translator with low level of competence will

face many kinds of translation problems, and do not know the best ways to solve

those problems.

4. Quality of the SL text.

The low quality level of the SL text can affect the problems in translation process

(Nababan, 2003:60). As a result, the meaning involved in the SL text can not be

easily understood because of the bad quality of the SL text.

I. Cultural Terms

Newmark (1988:95-102) divided cultural terms into several categories. It may

be classified as ecology, material culture (artifacts), social culture (work and leisure),

organizations, customs, activities, procedures, concepts, and gestures and habits.

These categories may be translated into different ways according to their role in the

text and their aims for the target text readers.

1. Ecology

Geographical features can be differentiated from other cultural terms that

usually value-free whether in politic or commerce. Nevertheless, their usage depends

on the importance of their country and their degree of specificity. As Newmark

(1988:96) stated “geographical features can be normally distinguished from other

cultural terms in that they are usually value-free, politically and commercially.

Nevertheless, their diffusion depends on the importance of their country of origin as

well as their degree of specificity”. Many countries have local words, and these words

would be translated based on their importance in the source language.


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2. Material Culture

Food is the most sensitive and important expression of national culture for

many countries because food has the widest variety in translation procedures.

Newmark (1988:97) stated that “food is for many the most sensitive and important

expression of national culture; food terms are subject to the widest variety of

translation procedures”. It means material culture especially food need to be

translated appropriately because it is an expression of a national culture. Someone can

recommend for words with recognized equivalents and transference, plus a neutral

term for the readers in general.

3. Social Culture

The translators should know the denotative and connotative meaning of every

country, in order to produce an acceptable translation. Newmark (1988:98) stated that

“in considering social culture one has to distinguish between denotative and

connotation problems of translation.” Connotative meaning in each country is

different; a word may have a positive connotative meaning in one culture but not in

another. That is why the translator should pay attention and be careful in translating

it. Furthermore, Larson (1984:131) explained that “connotative meaning is often

culturally conditioned. A word, which has a positive connotation in one culture, may

actually have a negative connotation in another.

4. Organizations, Customs, Activities, Procedures, Concepts

Concerning the translation of social organization terms, the translators should

decide that the term is recognized and understood by the readers. In addition, the

translators should pay attention on the setting too. In translating social organization,


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first, a translator should build a recognized translation and secondly the readers and

take an appropriate setting should understand the translation. The translation process

of cultural organization is also divided into two categories; they are formal and

informal informative (colloquial) texts. In formal informative text, the translators

should translate the cultural organization terms, Newmark (1988:100) stated that in a

formal informative text, the name should be transferred, and a functional, culture-free

equivalent given. On the contrary, Newmark (1988:100) explained that “If the

informative text is informal or colloquial it may not be necessary to transfer the

organization’s name”. Therefore, if the text is informal informative text, it is not

necessary for the translators to translate the cultural organization.

5. Gestures and Habits

Gestures and habits are symbolic actions of a country having meaning and

function. It is important for the translators to translate it appropriately because if these

actions simply translated literally, it may make wrong meaning. Larson (1984:138)

stated that “In every culture, there will be certain actions which will be symbolic”.

Gestures and habits in the form of an action sometimes have different function in the

receptor language, that is why it is sometimes difficult to translate gestures and

habits. Newmark (1988:102) also added that “for gestures and habits there is a

distinction between description and function which made where necessary in

ambiguous case”.


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J. Problems in Translating Cultural Terms

A cultural-based translation often affect the difficult problems for the

translators because there is a matter called ‘cultural untranslatable’. As a result, the

translation will be inaccurate. Gerver (1976) cites six types of inaccuracies in

translation: a) simple omission; b) escape, or cutting off the input with simultaneous

talk; c) error, or incorrect processing; d) queuing, or delaying response during heavy

loads and catching up during lulls; e) filtering, or systematic omission of certain types

of information; and f) approximation, or less precise renderings of information than

the original contained.

According to Toury (1978:200), translation is a kind of activity which

inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions." Related to this

statement, translators are permanently faced with the problem of how to treat the

cultural aspects implicit in a source text and of finding the most appropriate technique

of successfully conveying these aspects in the target language. These problems may

vary in scope depending on the cultural and linguistic gap between the two (or more)

languages concerned (Nida, 1964:130). The important aspect is to determine how

much missing background information should be provided by the translator.

The cultural problems for translation may take several forms ranging from

lexical content and syntax to ideologies and ways of life in a given culture. The

translator also has to decide on the importance given to certain cultural aspects and to

what extent it is necessary or desirable to translate them into the TL. The notion of

culture is essential to considering the implications for translation and, despite the

differences in opinion as to whether language is part of culture or not, the two notions


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appear to be inseparable. Discussing the problems of correspondence in translation,

Nida confers equal importance to both linguistic and cultural differences between the

SL and the TL and concludes that "differences between cultures may cause more

severe complications for the translator than do differences in language structure"

(Nida, 1964:130). It is further explained that parallels in culture often provide a

common understanding despite significant formal shifts in the translation. The

cultural implications for translation are thus of significant importance as well as

lexical concerns.

Newmark (1988:96) proposes two opposing methods: transference and

componential analysis, when considering the translation of cultural words and

notions. As Newmark mentions, transference gives "local colour," keeping cultural

names and concepts. Nida's definitions of formal and dynamic equivalence (Nida,

1964:129) may also be seen to apply when considering cultural problems for

translation. According to Nida, a "gloss translation" mostly typifies formal

equivalence where form and content are reproduced as faithfully as possible and the

TL reader is able to "understand as much as he can of the customs, manner of

thought, and means of expression" of the SL context (Nida, 1964:129). Contrasting

with this idea, dynamic equivalence "tries to relate the receptor to modes of behaviour

relevant within the context of his own culture" without insisting that he "understand

the cultural patterns of the source-language context".

In this case, the writer underlines that the problems in translating cultural

terms can be differentiated into many things as stated above. However, there is the

basic problems in translating cultural terms, that is the problems of “no-equivalence”.


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It is usual when there are no cultural equivalents from the SL into TL because there

are no languages in this world having the same language systems. The researcher

considers that the notion from Newmark to keep the transference method in

translating cultural terms is wise to do. It is useful to appreciate the original terms of

the SL. However, the researcher also considers that the transference method in

translating cultural terms is highly recommended to be added with the cultural or

functional equivalent as the proper way to solve the problems of translating cultural

terms.

K. The Bilingual Tourism Booklet

Tourism, broadly defined, is regarded as the world's largest industry and one

of the fastest - growing, accounting for over one-third of the value of total world-

wide services. At the start of the new millennium, tourism has been stated as the

number one industry in many countries and the fastest-growing economic sector in

terms of foreign exchange earnings and job creation (WTO, 2005). Tourism is a multi

sector, and as a means of economic and social cultural exchange, it has many aspects

and types (Mowforth & Munt, 2003). Because of its various forms, tourism

researchers have been incapable of reaching either a conceptual or operational unity

over a consensus definition (Mill & Morrison, 2002). Harrill & Potts (2003: 233)

states, “tourism is an invisible industry, encompassing transportation, loading, and

entertainment. Unfortunately, tourism is also invisible to many planners, so tourism

development is often left to private developers and leisure service providers.”


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Tourism is the term given to the activity that occurs when people travel (Mill &

Morrison, 2002).

Tourism can be defined as the theories and practices for being a tourist. This

involves traveling and visiting places for leisure-related purposes. Tourism comprises

the ideas and opinions people hold which share their decisions about going on trips,

about where to go and where not to go and what to do or not to do about how to relate

other tourists, locals, and service personnel. It is all the behavioral manifestations of

those ideas (Leiper, 2004:44). Leiper (1990) also states that tourism system is a

framework that identifies tourism as being made up of a number of components, often

taken to include the tourist, the tourist generating region, the transit route region, the

tourist destination and the tourism industry.

Moreover, WTO (World Tourism Organization) defines that tourism

comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their

usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and

other purposes. Tourism is also a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the

ability to constantly adapt to customers' changing needs and desires, as the customer's

satisfaction, safety, and enjoyment are particularly the focus of tourism businesses.

Simply speaking, tourism can be explained as a temporary travel from one place to

another place with the goal not to earn money or to do business in the place visited,

but to enjoy the journey based on the various needs or pleasures.

Booklet is a small book usually having a paper cover

(www.thefreedictionary.com/booklet). Therefore, booklet is a book often with paper

covers. There are many kinds of booklet. Tourism booklet is one example of the kind


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of booklet. Tourism booklet is a small tourism book with paper covers. There are two

kinds of tourism booklet; they are monolingual tourism booklet and bilingual tourism

booklet. Bilingual is using or able to use two languages, especially with equal or

nearly equal fluency (www.thefreedictionary.com/bilingual). Therefore, bilingual

tourism booklet is the small book related to tourism field with paper covers

containing two languages as the content inside of it.

The bilingual tourism booklet which was analyzed contains the prospective

data about the tourism aspect, especially the Indonesian cultural terms. The title of the

bilingual tourism booklet is “Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo”. The

tourism booklet is compiled by the Tourism and Cultural Office of Surakarta. The

English translation in the bilingual booklet is also translated by the related official

staff. The bilingual tourism booklet contains many kinds of beneficial tourism

information, especially Indonesian cultural terms about Surakarta including related

terms of historical places as well as the culinary aspects. This is the complete guiding

book of the tourists when they want to find the special characteristics and other

cultural attractions in Solo. The information about the complete profile of Solo can be

found here. The content itself is written in two languages, Indonesian and English.


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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of Research

This research is focused on the study of the cultural terms, the translation

techniques applied, and the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy and

acceptability of a tourism booklet entitled Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of

Solo. Therefore, descriptive qualitative method is the best strategy to be applied in

this research. Descriptive method involves collecting the data, analyzing data, finding

the models, and drawing the conclusion based on the data without taking account into

general conclusion (Hadi, 1989).

The researcher firstly collects the data from the bilingual tourism booklet.

The data are about the Indonesian cultural terms and their English translation. Then,

the researcher analyzes the data stated above and finds the results of the data analysis.

Finally, the researcher draws the conclusion based on the data analysis.

Additionally, Cresswell (1998:10) states that qualitative research is an inquiry

process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that

explore a social or human problem. Therefore, the researcher will analyze about the

matter of translating cultural terms in qualitative way. The researcher will build a

complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views of informants, and

conducts the study in a natural setting. It will also focus on the description (Sutopo,

2002:35). Therefore, the forms of the data collected are words, sentences, or pictures

having more meaning than numbers or frequencies.

37


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B. Data and Source of Data

The source of data of this research is the bilingual tourism booklet entitled

Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo published by Tourism and Cultural

Office of Surakarta. The researcher decides to take the bilingual tourism booklet as

the sources of data because it is interesting to study about the cultural terms in the

related source of data, for the cultural terms are the significant matters to analyze.

Moreover, all things about cultural matters are “difficult & serious” terms to translate,

for they are “sensitive” terms and they relate to the characteristics of a nation. It is

also very challenging to analyze the translation techniques of the cultural terms

applied, and to analyze the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability.

Absolutely, all things about translating cultural terms are challenging, interesting, and

unique.

The data of the research are divided into two. They are the Indonesian cultural

terms and their translations, and the information provided by the informants

evaluating the quality of translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability. The

informants evaluating the quality of translation of the data are called the raters. They

are the foreigners. They will evaluate the quality of translation in terms of accuracy

and acceptability. Absolutely, the raters are chosen as if they become the target

readers of the related tourism booklet. With their foreigners status (not the

Indonesians), they are expected to be the proper raters in evaluating the quality of the

related source of data.


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C. Sample and Sampling Technique

In qualitative research, the sample is taken purposively. Sutopo (2006:46),

states that the sample in qualitative research is taken selectively based on the problem

statements and theoretical consideration of research. The researcher absolutely selects

the sample purposively, because she uses some criteria in selecting the data. The

researcher also uses sampling technique selectively concerning the theoretically

concept that is used, the personal curiosity of the researcher, empirical character, etc

(Sutopo, 2002:56). Therefore, the research uses the purposing sampling technique to

represent the information, not the population. In the other words, the technique used

by the researcher and all the samples of the research are taken purposively.

The data analyzed in this research are the cultural terms that are focused in the

form of words and phrases of the bilingual tourism booklet entitled Profil Wisata

Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo. The data of the Indonesian cultural terms having

the same form and meaning are not taken at all. For example, in page 5 there is the

Indonesian cultural term “keraton”, while, in page 23 there is also the term “keraton”.

Therefore, the term “keraton” is written twice in the bilingual tourism booklet. In this

case, the writer will only put one example of the term “keraton” which is taken from

page 5. Therefore, the data studied in this research are different from one another, not

studied the same data as stated above.

The researcher assumes that the informants involved in this research represent

the target readers of the related bilingual tourism booklet. The criteria for the

informants or the raters are:

1. They are foreigners, not the Indonesians, but minimally, they can speak or they


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understand a little bit about Indonesian.

2. They have not read the related bilingual tourism booklet, so their respond, opinion,

and understanding will be more natural.

3. They should have the interest in tourism and cultural matters. It is important

because their interest contributes a lot to the evaluation of the related topic.

D. Research Procedure

Research procedure is aimed to be the ways of the research to become the

effective direction in conducting the research. Therefore, the researcher uses the

following procedure:

1. Reading the Indonesian version and its English translation from the bilingual

tourism booklet entitled Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo.

2. Collecting the data of the cultural terms from the related bilingual tourism

booklet.

3. Evaluating the validation of the data by two informants.

4. Giving code to each datum, for example:

Code 005/PWKS/23 means that the datum number is 5, taken from the

bilingual tourism booklet Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo

page 23.

Code 009/PWKS:TPS/30 means that the datum is the translation of datum

number 9, taken from the related booklet page 30.


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5. Analyzing the techniques used by the translator in translating the cultural

terms from Indonesian into English.

6. Making a list of the data in the form of questionairres and asking the raters to

evaluate the questionairres.

7. Collecting scores given by the raters.

8. Identifying and classifying the data based on the characteristics.

9. Making statistical calculation of the classified data in accordance with the

category of classification and presenting it in a form of table.

10. Analyzing the findings by relating them to the theoritical context of the study

observed.

11. Drawing conclusion and giving suggestions based on the data analysis.

E. Techniques of Data Collection

The research mainly takes the data from the documents. The related

documents are about the cultural terms taken from the bilingual tourism booklet

Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo. There are various types of the

Indonesian cultural terms in this booklet from the historical cultural terms until the

culinary terms.

This research also employs criterion-based selection technique. It means that

all of the samples of the research are taken by applying several criteria. The

researcher only selects the data which are included into Indonesian cultural terms and

their English translations. Therefore, the researcher only selects the cultural terms

fitting the criteria of having the criteria as needed in this study. The informants are


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selected based on some criteria, such as: they are foreigners or English native

speakers, they love Indonesian culture, they do not read the bilingual tourism booklet

before that can affect the naturalness in rating the data. In this case, the researcher

does not limit the gender of the raters. Additionally, the questionairre is used by the

researcher to find out deeper information about the data. The result of the

questionairre is expected to give valuable contribution of information.

The research also applies two types of question namely the open and close-

ended questions. In open-ended questions, the respondents or the raters are free to

express their answers, while in close-ended questions, they are given the optional

answers. The accuracy level of the translation will be analyzed based on the end

result of the questionairres for the raters. The rating system can be seen in Table 1 and

Table 2.

Table 1Accuracy of the Translation of Cultural Terms

Point Definition Criteria Score

4 Accurate

The translation of cultural terms is considered accurate if the content or message of the original source text (Indonesian) in form of words and phrases is accurately conveyed to the target text (English).

4.0

3 Less accurate

The content of the Indonesian cultural terms (source text) is conveyed to the English cultural terms (target text), although not totally.

3.0-3.9

2 InaccurateThe content of the Indonesian cultural terms (source text) is not accurately conveyed to the target text (English) .

1.1-2.9

1 Very inaccurate

The content of the original source text (Indonesian) is not translated at all into the target text (English), for example: it is omitted or

1.0


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deleted.

Table 2Acceptability of the Translation of Cultural Terms


3 Acceptable

The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases has natural form of the target text, sounds natural, and almost does not seem like translation.

2.4 - 3.0

2 Less acceptable

The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases is closely natural, but there are some uncommon words or phrases in the translation of cultural terms that still exist.

1.7 – 2.3

1 Unacceptable

The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases is translated literally from the source language that is Indonesian (sounds so unnatural). There are also the uses of unfamiliar cultural terms in the English translation.

1.0 – 1.6

F. Techniques of Analyzing Data

The collected data will be analyzed using the following steps:

1. Observing the cultural terms that are focused on words and phrases level in

original language (Indonesian).

2. Comparing the original and the translation text to find out the translation

techniques applied.

3. Analyzing the quality level of the translation (in terms of accuracy and

acceptability) based on the comments and answers of the raters.

4. Analyzing the effects of those techniques applied on the translation quality.


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5. Interpreting the result of analysis and drawing conclusions based on the data

analysis.


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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

A. Introduction

This chapter presents the analysis of the data related to the translation

techniques. The analysis of the data of the Indonesian cultural terms is focused on

words and phrases level translated into English. The accuracy and the

acceptability in translating the Indonesian cultural terms into English are also

analyzed in the bilingual tourism booklet of Surakarta. Based on the data, there

are eight classifications of the translation techniques applied. Those classifications

are: shift/transposition, transference or loan word (borrowing), cultural equivalent,

functional equivalent, addition, reduction, literal translation, and couplet

(transference plus functional equivalent).

The next part of this chapter analyzes about the accuracy of the translation.

There are three raters chosen by the researcher. Those raters are the foreigners

becoming English native speakers. They complete the questionnaires made by the

researcher and also give the scores toward the accuracy level based on the scale of

1 - 4. This part is aimed to analyze whether the translation is accurate or not.

The last part of this chapter presents the analysis of the translation

acceptability. The analysis of the data is based on the results of the questionnaires

obtained from the same raters (three persons) who also rated the translation

accuracy. They complete the questionnaires and give the scores of the translation

based on the scale of 1-3. In completing the questionnaires, the raters are also free

to write some reasons in the data where they give the related score.

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B. Data Analysis

1. The analysis of the translation techniques

In the translation techniques, the researcher uses translation techniques that

are proposed by Newmark. This section presents the techniques applied by the

translator to translate the Indonesian cultural terms into English in the bilingual

tourism booklet entitled “Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo”. There

are eight techniques found, there are:

a. Shift or Transposition (Structure Shift: Head – Modifier into Modifier - Head)

Shift (Catford’s term) or Transposition (Vinay and Dalbernet’s term) is a

translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL

(Newmark, 1988: 85). The type of shift found based on the data is structure shift.

This is a shift in grammatical structure including change in word order. Structure

shift occurs when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL.

Here is the example of the datum no. 009 that belongs to this category:










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SL (Indonesian) : Wayang Kulit H M

TL (English) : Leather PuppetM H

In Indonesian, the word “Wayang” must precede its modifier “Kulit”.

Meanwhile, in English, the word “Leather” that functions as modifier precedes the

word “Puppet” having functions as the head in the noun phrase. Actually, there are

36 data or 28.35 % that belong to this classification.

b. Addition

The addition technique is usually applied by the translator to add the

clearer information to the target readers. The additional information added by the

translator is normally cultural, technical, or linguistic and is dependent on the

requirement of his readership (Newmark, 1988: 91).

Below is the example of the datum that belongs to this category:

SL (Indonesian): Sebuah taman rekreasi di Jl. Ir. Sutami yang terletak di tepi

Bengawan Solo. (datum no. 034, p. 18)

TL (English): A recreation park in Jl. Ir. Sutami which located at the side of

Bengawan Solo river .

The above example shows that the translator adds the word “river” in English

translation. Here, the addition technique is applied by the translator in order to

give the clearer understanding toward the message conveyed from the ST.

The other example of this category is:

SL: Di halaman utara terdapat menara Panggung Sanggabuwana yang sering

disebut sebagai tempat bertemu Raja dengan Kanjeng Ratu Kidul (datum no.

003), penguasa Laut Selatan. (p. 2)


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TL: In the yard of the palace, there is a tower called Panggung Sanggabuwana, a

mysterious place for the King to meet Her Majesty Queen of the S outh , the ruler

of the Southern - Sea.

In this context, the addition of the word “her” in the English translation is

useful. In this context, the translator uses the word “her” as the established

protocol. It describes about the King Paku Buwono II having the relationship with

the “ruler” of the Southern – Sea (Kanjeng Ratu Kidul) which is a “ghost”. There

are six data (4.73 %) related to this category.

c. Transference/ Loan word (Borrowing)

This translation technique is commonly called borrowing. Newmark calls

this technique as transference. This technique is usually applied when there is not

yet an equivalent of the certain word or it is applied to appreciate the SL word

/term. It is done simply by using a loan word from the SL and putting it into the

TL. Generally, it is only cultural “object” or concept that should be transferred

(Newmark, 1988:81). Here is the example of the datum related to this category:


harganya. (p. 3)


When the target readers read this term, they may be confused. It is because

they do not really know about what Pura Mangkunegaran is. For the foreign

people that never know about Pura Mangkunegaran, they will automatically

confused about this translation. In this case, the translator applies pure borrowing,

in which he/she purely transferred the Indonesian term into English. In fact, there

are many foreigners that do not know about the term. In this case, the raters rated


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this data knows about what Pura Mangkunegaran is. However, it may be better if

“Pura Mangkunegaran ” is translated into “Pura Mangkunegaran (one of the

palaces in Solo)”. There are 22 data or 17.32% related to this category.

d. Cultural equivalent

This is a translation technique applied to find the equivalence of the

cultural terms. Newmark states that this technique is applied when the SL cultural

word is translated by a TL cultural word (Newmark, 1988:83). As we know, the

term that is related to cultural matter is a serious problem to find its equivalence.

It also depends on translators’ competence to produce the good result of

translation.

Here is the example of the datum related to the category:

SL: Klenteng (datum no. 49) yang berada tepat di seberang Pasar Gede ini sudah

berdiri sejak tahun 1746 M. (p. 7)

TL: The t emple is located across the Pasar Gede was built in 1746 AD.

In this case, the translator translates the term “Klenteng” into “Temple” in

English. It is good to translate “Klenteng” into “Temple”, because the foreigners

tend to have the understanding about temple in their culture. However, the

translator suggests the translation of “Klenteng” in this case to be “China temple”.

Therefore, it is no problem to translate like stated above in the bilingual booklet.

There are 13 data or 10.23% that belong to this category.

e. Functional Equivalent

This technique is used when a SL cultural word has no TL equivalent. This

is applied to cultural words. It requires the use of a culture - free word (Newmark,

1988:83). This technique is the accurate way of translating a cultural word as what


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proposed by Newmark.

The example of this category is:

SL : Wayang orang Sriwedari telah berjasa besar dalam ikut melestarikan

kebudayaan bangsa, yaitu seni wayang orang, seni tari, seni busana, seni suara,

serta seni karawitan (datum no. 025, p.12 )

TL : Human Wayang of Sriwedari has given a huge contribution for

conservating traditional culture, such as human wayang art, dancing art, fashion

art, singing art, and Javanese orchestra art.

Actually, the Indonesian term “Seni karawitan” has no equivalent in the

target language (English). In this case, “Seni karawitan” is translated by using the

culture – free word (as proposed by Newmark) into “Javanese orchestra art”. It is

because the word “Orchestra” is common for the target readers’ culture.

Therefore, the translation above makes the target readers understand the

translation easily. There are 13 data (10.23 %) that belong to this category.

f. Reduction

This is a technique in which the information/ message is given implicitly

in the TL. In contrast, the SL information is explicit one. This technique is in

contrast with amplification technique. This is rather imprecise translation

technique practiced intuitively in some cases (Newmark, 1988:90). It is to

suppress a SL into item in TL.

Here is the example of this category

SL : Gladag Langen Bogan (datum no. 055) sebuah penguat bagi sebutan Solo

sebagai kota yang tak pernah tidur. (p. 34)

TL : Galabo emphazises more the so – called Solo as the city that never sleep.


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In this case, the translator translates “Gladag Langen Bogan” implicitly

into “Galabo”. Of course, it will automatically affect the confusion of the target

readers in understanding the meaning of “Gladag Langen Bogan”. Foreigners who

already visited Solo mostly do not know what “Gladag Langen Bogan” is.

However, the translator only translates it into “Galabo”. The researcher thinks that

it is not translated well. The translator only reduces the term just like an

abbreviation. It should be better if the term “Gladag Langen Bogan” is translated

into “Gladag Langen Bogan (an outdoor culinary area set up at night time)”.

There is 1 datum (0.79 %) that belongs to this category.

g. Literal Translation

Literal translation is the translation technique to translate a word or an

expression word for word. This is normally applied in the recognized - terms

(Newmark, 1988:85).

Here is the example of this category:

SL : Karaton Kasunanan / Karaton Solo Hadiningrat dibangun tahun 1745

oleh Raja Paku Buwono II. (datum no.002, p. 2)

TL : Kasunanan Palace / Karaton Solo Hadiningrat was built in 1745 by King

Paku Buwono the 2 nd

From the example above, it is clear that the translation is translated word –

for - word in the same structure between SL and TL. There are 10 data (7.88 %)

that belong to this category.

h. Couplet (Transference plus functional equivalent)

The researcher found that there are data that are more suitable to

be included into this technique. Actually, Newmark proposes the couplet


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technique, that is combine two or more techniques to solve a single problem

(Newmark, 1988:91). It can be the combination of transference with functional or

a cultural equivalent (Newmark, 1988:90). This technique is particularly common

in dealing with culture specific items. The loan word can then be used in its own:

the reader can understand it and is not distracted by further lengthy explanation.

This technique is a combination of the loan word from SL plus explanation

of the related loan word. Applying this technique is very useful because the

translator both can appreciate the original term of the SL and can transfer it by

borrowing the SL term with explanation about the term.

Here is the example of the category:

SL : Koleksi Museum Radya Pustaka terdiri dari beragam benda bersejarah

bernilai tinggi seperti keris, g amelan (datum no. 017, p.4), patung-patung batu dan

perunggu, wayang kulit, keramik, dll.

TL : There are many ancient heritages with high historical values such as

keris, gamelan (a set of Javanese orchestra), statues made from stone and bronze,

leather puppet, ceramics, etc.

The translation adds the additional information about what Gamelan is in

the TL. The technique is applied by putting the original / loan term “Gamelan”

from SL plus giving clear explanation (additional information) / functional

equivalent about what gamelan is. There are 26 data (20.47 %) that belong to this

category.


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Table 3The Distribution of Translation Techniques

No. Datum Indonesian English Kinds of Techniques

001 Karaton Kasunanan Solo

Kasunanan Solo Palace Shift/ Transposition

002 Raja Paku Buwono II

King Paku Buwono the 2nd Literal Translation

003 Kanjeng Ratu Kidul

Her Majesty Queen of the South Addition

004 Keris

Keris/ wavy double bladder dagger (Javanese traditional weapons)

Couplet (transference plus functional equivalent)

005 Pura Mangkunegaran Pura Mangkunegaran Transference

006Karaton indah (pura=karaton=istana)

gorgeous pura (palace) Addition

007

Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Aryo (KGPAA) Mangkunegoro I

KGPAA (a title for king) Mangkunegoro the 1st

Addition

008 Wayang Orang Human Wayang (drama) Addition

009 Wayang Kulit Leather Puppet Shift/ Transposition010 Wayang Kayu Wooden Puppet Shift/ Transposition

011

Pendapa (balairung istana, tempat menerima tamu)

Pendapa (a room to entertain guests)


012 Dalem (balairung utama) Dalem (main room)


013 Bale Peni tempat tinggal putra / pangeran

“Bale Peni” the room for princes


014 Bale Warni tempat tinggal para putri

“Bale Warni” the room for princesses


015 Kanjeng Adipati Sosrodiningrat IV

Kanjeng Adipati Sosrodiningrat IV Transference

016 Pepatih Dalem Prime Minister Cultural equivalent

017 Gamelan Gamelan (a set of Javanese orchestra)



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018 Galeri Batik Kuno Danarhadi

Danarhadi Antiques Batik Museum Shift/ Transposition

019 Ndalem Wuryaningratan

Wuryaningratan House Shift/ Transposition

020 Paku Buwono X King Paku Buwono the 10th Literal Translation

021 Bale PERSIS PERSIS Hall Shift/ Transposition022 Loji Gandrung Loji Gandrung Transference023 Selo Pass Selo Pass Transference

024 Wayang Orang Sriwedari

Sriwedari Human Wayang Shift/ Transposition

025 Seni karawitan Javanese orchestra art Functional equivalent026 Wayang Kulit Shadow Puppet Shift/ Transposition

027 Dalang

Dalang (narrator and puppeteer of traditional shadow plays)


028 Sinden Sinden (female singer)


029 Wayang Bocah Children Wayang Shift/ Transposition

030 Sanggar tari wayang bocah Soeryo Sumirat

Wayang Bocah Soeryo Sumirat Dance Group

Shift/ Transposition

031 Ketoprak Balekambang

Balekambang Ketoprak Shift/ Transposition

032 “Tobong” atau panggung darurat

“Tobong”, the local name for a temporary stage


033 Taman Satwataru Jurug Jurug Zoo Shift/ Transposition

034 Bengawan Solo Bengawan Solo River Addition

035 Kebon Rojo atau Taman Raja

Kebon Rojo or the Park of the King Literal Translation

036 Kampoeng Batik Laweyan

Laweyan Batik Village Shift/ Transposition

037 ”beteng” “fortress” Cultural equivalent

038 Kampoeng Batik Kauman

Kauman Batik Village Shift/ Transposition

039 Batik klasik motif pakem (batik tulis)

original motives of classic batik (handmade batik)


040 Batik murni cap pure printing batik Shift/ Transposition041 sutra tenun weaved silk materials Addition

042 Kampoeng Baluwarti Baluwarti Village Shift/ Transposition

043 Abdi dalem the King’s servants Functional equivalent


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keraton

044 becak becak (pedicab)Couplet (transference plus functional equivalent)

045 Masjid Agung Karaton Kasunanan Surakarta

The Great Mosque of Kasunanan Solo Palace


046 Masjid Al-Wustho Pura Mangkunegaran

Pura Mangkunegaran’s Al-Wustho Mosque


047 GKJ Margoyudan Community Christian Church (GKJ) of Margoyudan


048 Klenteng Tri Dharma Avalokitesvara

Tri Dharma Avalokitesvara Temple


049 Klenteng Temple Cultural equivalent050 Pasar Klewer Klewer Market Shift/ Transposition051 Pasar Gede Gede Market Shift/ Transposition052 Pasar Windujenar Windujenar market Shift/ Transposition

053 Pasar klithikan notoharjo

Notoharjo spare parts Market Shift/ Transposition

054 benda klithikan spare parts Cultural equivalent

055 Gladag Langen Bogan Galabo Reduction

056 kantil magnolias Cultural equivalent

057 Pasar Legi (pasar sembako )

Legi market (groceries market) Shift/ Transposition

058 sembako primary needs Cultural equivalent059 karak karak Transference060 kerupuk a kind of cracker Functional Equivalent061 bleng natural brine Functional Equivalent062 rambak udel rambak udel Transference063 gudeg cakar gudeg cakar Transference064 selat solo salad ala Solo Literal Translation

065 Dawet gempol pleret dawet gempol pleret Transference

066 gempol rice flour ball Functional Equivalent

067 pleret glutinous rice and brown sugar

Functional Equivalent

069 ketan glutinous rice Functional Equivalent069 wedang ronde wedang ronde Transference

070 kolang kaling yang diiris tipis

slight sliced of sugar palm fruit Shift/ Transposition

071 pecel pecel Transference072 kenikir kenikir Transference073 bumbu pecel dried spicy peanut Functional Equivalent


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gravy074 cabuk rambak cabuk rambak Transference

075 iris-irisan tipis ketupat sliced rice cakes Literal Translation

076 kuah wijen sesame sauce Cultural equivalent077 karak rice crackers Functional Equivalent

078

intip (kerak nasi yang dijemur kemudian dan digoreng)

intip (made from dried-and-then-fried rice crust)


079 sate buntel sate buntel (wrapped satay)


080 timlo solo timlo solo Transference

081 racikan soun transparent bean flour vermicelli Functional Equivalent

082 jamur kuping edible fungushes Shift/ Transposition083 kacang kapri snow peas Cultural equivalent

084 kembang gayam/ sosis jawa Javanese sausage Cultural equivalent

085 sate kere sate kere (Pauper’s satay)


086 tempe gembus (ampas tahu yang direbus)

gembus fermented soybean (boiled soybean curd dregs)


087

beras kencur (minuman dari perasan beras dan kencur yang ditumbuk halus)

beras kencur (a beverage that made from pounded and squeezed rice and galingale)


088 jamu traditional medicinal herb Functional Equivalent

089 wedang jahe wedang jahe Transference

090

tengkleng ( masakan mirip dengan gulai tulang kambing)

tengkleng (a Javanese curry with chopped sheep bones)


091 sate jeroan innards satays Shift/ Transposition092 kandungan uteruses Cultural equivalent

093 nasi liwet (nasi yang dimasak dengan santan)

nasi liwet (rice cooked in coconut milk)


094 sambal goreng jipan spicy gourd curry Functional equivalent

095 kumut (terbuat dari santan dan

kumut (a savory thick sauce from of

Couplet (transference plus functional


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rasanya sangat gurih) coconut milk) equivalent)

096 opor ayam kampong dan telur chicken and egg curry Shift/ Transposition

097 roti kecik roti kecik Transference

098

tepung cengkaruk / (tepung ketan yang diolah secara khusus, digoreng, kemudian diayak)

cengkaruk (glutinous rice starch that ben fried and sieved)


099 serabi serabi Transference

100 cikal bakal Kota Solo ancestor of Solo Literal Translation

101 Halaman Siti HinggiL Karaton Solo

Solo Palace’s Hall Courtyard Shift/ Transposition

102 Astana Oetara Astana Oetara Transference103 Paseboan meditation place Functional equivalent

104 Jend Gatot Subroto

General Gatot Subroto Literal Translation

105

Sekaten adalah perayaan hari kelahiran Nabi Muhammad SAW

Sekaten is the celebration of the Prophet Muhammad SAW’s birthday


106 Gunungan Gunungan (a large mound of traditional foods)


107 Grebeg Syawal Grebeg Syawal Transference

108 Gunungan estri gunungan estri (female mound)


109 Gunungan jaler Gunungan jaler (male mound)


110 prajurit tamtama tamtama troops Shift/ Transposition

111 Grebeg besar/ Idul Adha

Grebeg besar/ Idul Adha Transference

112 Grebeg Pasa Grebeg Pasa Transference

113

Abdi dalem “Pareden” atau gunungan satu rakit (dua buah)

a set of gunungan – called abdi dalem “Pareden”


114 Grebeg Mulud Grebeg Mulud Transference

115 Tahun Dal Dal Year Shift/ Transposition

116 Jumat Kliwon Friday Kliwon Shift/ Transposition


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117 Minggu Pahing Sunday Pahing Shift/ Transposition

118 ISKS Pakoe Boewono dan GK Ratu Alit

ISKS Pakoe Boewono with GK Ratu Alit

Literal Translation

119 Pawon (dapur) Gondorasan

Pawon (kitchen) “Gondorasan” Literal Translation

120 “adang” atau menanak nasi

“adang” or to cook rice Literal Translation

121 Ruwatan Ruwatan Transference122 tirakatan ascetic act Cultural equivalent

123 Sukerta (kesialan diri)

sukerta (personal bad luck)


124 “sukerta” bumi atau tempat tinggal

earth’s or hometowns bad luck Shift/ Transposition

125 sarasehan informal discussion Cultural equivalent126 Kirab pusaka Heirlooms carnival Cultural equivalent127 1 Asyura Asyura 1 Shift/ Transposition

2. The Analysis of Translation Accuracy

The translation accuracy is analyzed based on the score given by the three

raters. The accuracy level of the translation is analyzed based on the result of the

questionnaires delivered to the raters. They should choose one of the four options,

they are: 1. Accurate, 2. Less accurate, 3. Inaccurate, and 4. Very inaccurate. The

researcher also provides a space for the reasons or comments why they decided to

choose their options. The three raters give the scores to each datum based on the

rating system as follows:


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Table 4Accuracy Scale of the Translation of Cultural Terms


4 Accurate

The translation of cultural terms is considered accurate if the content or message of the original source text (Indonesian) in form of words and phrases is accurately conveyed to the target text (English).

4.0

3 Less accurate

The content of the Indonesian cultural terms (source text) is conveyed to the English cultural terms (target text), although not totally

3.0-3.9

2 InaccurateThe content of the Indonesian cultural terms (source text) is not accurately conveyed to the target text (English) .

1.1-2.9

1 Very inaccurate

The content of the original source text (Indonesian) is not translated at all into the target text (English), for example: it is omitted or deleted.

1.0

The researcher makes calculation and finds the mean of the score after

having the score from the raters. Then, the researcher counts the mean (average)

of the accuracy score given by the three raters. The classifications of accuracy

level are as follows:

a. Category A is accurate translation consisting of the data with the

average point 4.0

b. Category B is less accurate translation consisting of the data with

the average point ranging from 3.0-3.9

c. Category C is inaccurate translation consisting of the data with the

average point ranging from 1.1-2.9

d. Category D is very inaccurate translation consisting of the data

with the average point 1.0


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Table 5Accuracy Score of the Translation of the Cultural Terms

No. Data Rater I Rater II Rater III MeanGeorge Douglas Shane1 3 4 4 3.672 4 3 2 3.003 4 3 2 3.004 4 3 4 3.675 3 3 3 3.006 2 3 4 3.007 4 3 3 3.338 3 4 3 3.339 4 4 4 4.0010 4 4 4 4.0011 4 4 4 4.0012 3 4 4 3.6713 4 4 4 4.0014 4 4 4 4.0015 3 4 3 3.3316 4 4 4 4.0017 4 4 4 4.0018 3 3 3 3.0019 4 4 4 4.0020 4 3 3 3.3321 4 4 4 4.0022 3 4 2 3.0023 4 4 4 4.0024 3 4 3 3.3325 4 3 4 3.6726 4 4 4 4.0027 4 4 4 4.0028 4 4 4 4.0029 3 4 3 3.3330 4 3 3 3.3331 4 4 4 4.0032 3 4 4 3.6733 4 4 4 4.0034 3 4 4 3.6735 4 4 4 4.0036 3 4 4 3.6737 4 4 4 4.0038 3 4 4 3.6739 4 4 4 4.0040 3 4 4 3.6741 4 3 3 3.3342 4 4 4 4.00


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43 4 4 4 4.0044 4 4 4 4.0045 4 4 4 4.0046 4 4 3 3.6747 4 4 3 3.6748 4 4 4 4.0049 4 3 4 3.6750 4 4 4 4.0051 4 2 4 3.3352 4 4 3 3.6753 4 4 4 4.0054 4 4 4 4.0055 3 4 1 2.6756 4 4 4 4.0057 4 4 4 4.0058 4 4 4 4.0059 3 1 1 1.6760 4 2 2 2.6761 4 2 3 3.0062 3 1 1 1.6763 3 1 1 1.6764 3 3 2 2.6765 3 1 1 1.6766 4 3 3 3.3367 4 3 3 3.3368 4 3 3 3.3369 3 1 1 1.6770 4 2 3 3.0071 3 1 1 1.6772 3 1 1 1.6773 4 3 3 3.3374 3 1 1 1.6775 4 2 2 2.6776 4 3 2 3.0077 4 3 2 3.0078 4 3 3 3.3379 3 3 3 3.0080 3 1 1 1.6781 4 2 3 3.0082 4 3 3 3.3383 4 3 3 3.3384 4 3 3 3.3385 3 2 3 2.6786 4 2 3 3.0087 4 3 4 3.6788 4 4 4 4.00


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89 3 1 1 1.6790 4 3 4 3.6791 4 3 3 3.3392 3 3 3 3.0093 4 4 4 4.0094 4 3 3 3.3395 4 4 4 4.0096 4 4 4 4.0097 3 1 1 1.6798 3 3 3 3.0099 3 1 1 1.67100 3 4 4 3.67101 3 3 3 3.00102 3 1 1 1.67103 4 4 4 4.00104 4 4 4 4.00105 3 4 4 3.67106 3 4 4 3.67107 3 1 1 1.67108 4 4 4 4.00109 4 4 4 4.00110 4 4 4 4.00111 3 1 1 1.67112 3 1 1 1.67113 3 2 2 2.33114 3 1 1 1.67115 4 4 4 4.00116 3 1 2 2.00117 3 1 2 2.00118 3 4 3 3.33119 3 4 4 3.67120 3 4 4 3.67121 3 1 1 1.67122 4 3 4 3.67123 4 4 4 4.00124 3 4 4 3.67125 4 4 4 4.00126 3 4 4 3.67127 4 1 1 2.00

TOTAL 456 395 394 414.67Average 3.59 3.11 3.09 3.26


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a. Accurate Translation

This category includes the data with the average score 4.0. There are 41

data from 127 data totally or 32.28% in this research that are considered as

accurate translation. Some of them will be discussed further in the example

below:

Example 2 (datum 027):

SL : Kemampuan dalang adalah yang paling berperan terutama ketika

memainkan penokohan wayang. (p. 13)

TL : Dalang (narrator and puppeteer of traditional shadow plays) is the most

important role here.

The average score of the translation of the term above is 4.0. All of the

three raters (foreigners) give score 4 for this translation. It means that the message

of the term from the SL (Indonesian) is accurately conveyed to the TL (English)

according to the three raters. However, the researcher thinks that the translation of

the Indonesian term “Dalang” should be “Dalang (the narrator and puppeteer of

traditional shadow puppet plays). The researcher thinks that the additional

information of the term “puppet” is important for more accurately - conveyed

message.

Example: (datum no 026):

SL : Tokoh-tokoh wayang kulit berasal dari kisah klasik Ramayana dan

Mahabharata yang mencerminkan kehidupan manusia. (p. 13)

TL : The characters of shadow puppets are developed from classic epics

Ramayana and Mahabharata, which is based on human life.

The average score of the translation above is purely 4.0 from the three


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raters. According to R1, the meaning of the translation from SL is conveyed

totally to the TL. The other raters also think the same consideration. However, R2

suggests the other translation for the Indonesian term “Wayang Kulit” that is

“Leather Puppet” (for shadow theater).

The researcher herself considers that the term “Leather Puppet” is more

suitable to be the translation of “Wayang kulit”, for it is commonly known broadly

even by foreigners loving Indonesian culture. However, the three raters think that

the message from the SL is not dangerously distorted to the TL. As in their

understanding, the word is about “Puppet=Wayang”.

b. Less Accurate Translation

This category involves the data with the average score ranging from 3.0 -

3.9. From the data analyzed by the researcher, the less accurate data is the most

category to find. It covers 59 data (46.46%) from 127 data totally of the

Indonesian cultural term into English included to the category. Some of the less

accurate data will be discussed futher below:

Example 1 (datum no. 002)

SL : Karaton Kasunanan / Karaton Solo Hadiningrat dibangun tahun 1745

oleh Raja Paku Buwono II. (datum no.002, p. 2)

TL : Kasunanan Palace / Karaton Solo Hadiningrat was built in 1745 by King

Paku Buwono the 2nd .

The average score of the translation above is 3.33. Among the three raters

give the different score of the translation. Actually, R1 gives score 4. However, R2

and R3 give the score 3 and 2. This different point of view can be seen from the

sequence of the king enthroned. In this case, R3 suggests that the translation of


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“Raja Paku Buwono II” should be ” King Paku Buwono II” , not “the 2nd”.

According to the researcher, the word ”the 2nd” is proper to said orally, not in

written way. The English translation of “King Paku Buwono II” should be

accurate if it is applied.

Example 2 (datum no. 004):

SL : Di dalam Karaton terdapat galeri seni dan musium dengan pusaka-pusaka

kerajaan, terdapat tempat kereta dan kusirnya, senjata kuno dan keris, serta benda-

benda antik lainnya. (p. 2)

TL : Inside the palace, there is an exotic art gallery and museum with exciting

heirlooms of the kingdom, a room of a cart and its coachman, ancient weapons,

and keris /wavy double bladder dagger (Javanese traditional weapons), also

antique matters.

The average score of the translation is 3.67. In this case, R1 and R3 give

the score 4. However, R2 gives the score 3. According to R2, there is an error in

the translation. He suggests translating “Keris” into “Keris /wavy double bladder

dagger (Javanese traditional weapons)”. The researcher analyzes that this

consideration is right, for the translator make an error in translation by using the

term “bladder” that is related to the anatomy of the body. In fact, the proper

word/term to use is “blade”. Therefore, the translator should pay attention for this

case because it can affect the fatal translation. The researcher proposes the other

English translation of the term above to be “Keris (a kind of Javanese traditional

weapons which is like wavy double bladed dagger).”


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c. Inaccurate Translation

This category includes the data with the average score 1.1 - 2.0. Based on

the analysis, the inaccurate data covers 27 data (21.26%) based on the three raters’

consideration. The example of them will be discussed as follows:

Example:

SL : Kerupuk (datum no. 060) yang terbuat dari nasi yang dibumbui bleng dan

keudian dikeringkan dan digoreng. (p. 4)

TL : A kind of cracker that made from rice seasoned with natural brine, thin

sliced, dried and fried.

In this case, the translation score above is 2.67. Both R2 and R3 give the

score 2. Meanwhile, R1 gives score 4 (accurate). R2 and R3 consider this

translation to be inaccurate because the meaning is confusing and the message of

the SL is not accurately conveyed to the TL. The translator does not state clear

information in the translation above. Furthermore, the translator also employs the

word ”cracker”. The researcher does not agree with that term. It is highly

recommended to employ the word “snack”. Cracker is a thin, crispy and usually

salty or savory biscuit (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crackerdry). Whereas, snack

is a type of food not meant to be eaten as a main meal of the day-breakfast, lunch

or dinner- but rather to assuage a person’s hunger between these meals, providing

a brief supply of energy for the body (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/snack). It is

clear that cracker is a kind of biscuit. Therefore, the researcher proposes a

translation of “kerupuk” to be “a kind of snack usually made from spicy flour

which is dried and fried” as a clearer information.


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Example 2 (datum no. 071,p.44):

SL : Pecel

TL : Pecel

The term above is in the context of being a title of the text. The Indonesian

cultural term “pecel” as a title in ST is borrowed directly in its English title as

“pecel” too. The average score of the translation above is 1.67. Both R2 and R3

give score 1, but R1 gives the score 3. R2 and R3 consider that the meaning of the

SL term is not transferred by the translator into TL. Therefore, it is inaccurate

according to them. In addition, the researcher finds that the translator only

borrows the original term from SL into TL. It may cause confusion to the raters

for there is no clear information about the translation above. The researcher

considers that it is fatal to only borrow the term from SL into TL without

translating the term with clear and accurate translation. The researcher suggests

the translation of “Pecel” should be “a kind of traditional food that consists of

boiled vegetables like spinach and sprout with the sauce made from dried spicy

peanut gravy”, as the clearer explanation in English of the term “pecel” as a title

in Indonesian text.

d. Very Inaccurate

This category includes the data with the score 1.0. There is no datum in

this research that is considered to be very inaccurate by the three raters.


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Table 6The Classification Of Translation Accuracy

No. Categories Data Number Total Percentage

1 Accurate

009,010,011,013,014,016,017,019,021,023,026,027,028,031,033,035,037,039,042,043,044,045,048,050,053,054,056,057,058,088,093,095,096,103,104,108,109,110,115,123,125

41 32.28%

2 Less Accurate

001,002,003,004,005,006,007,008,012,015,018,020,022,024,025,029,030,032,034,036,038,040,041,046,047,049,051,052,061,066,067,068,070,073,076,077,078,079,081,082,083,084,086,087,090,091,092,094,098,100,101,105,106,118,119,120,122,124,126

59 46.46%

3 Inaccurate 055,059,060,062,063,064,065,069,071,072,074,075,080,085,089,097,099,102,107,111,112,113,114,116,117,121,127

27 21.26%

4 Very Inaccurate - 0 0 %

4 Total 127 127 100.00%

3. The Analysis of Translation Acceptability

The acceptability level is also analyzed based on the score given by three

raters (the foreigners). After having the score from the raters, the researcher makes

a calculation and finds the mean (average) of the score. The researcher also counts

the mean of the acceptability score gained. The average point is to classify the

data into categories as follows:

a. Category A is acceptable translation with the average point of the

data ranging from 2.4 - 3.0.

b. Category B is less acceptable translation with the average point of

the data ranging from 1.7 – 2.3.


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c. Category C is unacceptable translation with the average point of

the data ranging from 1.0 – 1.6.

Table 7

Acceptability Scale of Translation of Cultural Terms


3 Acceptable

The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases has natural form of the target text, sounds natural, and almost does not seem like translation.

2.4 - 3.0

2 Less acceptable

The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases is closely natural, but there are some uncommon words or phrases in the translation of cultural terms that still exist.

1.7 – 2.3

1 Unacceptable

The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases is translated literally from the source language that is Indonesian (sounds so unnatural). There are also the uses of unfamiliar cultural terms in the English translation.

1.0 – 1.6

a. Acceptable Translation

This category covers the data with the average score ranging from 2.4 -3.0.

There are 68 data (53.55%) of 127 data totally that are considered to be acceptable

translation. In this case, the three raters considered that most of the data in this

research are acceptable. Below are the two examples of this category:







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From the example above, among the three raters give score 3, (the highest

score). They consider that the translation is acceptable based on their

understanding. They can understand clearly about the meaning of the term for

there is the equivalent of the Indonesian cultural term “Wayang Kulit” to its

English translation that is “Leather Puppet”. Therefore, the translator becomes

success to produce acceptable translation in this case, for the translator

successfully finds the proper equivalent of the term above from SL to TL.

Example 2 (datum no. 040, p.21)

SL : Dalam perkembangannya, seni batik yang ada di Kampung Kauman

dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga bentuk batik, yaitu batik klasik motif pakem (batik

tulis), batik murni cap, dan model kombinasi antara tulis dan cap.

TL : In its development, the Batik from Kauman village can be differentiated

into three forms: original motives of classic batik, (handmade batik), pure printing

batik, and the combination model of handmade and printing mode.

The average score of the translation is 2,67. Although the translation does

not reach the highest score (3), but it is considered to be acceptable. In this case,

both R2 and R3 consider to give score 3. In contrast, R1 thinks that the score

should be 2 for he gives that score to the translation. Actually, only R1 giving the

suggestion to the translation, that is the term “Batik Murni Cap” should be

translated into “Purely Printing Batik”. The researcher also consider that the


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translation should employ “adverb”, to be “Purely Printing Batik” rather than

“Pure Printing Batik” for the word “Pure” is an adjective. By applying the last

translation “Purely Printing Batik”, the researcher considers that it will be more

acceptable.

b. Less Acceptable Translation

This category includes the data with average score ranging from 1.7-2.3.

There are 37 data (29.13%) of this research are considered as less acceptable

translation. Some of them will be discussed further as follows:










The average score of the example above is 2.33. Both R1 and R3 give

score 2. Meanwhile, R2 gives score 3. The translation is considered to be less

acceptable for there is the term “Wayang” that is not translated. Therefore, it is

still “strange” translation. In this case, R1 suggests the English translation of the

term should be ”Human Puppet”. The researcher also considered that it is less

acceptable to translate the term above into “Human Wayang” (drama). Maybe, the

researcher proposes the English translation to be “Human Puppet (a Javanese


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traditional plays)”. The researcher considered that the translation may become

more acceptable.

Example 2 (datum no. 064, p. 42):

SL : Selat Solo

TL : Salad ala Solo

From the example above, the cultural term “selat solo” is in the level of

being a title of one of the text in the bilingual tourism booklet. The average score

of the translation above is 2.00. Among the three raters give score 2 to the

translation. They consider the translation above to be less accurate. R1 suggests

the English translation of the term “Selat Solo” to be “ Solo Salad”. The

researcher herself thinks that it is no problem to translate “Selat Solo” into “Salad

ala Solo” for it is acceptable enough. However, the researcher proposes the other

new translation of the term “Selat Solo” into “Special salad from Solo”. The aim

of that translation proposed by the researcher is to emphasize that Solo has

different salad from what the target readers (foreigners) know in their country.

c. Unacceptable Translation

This category covers the data with the average score 1.0-1.6. There are 22

data (17. 32%) of this research are considered to be unacceptable translation. The

examples of this category will be discussed below:



harganya. (p. 3)


The average score of the data above is 1.67, for there are two raters


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(R1and R3) who give score 2. Meanwhile, R2 gives score 1. The researcher

analyzes this translation to be in accurate for the Indonesian cultural term “Pura

Mangkunegaran” is also translate the same into English as “Pura

Mangkunegaran”. It is unacceptable translation, since the target readers will not

know about what Pura Mangkunegaran is. The translator does not given any

information about it. For that case, the researcher proposes the other version of the

translation of the term ” Pura Mangkunegaran” into “Pura Mangkunegaran (one

of the georgeous palace in Solo city)”.


SL : Serabi mudah ditemukan di sepanjang Kota Solo, siang maupun malam

hari. (p. 49)

TL : You can easily find and buy serabi in Solo, day time or night time.

The average score of the translation above is 1.33 for both R2 and R3 give

score 1 and R1 gives score 2. Among them state that the translation is not clear in

term of message delivered. In this case, the translator only applies the loan word

from the SL into TL. In fact, the translator can translate it into good translation

with clear information. For that case, the researcher proposes that the term

“Serabi” should be translated into “Serabi (kind of traditional pancake from Solo

made from rice flour, coconut milk, and sugar)”. It is more acceptable to translate

in such a simple way.


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Table 8Acceptability Score of Translation of the Cultural Terms

No. Data

Rater I Rater II Rater IIIMean

George Douglas Shane1 2 3 3 2.672 3 2 2 2.333 3 2 2 2.334 3 2 3 2.675 2 1 2 1.676 2 3 3 2.677 3 2 2 2.338 2 3 2 2.339 3 3 3 3.0010 3 3 3 3.0011 3 3 3 3.0012 2 3 3 2.6713 3 3 3 3.0014 3 3 3 3.0015 2 2 2 2.0016 3 3 3 3.0017 3 3 3 3.0018 2 3 2 2.3319 2 3 3 2.6720 3 2 2 2.3321 3 2 3 2.6722 2 1 1 1.3323 3 2 3 2.6724 2 3 2 2.3325 3 3 3 3.0026 3 3 3 3.0027 3 3 3 3.0028 3 3 3 3.0029 2 3 2 2.3330 3 2 2 2.3331 3 3 3 3.0032 2 2 3 2.3333 3 3 3 3.0034 2 3 3 2.6735 3 3 3 3.0036 2 3 3 2.6737 3 2 3 2.6738 2 3 3 2.6739 3 3 3 3.0040 2 3 3 2.6741 3 2 2 2.33


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42 3 3 3 3.0043 3 3 3 3.0044 3 3 3 3.0045 3 3 3 3.0046 3 3 2 2.6747 3 2 2 2.3348 3 3 3 3.0049 3 3 3 3.0050 3 2 2 2.3351 3 3 2 2.6752 3 2 2 2.3353 3 3 3 3.0054 3 3 3 3.0055 2 1 1 1.3356 3 3 3 3.0057 3 3 3 3.0058 3 3 3 3.0059 2 1 1 1.3360 3 2 2 2.3361 3 2 2 2.3362 2 1 1 1.3363 2 1 1 1.3364 2 2 2 2.0065 3 1 1 1.6766 3 2 2 2.3367 3 2 2 2.3368 3 3 2 2.6769 2 1 1 1.3370 3 3 2 2.6771 2 1 1 1.3372 2 1 1 1.3373 3 2 1 2.0074 2 1 1 1.3375 3 2 2 2.3376 3 3 2 2.6777 3 3 2 2.6778 3 3 2 2.6779 2 3 2 2.3380 3 1 1 1.6781 3 2 2 2.3382 3 2 2 2.3383 3 2 3 2.6784 3 2 2 2.3385 2 2 2 2.0086 3 2 2 2.3387 3 2 3 2.67


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88 3 3 3 3.0089 2 1 1 1.3390 3 3 3 3.0091 3 2 2 2.3392 2 2 2 2.0093 3 3 3 3.0094 3 2 3 2.6795 3 3 3 3.0096 3 3 3 3.0097 2 1 1 1.3398 2 2 2 2.0099 2 1 1 1.33100 2 3 3 2.67101 2 2 2 2.00102 2 2 1 1.67103 3 3 3 3.00104 3 3 3 3.00105 3 3 3 3.00106 2 3 3 2.67107 2 1 1 1.33108 3 3 3 3.00109 3 3 3 3.00110 2 3 3 2.67111 2 1 1 1.33112 2 1 1 1.33113 2 2 2 2.00114 2 1 1 1.33115 3 3 3 3.00116 2 2 2 2.00117 2 2 2 2.00118 2 2 2 2.00119 2 3 3 2.67120 2 3 3 2.67121 2 1 1 1.33122 3 2 3 2.67123 3 3 3 3.00124 2 3 2 2.33125 3 3 3 3.00126 2 3 3 2.67127 3 1 1 1.67

TOTAL 331 299 294 308Average 2.6 2.35 2.31 2.42


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Table 9The Classification of Translation Acceptability

No. Categories Data Number Total Percentage

1 Acceptable

001,004,006,009,010,011,012,013,014,016,017,019,021,023,025,026,027,028,031,033,034,035,036,037,038,039,040,042,043,044,045,046,048,049,051,053,054,056,057,058,068,070,076,077,078,083,087,088,090,093,094,095,096,100,103,104,105,106,108,109,110,115,119,120,122,123,125,126

68 53.55%

2 Less Acceptable

002,003,007,008,015,018,020,024,029,030,032,041,047,050,052,060,061,064,066,067,073,075,079,081,082,084,085,086,091,092,098,101,113,116,117,118,124

37 29.13%

3 Unacceptable

005,022,055,059,062,063,065,069,071,072,074,080,089,097,099,102,107,111,112,114,121,125 ,127

22 17.32%

4 Total 127 127 100.00%

C. Discussion

Based on the analysis of the research, the researcher finds that in

translating Indonesian cultural terms into English really need the use of borrowing

plus explanation technique. In this research, the researcher calls this technique as

couplet (transference plus functional equivalent) proposed by Newmark. In more

common words, it is generally called borrowing plus explanation technique. It is

said to be the more accurate technique to apply for translating cultural terms need

clear information, so the target readers will clearly understand about the meanings

of the original terms translated. The other reason is because in translating cultural

term, the translator often faces the matter of “no-equivalent”, so this technique is

the proper way to solve the problem. The matter of using transference or

borrowing technique in this case is to appreciate the original cultural term of the


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SL. Based on the researcher’s analysis, it is the most accurate technique to apply.

The other techniques which are accurate to translate cultural term

(especially to solve cultural problem in translation) are: cultural equivalent and

functional equivalent. In contrast, the most inaccurate technique to apply in this

case is reduction. The researcher analyzes that this translation technique in this

research is useless for it is not translated at all. Therefore, it is very fatal to do.

Actually, the researcher finds eight techniques applied by the translator in

this research. Those techniques are: shift/transpositions, couplet (transference plus

functional equivalent) explanation, addition, cultural equivalent, borrowing or

transference, literal translation, functional equivalent, and reduction. From the

research analysis shows that there are the techniques that are not proper to apply,

such as reduction, and transference or borrowing. It is because the meanings of

the data are not conveyed to the TL totally. It can be meant that the message is

distorted. Even, the message can be unclear for the target readers. It may cause

misunderstanding towards the target readers, for they do not know the clear

message or meaning of the source cultural terms (Indonesian) into English. This is

very fatal to do in translation. Therefore, the researcher proposes those techniques

to avoid by the translator, especially in translating cultural terms with many

problems of “no - equivalent”.

In terms of translation accuracy, the researcher analyzes that as overall, the

translation of the research is considered to be less accurate both based on the

rating score of the raters and the analysis of the researcher. It is because there are

only 41 data (32.28 %) of 127 data totally that are considered accurate. Moreover,

most of the data (59 data or 46.46 %) are considered to be less accurate


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translation. There are 27 (21.26 %) data that are considered to be inaccurate, and

no datum that is considered to be very inaccurate. The reason of the phenomenon

is that there are many improper techniques applied, such as reducing the message,

so the meaning or message of the cultural term is distorted, or even it is omitted.

The translator should be aware in this case for it is related to the quality of the

translation, especially the level of translation accuracy. The reason is that the

accuracy of the translation is very important thing to affect the result of translation

whether it is good or not.

Then, in terms of translation acceptability, this research is considered to be

acceptable translation as overall. It is because most of the data are said to be

acceptable based on the rating score of the three raters and based on the analysis

of the researcher. The number of the acceptable data in this research is the most to

find with 68 data (53.55 %) of 127 data totally. The second to find is less

acceptable translation with 37 data (29.13 %). The least data is unacceptable

translation with 22 data (17.32 %). Ironically, there are still many data to be less

acceptable and unacceptable translation. The matters happen usually because of

the errors made by the translator, such as the errors in applying or choosing the

techniques and the improper equivalents applied. According to the analysis of the

researcher, there is the datum that has no translation in English, even, the

translator only substracts the original cultural term. It can be said that the message

is distorted or even omitted. There are also many data that only employ the

original term of the SL (the loan word) into the TL. It is actually affect the bad

level of translation acceptability. Translating the cultural terms is not only about

borrowing, but also explaining the additional information about the cultural terms.


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Therefore, it is a must for the translator to pay attention towards this matter to

produce the high quality translation, especially in terms of translation

acceptability in this case.

Finally, the choice of the proper translation techniques is very important in

order to produce the high quality translation, especially in terms of accuracy and

acceptability of translation. Of course, between the choice of translation

techniques and the translation quality are closely related. Besides, the translator

should improve the translation competence, they are: language competence,

cultural competence, subject competence, discourse competence, strategic

competence, and transfer competence. The important one is about the strategic

competence, since it is the competence had by the professional translator to solve

translation problems. Cultural competence is also important, since it is related to

the mastering ability of both the two cultures in good understanding. Therefore,

translating the Indonesian cultural terms into English of the bilingual tourism

booklet in this research is considered to be good enough translation, since there

are still many mistakes happens in the translation based on the research analysis.

Table 10The Level of Accuracy of the Translation Techniques


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No Translation Techniques

Level Of Accuracy Data Number Total Percentage

1

Shift / Transposition

(36 Data / 28.35 %)

a. Accurate

009,010,019,021,026,031,033,039,042,045,048,050,053,057,096,

110

17 47.22 %

b. Less accurate

001,018,024,029,030,036,038,

040,046,051,052,070,082,091,10

1,124

16 44.45 %

c. Inaccurate 116,117,127 3 8.33 %

2

Couplet (transference

plus functional equivalent) (26 Data / 20.47 %)

a. Accurate

011,013,014,017,027,028,044,093,095,108,109,1

23

12 46.15 %

b. Less accurate

004,012,032,047,078,079,086,087,090,098,005,1

06,113

13 50.00%

c. Inaccurate 085 1 3.85 %

3

Transference / borrowing (22

data / 17.32 %)

a. Accurate 023 1 4.55 %b. Less accurate 005,015,022 3 13.64%

c. Inaccurate

059,062,063,065,069,071,072,074,080,089,097,099,102,107,111,

112,114,121

18 81.81%

4

Cultural Equivalent (13 Data / 10.23

%)

a. Accurate 016,037,054,056,058, 125 6 46.15 %

b. Less accurate

049,076,083,084,092,122,126 7 53,85 %

5

Literal Translation

(10 Data / 7.88 %)

a. Accurate 035,104 2 20.00%b. Less accurate

002,020,100,118,119,120 6 60,00%

c. Inaccurate 064,075 2 20.00%

6

Functional equivalent(13 Data / 10.23 %)

a. Accurate 043, 088,103 3 23.08%

b. Less accurate

025,061,066,067,068,073,077,08

1,0949 69.23%

c. Inaccurate 060 1 7.69%

7Addition

(6 Data / 4.73 %)

Less accurate 003,006,007,008034,041 6 100.00%


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8Reduction

(1 Data / 0.79 %)

Inaccurate 055 1 100.00%


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

This chapter presents the conclusions based on the analysis and discussion

in the previous chapter. In conclusion, the result of the data analysis from 127 data

totally shows that there are eight translation techniques applied by the translator of

the bilingual tourism booklet of Surakarta. Those translation techniques are: shift

or transposition (36 data or 28.35 %), couplet (transference plus functional

equivalent) 26 data or 20.47 %), transference or borrowing (22 data or 17.32 %),

cultural equivalent (13 data or 10.23 %), literal translation (10 data or 7.88 %),

addition (6 data or 4.73 %), functional equivalent (13 data or 10.23%), and

reduction (1 datum or 0.79 %). The analysis shows that the most frequently - used

translation technique is shift or transposition. Besides, the most accurate technique

applied is couplet (transference plus functional equivalent), -or in common words,

it is called as borrowing plus explanation-, since it is proper to apply in translating

cultural terms. Then, the least accurate translation is reduction since this technique

should be avoided if it is not really needed.

The accuracy analysis shows that there are 41 data (32.28 %) from 127

data totally that are considered accurate. The less accurate data are 59 data (46.46

%) of 127 data totally. The inaccurate data are 27 data (21.26 %), whereas, there is

no very inaccurate datum. It is clearly seen that most of the data are considered to

be less accurate translation. Based on the data analysis, the bilingual tourism

booklet of Surakarta is considered to be less accurate. It is because there are most

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data that are considered to be less accurate from the raters’ rating system and the

researcher’s analysis.

The researcher analyzed that there are improper techniques applied by the

translator in translating Indonesian cultural terms into English, such as reduction

and transference (borrowing). It is not good to only apply reduction technique,

since the message of the original term is not accurately conveyed from SL into

TL. Additionally, it is also improper to only borrow the original term of the SL

into TL, since the target readers can not understand the message accurately. In this

case, the translator is highly recommended to add the explanation as the additional

information of the original term borrowed (applying couplet technique which is

the combination of transference with cultural or functional equivalent). The less

accurate translation in the bilingual tourism booklet of Surakarta happens because

of the lack of faithfulness of the message which is conveyed from SL into TL.

The analysis of acceptability shows that there are 68 data (53.55 %) that

are regarded as acceptable translation, 37 data (29.13 %) that are regarded as less

acceptable translation, and 22 data (17.32 %) that are regarded as unacceptable

translation. Based on the analysis, it can be clearly seen that the translation of the

Indonesian cultural terms into English is mostly acceptable, for the translation

employs the natural word order and common terms from SL into TL.

The consideration of the bilingual tourism booklet to be acceptable

translation is gained from the raters’ rating system and the researcher’s analysis.

The translation of the Indonesian cultural terms into English in this booklet mostly

employs the naturalness of the message in the target text toward the target readers.

As a result, the target readers (the foreigners) are not too confused when they read


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the target text (English translation). It means that the English translation in this

bilingual tourism booklet is acceptable for the target readers.

B. Suggestion

After drawing conclusions of the research, the researcher would like to

propose some suggestions as follows:

1. The Translator

The researcher recommends that in translating the cultural terms,

the translator should improve the translation competence. The good under-

standing of both the culture of SL and TL is very needed to produce the

good quality result of translation, and to avoid the dangerous errors in

translation. The translator also has to be excellent in applying the proper

translation techniques that can affect the quality level of translation, espe-

cially in terms of accuracy and acceptability.

2. Other Researchers

The researcher suggests the other researchers to analyze deeper and

better about the cultural terms, since it is very advantageous and signific-

ant to analyze. The other researchers are highly recommended to be smart

in analyzing the techniques and quality of the translation of cultural terms

clearly. It is also recommended to other researchers to analyze the other

types of cultural terms in many cultural books or sources. In addition, the

other researchers are also highly recommended to apply in-depth interview

of the qualitative research towards the raters in order to gain the greater

and better information of the data analysis done.


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3. Students of English Department

The researcher suggests the students of English Department that

love to analyze the cultural terms to learn more about the other cultural

terms analysis in order to broaden the knowledge in analyzing and learn-

ing about cultural terms in all aspects.

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