1860 - 1920

Ch. 5“An Industrial Nation”

DRQ 5.1

Briefly describe what life was like for ONE of the following individuals during the late 1800’s. An immigrant in New York A factory worker in Boston A Native American in South Dakota An African American living in Mississippi

Lecture Notes 5.1“The American West”

A. Conflicts with Native Americans

1. Native Americans v. settlersa. Ghost Dance - land ownership

2. Government policya. use of reservations

3. The Indian Warsa. Sand Creek Massacre – 1864

b. Battle of the Little Bighorn – 18761) Sitting Bull – Sioux victory2) George Armstrong Custer - disaster

c. Wounded Knee Massacre – 1890

4. Resistance ends in the Westa. Chief Joseph – Nez Perce

b. Geronimo – Apache

5. Reservation Lifea. “Americanization”

b. Dawes Act - 1887

B. Mining and Ranching

1. Mining communitiesa. from camps to communities

2. Mining as a businessa. 1880’s – mining by companies

3. Ranching on the Plainsa. cattle ranching – Texas

Longhornb. sheep ranching – conflicts erupt

4. Cattle drivesa. cowboys hiredb. Chisholm Trail – Texas to

Kansas

5. Ranching as big businessa. barbed wire – changes Westb. cattle corporations

C. Farmers on the Great Plains

1. 1862 – Homestead Act passeda. 160 acres of free landb. Pacific Railway Act - Morill Act

2. The Oklahoma Land Rusha. 1889 – land claimed/settled

3. The new settlersa. push/pull factorsb. White, African-American,

European, Chinese

4. Challenges and solutionsa. harsh climate, irrigation, no woodb. sod houses, machineryc. 1890 – U.S. Census Bureau

1) declares frontier is officially closed

d. 1893 – Frederick Jackson Turner1) “Frontier Thesis”

Lecture Notes 5.2“The Second Industrial

Revolution”

DRQ 5.2

List and briefly describe one event that occurred for each of the following groups during the settlement of the West. Native Americans Miners/Ranchers Farmers

D. Industry and Railroads

1. The 2nd Industrial Revolution

2. Making steela. 1850’s – Bessemer Process

1) steel made faster/cheaper

b. RR’s, bridges, skyscrapers

3. Railroads expanda. free land and cheap steelb. 1869 – the Transcontinental

RR1) Union Pacific and Central

Pacific2) Unites the nation

E. The Rise of Big Business

1. Business prospersa. entrepreneursb. capitalismc. laissez-faired. social Darwinism

2. New business organizationa. the corporation – stocks/sharesb. trusts/monopolies developed

3. Industrial tycoonsa. Rockefeller – Standard Oilb. Carnegie – U.S. Steelc. J.P. Morgan – bankingd. Vanderbilt/Pullman – RR’se. robber barons/captains of industry

4. Mass marketinga. Dept. stores/ mail order catalogs

F. Workers Organize

1. 1890 – Sherman Anti-Trust Acta. attempts to make trusts illegal

2. The American workforcea. child labor - bad conditionsb. 1869 – Knights of Laborc. 1877 – Great RR Strike

1) first major RR strike

d. 1886 – Haymarket Riot1) bombing leads to 11 deaths

3. Setbacks for organized labora. 1886 – American Federation of

Labor (AFL)b. 1892 – Homestead Strike

1) violence makes unions lose support

c. 1893 – Pullman Strike1) Federal troops sent in

G. Advances in Transportation/Communication

1. A transportation revolutiona. 1900 - Streetcars – most citiesb. 1897 - Subways – ease trafficc. 1893 - Automobiles – only wealthyd. 1903 - Airplanes – Wright Bros.

2. A communication revolutiona. 1837 – Telegraph – Samuel Morseb. 1876 – Telephone – Alexander Bellc. 1867 – Typewriter – Christopher

Sholes

3. Thomas Edisona. “Wizard of Menlo Park”b. electric light bulb transforms

societyc. 1,000 patents for inventions

Lecture Notes 5.3“Life at the Turn of the 20th

Century”

DRQ 5.3

List as many new inventions in transportation and communication that you can think of that were developed in the late 1800’s.

H. New Immigrants

1. 1800-1880 - Old Immigrantsa. northern/western Europe

2. 1880-1910 – New Immigrantsa. southern/eastern Europeb. more ethnically/religiously

diverse

3. Coming to Americaa. fleeing persecution/povertyb. Ellis Island and Angel Islandc. poor living conditions - tenementsd. ethnic neighborhoods - lifeline

4. Prejudice against immigrantsa. Nativists – see immigrants as

threatb. 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Actc. Literacy tests

I. Urban Life in America

1. Growing and crowded citiesa. Elisha Otis – elevatorb. Frederick Law Olmstead – Central

Park, NY

2. How different classes liveda. Wealthy – showed off wealthb. Middle – professionalsc. Working class – tenements

3. The settlement house movementa. Immigrant services

1) English classes, job training

b. 1889 - Jane Addams's Hull House1) Chicago – first U.S. settlement

house

c. Social Gospel 1) faith expressed through good works

J. Political Scandal and Reform

1. American citiesa. crime, bad housing, poor

sanitationb. political machines = corruptionc. Tammany Hall – New York

1) Boss Tweed and the “Tweed Ring”

2. Scandal in the governmenta. Credit Mobilier Scandal – Grantb. Pendleton Civil Service Act

3. Farmers’ reform movementsa. 1887 – Interstate Commerce Act

4. Silver v. Golda. Farmers’ Alliance – Populist Party

5. The election of 1896a. Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” speechb. McKinley becomes president

K. Segregation and Discrimination

1. Legalized discriminationa. poll taxes and literacy testsb. 1880-90’s - Jim Crow Laws

1) enforced segregation in South

c. 1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson1) “separate but equal” upheld

d. lynching of African Americans

2. Opposing discriminationa. Booker T. Washington

1) improve through learning skills2) Tuskegee Institute

b. W.E.B. DuBois1) full rights immediately2) Niagara Movement - NAACP

3. Other groups face discriminationa. Hispanics, Asians, Natives