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A CASE STUDY ONEFFICIENCY OF TREATMENT PLANT BY OBSERVING INLET’S AND OUTLET’S DRINKING

WATER QWALITY OF MAHANKAL TREATMENT PLANT.

A CASE STUDY ONEFFICIENCY OF TREATMENT PLANT BY OBSERVING INLET’S AND OUTLET’S DRINKING

WATER QWALITY OF MAHANKAL TREATMENT PLANT.

SUBMITTED TOGolden gate international college

InPartial Fulfillment for the Master’s Degree

in Environmental Science, 2011

SUBMITTED BYHari P. Neupane

Table of Contents

Chapter (I): General_____________________________________________________11.1 Background__________________________________________________________1

1.2 significance water quality 1

1.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen___________________________________________________________21.2.2 Phosphorus________________________________________________________________31.2.3 Nitrate and nitrite ____________________________________________________________3

1.2.4 Faecal coli forms 3

1.3 study site 5

1.5 Need of the Study______________________________________________________6

Chapter (II): Literature Review 6_2.1 Relevant Outcomes____________________________________________________8

2.2 Legal Options________________________________________________________142.2.1 Water Resources Act, 1992 6 2.2.2 National Water Plan, (2002 - 2027) 6

Chapter (III): Study Approach____________________________________________63.2 Significance of study: 7

3.3 Objectives: 7

3.4 Scope of the Work 7 3.5 Methodology 7

3.6 Time schedule 11

3.8 Reference___________________________________________________________12

1.1 BackgroundWater is the most important resources for the entire living planet. Only a tiny fraction of the

planet’s abundant water is available to us as fresh water. About 97.4% by volume is found

in the oceans and is too salty for drinking irrigation or industry .Most of the remaining 2.6%

that is fresh water is locked up in ice caps or glaciers or is ground water too deep or salty

to be used .An ancient time the water is only used or drinking purpose but later on use of

water increases i.e. the water also used for irrigation of their fields and also used for

various purposes. Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resources needed by multiple

stakeholders for a range of purposes like domestic water supply, irrigation, hydropower

and industrial production.

In the case of Nepal, there is large potential of water resources, nearly of about 6,000

rivers and rivulets which exceed a total length of about 45,000km (CBS, 1989) and

different types of river is found over here. According to the types three different types of

river are as follows: Small River, Medium River and Major rivers.

One of the first things that the world travelers worries about is whether it is safe to drink the water and whether uncooked foods washed in local water are safe to eat. The answer is ‘no’ there are more than two billion people in the developing country of the world facing the problem without pure drinking water.

The total demand of drinking water in Katmandu valley is about 257 million liters per day

(MLD) with about 184 MLD for household use; whereas Nepal Water Supply Corporation

(NWSC) has a capacity of producing an average of 137 MLD (unpublished NWSC report,

2005). It is quite obvious that if the proposed project is executed there will be a significant

revolution in the drinking water supply situation in Nepal, not only in terms of volume and

quality of drinking water supplied to Katmandu city but also structure and processes of the

supply system.

The physicals and chemical quality of water depends on natural and manmade

factor(sharma,1997)some of the major physical and chemical qualities of freshwater

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Chapter (II): General

ecosystem are temperature,pH,turbidity, COD,BOD,DO,TDS,hardness of water free

co2,alkalinity,salinity and the main parameters for the drinking water quality is

Ammonia,Nitrate,Phosphorus, Faecal Coli forms ,DO, and etc.

1.2 Significant Water Quality Parameters & Criteria of Water Quality Parameters

1.2.1 Chemical parameters Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is required for the survival of aquatic animals and micro fauna. It is said

that for freshwater aquatic life survival in such surface water, the dissolved oxygen contain

must be higher than 5mg/l. But the eutrophic lake has decline content of dissolved oxygen.

The criteria are derived from the production impairment estimates which are primarily

based upon their growth data and information on the temperature, disease and pollution

stresses.

Criteria: The cold water minimum level has been established at 4mg/lt. The studies analysis of cycling of dissolved oxygen1 indicates oxygen level >6mg/l has no beneficial effect.

PhosphorusPhosphorus in the elemental form is particularly toxic and is subjected to bioaccumulation.

In excess of critical concentration, phosphates stimulate excessive plant growth. Generally

it is recognized that phosphorus is not only the sole cause of eutrophication but there is

substantiating evidence that frequently it is the key element of all element required by

fresh water plants. Phosphate enters the water ways from several different sources like

the use of phosphate detergents, agricultural pesticides etc. Evidences suggest that (a)

high phosphorus concentration is associated with accelerated eutrophication of water body

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where other growth promoting factors are present. Phosphates are used by algae and

other higher aquatic plants and may be stores in excess of use within the plant cells. Algal

growth imparts undesirable tastes and odors to water that interfere with the water. They

contribute to the phenomenon of cultural eutrophication.

Criteria: 0.10 mg/l

Fluoride Fluoride is a natural trace element, found in small but widely varying amounts in waters .Groundwater are more likely to have higher fluoride content. However, most surface waters have negligible amounts. The presence of fluoride in water was identified in the United States in the 1950s to improve the dental health of growing children. At the maximum concentrations in potable water, fluoride reduces dental caries from 20 percent to 40 percent among children who ingest the water from birth. The concept of fluoridation is varies among different countries ,there are no fluoridation occur in united states ,the level of fluoridation is decreasing in united kingdom and local water authorities decide regionally whether to fluoride or not .in northern Europe, almost no areas practice fluoridation.

Fluoride is known as useful chemical for dental decay when it is treated in balance condition. In drinking water,1mg/l is it’s concentration in a temperate climate ,it is known to reduce dental caries by up to 65%(shrestha,2002) and it is a well known fact that high fluoride contact is harmful to health. WHO set up its guideline value as 1.5 mg/l.In Nepal 95% of drinking water has fluoride level below 0.3 mg/l.The hot springs of Nepal have high value of fluoride content.

Nitrite and Nitrate

Nitrate and nitrite are related

Nitrogen compounds that occur naturally in soil, water, Nitrate and nitrite are relatedNitrogen compounds that occur naturally in soil, water plants, and food. They are formed when microorganisms in the environment break down organic materials, such as plants, animal manure, and sewage. Nitrate can also be found in chemical fertilizers. Nitrite is used as a curing agent for meat. Nitrate is more commonly found in water than nitrate.

Under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), regulations, all public water supplies using ground water must be monitored for nitrate and nitrite. How nitrate come in contact with drinking water?

Nitrate can get into your drinking water from runoff or seepage into ground water from farms, golf courses, home lawns and gardens. Other sources of nitrate and nitrite in water include landfills, poorly managed animal feedlots, and faulty septic systems. In

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the private well, nitrate may get into the water more easily if well is poorly constructed or improperly located. Under certain conditions, the body changes nitrate to nitrite. Methemoglobinemia, a form of anemia can result from the reaction of nitrite with hemoglobin in the blood. When this occurs, the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the body's tissues is decreased.Pregnant women are also more susceptible Nitrate/nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia since they have higher than normal levels of methemoglobin.The level of methemoglobinemia peaks around the, 30th week of pregnancy and declines to a normal level after delivery. Nitrite can form a variety of N-nitroso compounds by compounds have been found to cause cancer in animals. However, according to the USEPA, the data is inadequate to determine nitrate and nitrite in drinking water can result in whether exposure to human cancer.

In order to prevent or reduce the chances of health effects occurring due to contaminants in drinking water, "Maximum Contaminant Levels"(MCLs) have been established by the USEPA and the NJDEP. MCLs are set at levels that are below those known to cause must meet. Harmful effects. MCLs are legal limits that public water systems must meet. In1962, the U.S.Public Health Service recommended a permissible level equal to 10 parts per million (ppm) or 10 milligrams of nitrate-nitrogen in 1liter of drinking water (mg/l).Since this standard takes available health effects information into account, infants are

Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)Chemical MCL1

Nitrate 10 ppmNitrite 1 ppm

Nitrate/nitrite (combined

10 ppm

1measured as nitrogen in milligrams per liter (ppm)

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1.2.2 Biological parameters

Faecal coliform:

Contaminated water may harbour several bacteria capable of causing diseases such as typhoid fecver,dysentery,diarrhea,and cholera.Human pathogens in water supplies usually come from contamination of the water with human faeces .such polluted water can transfer a wide range of viral ,bacterial and protozoa diseases. The specific types of pathogens can be detected directly in the water samples; however waterborne diseases are difficult to detect and /or quantify.so, environmental microbiologists generally prefer to detect the presence of indicator organisms.

The coliforms are defined as facultative anaerobes, Gram negatives,oxidase negative ,no spore forming, rod shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with gas formation at 37◦c.the coli form group traditionally includes the genera klebsiella,Escherichia,Enterobacter and Citrobacter. Faecal coliforms constitute the subset of total coliforms that possess a more direct and closer relationship with homeothermic facal pollution.These bacteria have all the criteria used to define total coliforms i.e. all are aerobic and facultatively anaerobic,gram negative ,non spore forming rod shaped bacteria that ferment the lactose with gas and acid production in 24-48 hours at 36± 1◦c ;in addition they grow and ferment lactose with production of gas and acid at 44.5±0.2◦c within the first 48 hours of incubation. For this reason, the name “thermo tolerant coli forms” is preferred for “Faecal coli forms”.

1.3 Study siteThe study will be in inlet and outlet water quality in terms of different parameter as mentioned above. And the site is Drinking water treatment plant at Mahankal, Katmandu.

Why this site?

This is the treatment plant where more no. of populations of Katmandu get benefited and one of the largest Khanepani distributor, and this is also the plant where the water of sundarijal come and get treated.

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1.4 Need of the StudyAt present most of the drinking water is contaminated through different waterborne pathogens,

Drinking pure water is necessary for the better health, so to know the conditions and level of

quality, regular monitoring is needed .

I couln’t met lot of literature about this in this place ,I will search more about it……

1.5 Aquatic Animals protection Act, 1961Under this act, it is an offence to introduce poisonous, noxious or explosive materials into

a water source or destroy any water system with the intent of catching or killing aquatic

life.

1.6 Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 1982This act enacted to combat degradation of valuable land from flooding, water -logging,

salinity in irrigated and acceleration of siltation in storage reservoirs and to properly

manage the catchments of Nepal. The act empowers the government to declare any

catchment area protected. The act outlines the essential parameters necessary for the

proper management of catchment areas, including rivers and lakes.

1.7 Water Resources Act, 1992The act strives to minimize environmental damage to wetlands, especially lakes and rivers

through environmental impact assessments. Section 8 (1) of the act requires any person

or corporate body wishing to survey or use specific water resources to apply to the

appropriate authority and submit a detailed economic, technical and environmental report.

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Chapter (II): Literature Review

1.8 National Water Plan, (2002 - 2027)The national water plan targeted to reduce the water induced disaster in important

watersheds and aquatic ecosystem. As per the target 5, a management plan for nationally

important watersheds and aquatic systems is prepared and initiated by 2007. Similarly, the

full scale environmental protection and management projects are implemented in all

priority watersheds and aquatic ecosystems by 2017. The adequate water quantity is

attained for aquatic habitat, including fish, human consumption and recreation in all rivers

and lakes by 2027.

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1.9 Significance of study:

Since this treatment plant has historical importance value .Our study may help to know

the main problem related to the potability and also help to find some solution about the

scarcity of drinking water and finally help to know the condition and efficiency of

treatment plant in terms of drinkability .

2.0 Objectives: The main objective of the study will be assess the potability of water in terms

of ;1. Floride

2. Nitrate

3. DO level and

4. Faecal coli forms

To find out the efficiency of treatment plant by observing inlet and outlet water quality.

2.1 Scope of the Work The chemical and biological characteristics of water will be known by this study.

Few secondary parameters (fluoride ,Nitrate, coli-forms ) will be used for the study

2.2 MethodologyThe water samples were collected from the treatment plant following the standard operating

procedures were followed. Different sampling points were first identified for sample collection. In

order to characterize the parameter Total Phosphorous was analyzed by following SOP,

coliforms was analyzed in laboratory by MPN method.

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Chapter (III): Study Approach

However, the overall study was conducted by the series of research works as a design schedule.

2.3 Water Sample Collection & Analytical MethodsThe water samples were collected by standard operating procedures on sampling surface

water. The water quality parameter was analyzed in the college laboratory and was verified in

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Literature review

Field Visit, Sampling, Data Collection

Field visit was carried out to collect sample & primary data for the study.

ObservationAn intensive field visit was made for the site specific observation.

Consultation with various stakeholders.

Consultation of various stake holders & concerned authorities was made to ensure the exact information needed for the study & to view the situation from different angles & perspective as well.

Interview and discussion

Questionnaire survey was carried out for interview to get the necessary information for the study. Besides, group discussion was carried out to have an idea about their subjective perceptions.

Report Preparation

Finally, the information achieved was organized in sequential order to prepare a report of the study.

As the source of secondary data relevant literatures was reviewed from reports, books, seminar papers, web sites and other relevant sources as to have the knowledge of the past studies is very much important.

the accredited laboratory (NESS). The brief summary about to be determined water quality

parameter is enlisted in following table (3.6.1)

Structured formats were used for the secondary data collection during the field works.

Table (3.6.1): Brief Summary about Water Quality ParametersS. N Parameters Method Summary Reference

1.Total Phosphorous

Ascorbic Acid

Ammonium molybdate and potassium antimonyl tartarate react with the orthophosphate formed after sulfuric acid – nitric acid digestion in acidic solution to form antimony phosphomolybdate complex (heteropolyacid-phosphomolybdic acid) which is reduced to intensely blue complexes by ascorbic acid. Finally the absorbance of color compound is measured in spectrophotometer at 880nm.

4500 - P E, APHA-AWWA-WPCF, 1989 17th Edition

2 pH Electrometric

The cell consists of a glass electrode system immersed in a test solution. The electrode system is pH sensitive and develops an electrical potential linearly proportional to the pH of the solution in which it is immersed.

4500 - H + B,: APHA-AWWA-WPCF, 1989 17 th Edition

3 Nitrate

Bru

cine

Met

hod

…………………… ………….

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4 fluoride

……

……

……

….

……………… ……………

4Dissolved Oxygen

Winkler Azide Modification

The azide modification analysis is the Iodometric titration. In this method, manganous sulfate solution, alkali - azide solution and sulfuric acid are added successively in the DO bottle and the liberated iodine is titrated against sodium thiosulfate solution to the starch end point.

4500 - O C, APHA-AWWA-WPCF, 1989 17th Edition

5.Faecal coli forms

MPN method/Mf

method………………… ……………

2.4 Time Schedule & Budget

ActivitiesTime Frame

Ist Week IInd Week IIIrd Week IVth Week

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Literature review

Site identification

Field visit, Secondary Data Collection and Water Sampling

Data Analysis and Draft Report Preparation

Final report

Dissemination

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Reference

1. Masters M.G and Ela P. Wendell”Introduction to environmental engineering and science, 3rd Ed.

2. Manandhar S. and Sharma S., 2006”practical approach to Microbiology”1st Ed.

3. Kiely G.,2007,”Environmental engineering”

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Annex 1: Approval & verification of study plan

The so prepared study plan was verified & approved by the instructor

Study Plan Approval

Steps Time Frame Time CompletedRemarks from

Instructor

Proposal 7 Days July, 2006 Approved

Study Plan 7 Days July, 2006 Approved

Selection of Site

(Industry) &

secondary Data

Collection

15 Days August, 2006 Approved

Preliminary

Literature Review- July, 2006 to date Approved

Sampling 1 Day February, 2007 Approved

Analysis 7 Days February, 2007 Approved

Data Analysis 15 Days February, 2007 Approved

Draft Report15 Days March, 2007

Approved

Final Report Approved

Remarks : The study was conducted as per given flow chart and completed within the targeted

time frame.

Approved By:

………………………..

Sunil Babu Khatry

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Annex 2:

Table 1.1: Trophic State, BriefsTrophic Characteristics Briefs

OligotrophicClear waters with little organic matter or sediment and minimum biological activity.

MesotrophicWaters with more nutrients, and therefore, more biological productivity.

EutrophicWaters extremely rich in nutrients, with high biological productivity.   Some species may be choked out.

HypereutrophicMurky, highly productive waters, closest to the wetland status.   Many clearwater species cannot survive.

DystrophicLow in nutrients highly colored with dissolved humic organic material.  (Not necessarily a part of the natural trophic progression.)

Table 2.3.1: Criteria for Trophic CategoriesTrophic Parameters Criteria

Oligotrophic

Total phosphorus 0 - 10μg/l spring and summer

Total nitrogen 0 - 200μg /l spring and summer

Mesotrophic

Total phosphorus 10 - 300μg /l spring and summer

Total nitrogen 200 - 600μg /l spring and summer

Eutrophic

Total phosphorus 30 - 50μg /l spring and summer

Total nitrogen 600 - 1000μg /l spring and summer

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