182540989 phonetics ppt

8/10/2019 182540989 Phonetics Ppt

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PHONETICS

8/10/2019 182540989 Phonetics Ppt


DEFINITION

“The doctrine or science of soundsespecially those of human voice”.

“It is a science to study the characteristicsof human sounds making specially those

sounds used in speech and providesmethod for their description, classificationand transcription”.

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PHONETIC

TRANSCRIPTION Phonetic transcription may be defined as an

unambiguous system of representing

pronunciation by means of writing, the basicprinciple being to assign one and only one letterto each phoneme of the language.

It may be defined as a written of printedrepresentation of speech using phoneticalphabet.

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In standard orthography (the study of spellings) thesame letter can be used to represent different sounds

e.g.,

AT /æt/ ARM /ɑː m /

(same letter give different sounds)

It is a convenient method of showing sound - order

graphically. This graphic representation of sound – orderappeals to the visual memory and thus assists theauditory memory.

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Conventional English spellings are far from beingphonetics; it does not give the accurate information

as to sound – order required by the student ofspoken English.

The foreign learner who depends solely onordinarily orthography is in innumerable cases at aloss to know what sounds should be used, and iscontinually mispronouncing words.

Bridge, Psychology, car, time, powder

Mispronunciations may be avoided by the use ofPhonetic Transcription.

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IPA (International Phonetic

Association/Alphabet)

It provides suitable symbol for the sounds oflanguages.

These symbols are based on Roman and Greekalphabet. The first version of the alphabet was developed in

the late 19th century.

First dictionary was developed by Ellis, HenrySweet, Paul Passy and Daniel Jones, in the late 19th century.

The large number of diacritic makes it possible tomark minute shades of sounds as required for

narrow phonetic transcription.

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RP (Received Pronunciation)

Practically everyone knows that the pronunciation ofEnglish in America is different from most accents foundin Britain.

The accent used by most announcers and newsreaderson serious national and international BBC broadcastingchannels is identified as Received Pronunciation.

RP is the accent that has been chosen by Britishteachers to teach to foreign learners, and is the accentthat has been most fully described and has been used asthe basis for text books and pronouncing dictionaries.

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PHONEMES

Phoneme is the minimal sound.

The phonemes of a particular language are

those minimal distinct units of sounds that candistinguish meaning in that language.

We produce a continuous stream of soundswhile speaking.

We divide this stream into small pieces that wecall segments. For instance,

we all went home.wi: ɔː l went həʊm

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CONSONANTS

Consonants are sounds in which there is an obstructionto the flow of air as it passes from larynx to the lips.

Consonants are generally made by a definite

interference of the vocal organs with the air stream. They form the bones, the skeleton of English words and

give them their basic shape.

Consonants contribute more to making English

understood than vowels do. For example,

tʃ

θ ð g

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VOWELS

Vowels are sounds in which there is noobstruction to the flow of air as it passes from

larynx to the lips. Vowels are divided into long and short.

A doctor who wants to look at the back of apatient‟s mouth often asks the patient to say “

Ah”; making this vowel sound is the best way ofpresenting and unobstructed view e.g.,

æ ː

ɒ ʊ

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CONSONANTS

FRICTION CONSONANTS

There are nine consonant phonemes

whose main sounds all have friction astheir most important feature.

f v θ ð s z ʒ h

F ll f h h l h i h h

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For all of them the lungs push air througha narrow opening where it causes friction ofvarious kinds.

/f / and /v / /f / Strong Voiceless Long e.g.,/f ɑː st / Fast

/fi:l/ Feel

/sʌ

fə/ Suffer/rifju:z/ Refuse/laɪ f / Life

/v / Weak Perhaps voiced Short e.g.,/vɑːst/ Vast

/veri/ Very

/k ʌ

və/ Cover/lʌvə/ Lover

/seiv/ Save

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/ θ / and /ð /

/ θ / Stronger

Longer Voiceless e.g.,

/θ in/ Thin

/θiŋk / Think

/ɑː

θ ə/ Author/ɜː θ l/ Earthly

/miθ / Myth

/ð / Weaker

Shorter May be voiced e.g.,

/ðen/ Then

/ðis/ This

/ðʌ

ə/ Other/brʌðə/ Brother

/wið/ With

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/s/ and /z/

/s/ Strong

Longer Always voiceless e.g.,

/sɪŋ k / Sink

/sed/ Said

/bʌ

sIz/ Buses/reɪsɪŋ/ Racing

/f ɔː s/ Force

/z/ Weak

Short May be voiced e.g.,

/zu:/ Zoo

/zi:l/ Zeal

/lu:zə/ Loser/pleɪz / Plays

/bʌz/ Buzz

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/ ʃ / and /ʒ /

/ʃ/

Strong Does occur quite

frequently at the start.

/ʃ i:/ She/ʃɒp/ Shop

/ʃɪ

p/ Ship/ ʃʊə/ Sure/pʊʃ/ Push

/ʒ / Weak It does not e.g.,

/treʒə/ Treasure/ɪ

nveɪ

ʒən/ Invasion

/dɪ

sɪ

ʒən/ Decision/k əlɪ

ʒn/ Collision

/leʒə/ Leisure

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/h /

There are many /h / sounds in English as thereare vowels, because /h / always occurs before avowel and consists of the sound of breath.

/h / does not make very much noise, but it mustnot be left out when it should be sounded, fortwo reasons:

Many words are distinguished by the presenceor absence of /h /, like;

/hɪə / Here, /ɪə / Ear, /hɑːm / Harm,

/ɑːm / Arm, /hi:t / Heat, /i:t / Eat

Contd…

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English speakers consider that the leaving out of / h / is the mark of an uncultivated speaker.

Leaving out / h / is the biggest danger, but alesser error is to make / h / sounds too noisy.

/h

æt / Hat /h

i: / He /hu: / Who /h ɜ ː/ Her

/hɔːl / Hall

/h

/ also occur in the middle of words(althoughnever at the end of words)

/bɪhaɪnd / Behind /ʌnh

əʊlɪ / Unholy

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STOP CONSONANTS

In stop consonants the breath iscompletely stopped at some point in themouth, by the lips or tongue – tip or

tongue back and then released with aslight explosion.

There are four pairs of phonemes

containing stops.

/p/

/b/

/t/

/d/

/k/

/g/

/tʃ/

/dʒ/

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Like friction consonants one of each pair isstrong and other weak.

/p

/ and /b

/ / p /

Strong

Aspiration /phu:l / Pool

/ph

ɔːt / Port

/hæp

ɪ / Happy /sʌpə / Supper

/k æp / Cap

/ b /

Weak

Never has aspiration /bɔːt / Bought

/braɪd / Bride

/ʃæb

ɪ / Shabby /leɪbə / Labour

/tæb / Tab

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/t / and /d /

/ t /

Strong

Aspirated /thu: / Too

/tu: / Two

/ten

/ Ten /raɪtə / Writer

/leɪ

t / Late

/ d /

Short

Weak Never aspirated

/du: / Do

/dʌn / Done

/raɪ

d

ə / Rider

/læd

ə / Ladder

/h ɑːd / Hard

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/k / and /g /

/k/

Strong

Aspirated /k eɪv / Cave

/k ɜːl / Curl

/m

ɑːk ɪt / Market /θɪkə / Thicker

/bæk / Back

/g/

Weak

Short Never aspirated

/geɪv / Gave

/gɜːl / Girl

/tɑːgɪt / Target

/bɪgə / Bigger

/dɒg / Dog

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/tʃ / and /dʒ /English children imitate a steam engine by a

series of /tʃ

/ - sound /tʃ /

Strong

/tʃ

ɪn

/ Chin

/tʃɔɪs

/ Choice

/rɪtʃɪz

/ Riches

/bætʃɪz

/ Batches

/kætʃ

/ Catch

/dʒ /

Weak

Short /dʒəʊk / Joke

/dʒeɪn / Jane

/lɒdʒ

ɪŋ / Lodging /pɪdʒən / Pigeon

/eɪ

dʒ / Age

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NASAL CONSONANTS

There are three phonemes in English which arerepresented by nasal consonants.

/m/

/n/

/ŋ/

In all nasal consonants the soft palate

is lowered and at the same time the

mouth passage is blocked at somepoint, so that all the air is pushed outof the nose.

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/m / and /n /

/m/

/hɪm

/ Him

/læm/ Lamb

/geɪm

/ Game

/ru:m / Room

/læmp/ Lamp

/blɒsm

/ Blossom

/n/

/wʌn / One

/tɪn

/ Tin

/maɪn

/ Mine

/f ɒnd

/ Fond

/dʒɔɪnt

/ Joint

/ri:zn / Reason

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/ŋ /

The letter “ng” in words like “sing” representonly one sound for most English speakers.

A few use two sounds and pronounce the word /sɪŋg /.

If you do this it will be perfectly well understoodand it is better to pronounce /sɪŋg / than toconfuse this word with /sɪn /.

But it is better still to pronounce /sɪŋ / as mostEnglish speakers do e.g.,

Contd…

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/rɒŋ / Wrong /rʌŋ / Rung /sʌŋ / Sing

/ŋ / does not occur at the beginning of

words in English, but it does occur

between vowels, where it is more difficultthan in final position.

The difficulty is to avoid putting in a /g/

after the /ŋ

/, and pronouncing. /s

ɪŋg

ə / instead of /sɪŋ

ə /

If d / ə/ it d t tt

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If you do pronounce /sɪŋgə / it does not matter

very much because some English speakers also doit; but most do not, so the /g/ should be avoided if

possible. /hæŋ ʌp / Hang up

/brɪŋ ɪt / Bring it

/lɒŋ

əg

əʊ / Long ago

In some words /g/ is normally pronounced after /ŋ/ before a following vowel e.g.

/

æŋg

ə

/ Anger

/fɪŋg

ə

/ Finger

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LATERAL CONSONANTS

/l/ /l/ is formed laterally, that is instead of breath

passing down the centre of the mouth, it passesround the sides of an obstruction set up in thecentre.

/li:v / Live /f ʊ

l/ Full /li:f / Leaf /f i:l / Feel

/lɜːn / Learn /gɪgl /Giggle

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GLIDING CONSONANTS

There are three consonants which consist of aquick, smooth, nonfrictional glide towards afollowing vowel sound.

/j/ /w/ /r/

/j/

In pronouncing the most usual English /j/

the speech organs start at or near the

position for the English short /ɪ/ and

immediately leave this for some other

sound of equal or greater prominence

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It is glide away from /ɪ/ that

constitutes the consonant /j/

/jɑːd / Yard /vju: / View

/j

ɒt

/ Yacht /tj

u:zdi / Tuesday

/jɔ

ː/ Your /k əmpju:tə / Computer

/bju:tɪ / Beauty /n

ju: / New

/f j

u:

/ Few

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/w /

This consonant consists of a quick glidefrom the vowel /u: / or /

ʊ

/ to whatever

vowel follows. /wɔ ː/ War /swi:t / Sweet

/w

ɒtʃ

/ Watch /k waɪt

/ Quite

/wʊl/ Wool

/twentɪ/ Twenty

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/r/

/ri:d / Read /rɔ ː/ Raw

/rʌn

/ Run /ru:d / Rude

/bɒ

r

aʊ / Borrow /hʌ

rɪ

/ Hurry In RP /

r

/ only occurs before vowels, neverbefore consonants.

/lɜːn

/ Learn /sɔːt / Sort /f

ɑːm

/ Farm

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At the end of words RP has /r / only if

the immediately following word begins

with a vowel.

/betər

ɒf

/ Better off

/f ɔːr ɔː faɪv

/ Four or five

/hɪər

ɪt ɪz

/ Here it is.

/pʊ

ər ə

ʊld t

ɒm

/ Poor old Tom

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THE VOWELS OF ENGLISH

Vowels are sounds in which there is noobstruction to the flow of air as it passes fromlarynx to the lips.

Vowels are divided into long and short.

A doctor who wants to look at the back of apatient‟s mouth often asks the patient to say “

Ah”; making this vowel sound is the best way ofpresenting and unobstructed view.

Vowels must be learned by listening andimitating.

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SHORT VOWELS

/ɪ/

/bɪ

t/ Bit /rɪ

tʃ / Rich

/pɪn

/ Pin /wɪt

/ Wit

/f ɪʃ

/ Fish /f ɪl

/ Fill

/tʃ

ɪk

/ Chick

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/e/

/bet / bet /fel/ Fell

/men/ men /ten/ ten

/j

es/ Yes /led/ Led

/retʃ

/ Wretch

/wet

/ Wet

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/æ/

/pæn / Pan

/dæd

/ Dad

/gæs

/ Gas

/hæbɪt

/ Habit

/mæʃ

/ Mash

/læd

ə / Ladder

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/ʌ/

/bʌt / But

/sʌ

m/ Some

/lʌ

k/ Luck

/bʌ

d/ Bud

/nʌst

/ Nust

/pʌ

n/ pun

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/ɒ/

/pɒt/ Pot

/gɒ

n/ Gone

/dɒg

/ Dog

/ʃɒk

/ Shock

/bɒks

/ Box

/dɒk

/ Dock

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/Ʊ/

/pʊt / Put

/pʊʃ

/ Push

/ʃʊd

/ Should

/k ʊd

/ Could

/f ʊl

/ Full

/wʊd

/ Would

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/Ə/

It is particularly short and indistinct when it isnot final.

There are two main difficulties with this vowel.

i. To identify it.

ii. To get the right quality.

In the first case, do not deceived by English

spellings. There is no single letter whichalways stand for this vowel, so rely on yourear.

You must keep it very short and very obscure.

Contd…

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/Ə/

/əbeɪ / Obey

/əlaʊ

/ Allow

/əgr

i: / Agree /su:nə / Sooner

/k ænədə

/ Canada

/tʃ

aɪn

ə

/ China /s

ʌlfə

/ Sulphur

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LONG VOWELS

These are five.

They are longer than the short vowels.

Vowel symbol plus a length – mark of twodots [:]

iː ɜː ɑː ɔː uː

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/iː/

/biːd / Bead

/liː

d/ Lead

/tiːn

/ Teen /hiːl/ Heel

/biːt

/ Beat

/tʃ

iːk

/ Cheek /w

iːt

/ Wheat

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/ɜː/ It is well – known in most English accents as

a hesitation sound (spelt „er‟)

/pɜːs / Purse

/hɜːd

/ Heard /bɜːn/ Burn

/fɜːm/ Firm

/vɜːs/ Verse

/kɜːl/ Curl

/gɜːl / Girl

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/ɑː/ when the doctor wants to look into your mouth

and examine your throat he asks you to say „Ah‟ ,that is the vowel /ɑ ː/.

/k ɑːd / Card

/dɑːk

/ Dark /lɑːst / Last

/f ɑːðə / Father

/vɑːst

/ Vast /hɑːf / Half

/rɑːðə / Rather

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/ɔː/

/lɔ ː/ Law

/snɔ

ː/ Snore

/klɔːz

/ Claws

/k ɔː

l/ Call

/bɔːt

/ Bought

/sɔ

ː/ Saw

/pɔːl

/ Paul

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/uː/

/f uːd / Food

/luːs

/ Loose

/tu

ː/ Two

/du

ː/ Do

/suːn

/ Soon

/puːl

/ Pool

/k u

ː/ Coo

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DIPHTHONGS

A diphthong is a glide from one vowel toanother, and the whole glide acts like one of thelong, simple vowel.

In terms of length, diphthongs are like the longvowels. The first part is much longer and stronger than

the second part.

The total number of diphthongs is eight. There are three groups of diphthong.Contd…

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The diphthong /aɪ / (as in the word “eye”)

consist of the /a / vowel, and only in about thelast quarter of the diphthong does the glide to /ɪ / begin.

As the glide to /a / happens, the loudness of the

sound decreases as result the /ɪ

/ part isshorter and quieter.

The last part of English diphthong must not bemade too strongly.

Contd…

Di hth

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Diphthong

Ending in ə

Ending in i

Ending in ʊ

ɪə eə ʊə

ɔɪ aɪ ɪ

əʊ

aʊ

Beard

Aired

Tour Paid, Time, Void

Load

Gown

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/ɪə/

/ɪə / Ear

/f ɪə

/ Fear

/rɪəlɪ / Really

/hɪə

/ Here

/bɪəd

/ Beard

/f ɪəs

/ Fierce

/nɪərə

/ Nearer

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/eə/

/heə / Hair

/peə / Pear

/teə / Tear

/beə / Bare

/eəz/ Airs

/ðeə/ There

/peə/ Pair

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/ʊə/

/pʊə / Poor

/k jʊə

/ Cure

/pj

ʊə / Pure

/ʃʊəlɪ

/ Surely

/ʃʊə

/ Sure

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/eɪ/

/meɪn / Main

/leɪt

/ Late

/weɪt / Wait

/reɪz

/ Raise

/leɪk

/ Lake

/peɪd

/ Paid

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/aɪ/

/waɪt / White

/raɪs

/ Rice

/laɪk / Like

/f aɪn

/ Fine

/dɪvaɪd

/ Divide

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/ɔɪ/

/dʒɔɪ / Joy

/ɔɪl

/ Oil

/vɔɪs / Voice

/tɔɪ

/ Toy

/əv

ɔɪd

/ Avoid

/bɔɪ / Boy

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/əʊ/

/səʊ / So

/ləʊ

/ Low

/gəʊ / Go

/kləʊz

/ Close

/həʊm

/ Home

/rəʊ

/Row

/nəʊ/ Know

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/aʊ/

/naʊ

/ Now

/laʊd

/ Loud

/laʊd

ɪŋ

/ Loading /k

aʊ

/ Cow

/gaʊn

/ Gown

/daʊt / Doubt /t

aʊnz

/ Towns

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PHONETICS IN EFFECTIVECOMMUNICATION

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Phonetics is helpful in effectivecommunication in following ways:

i. Professionii. Sound culture

iii. Educated

iv. Better pronunciationv. Avoid being laughing stuff

vi. Better understanding of

i. Word groupsii. Meaning

182540989 phonetics ppt

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