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M / A 2 0 0 9
Vol. 7 No. 2
INTERNATIONAL EDITION:
YOUR PASSPORT TOGEOINT
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On My Mind
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Robert B. MurrettV A, USN
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Pathinder March/April 2009 Vol. 7 No. 2
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Contents2 LOR3 GC:MCD
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On the Cover
A passport represents excitement and expectation, the opportunity toextend the boundaries o experience. Whether exploring over milesor over the printed word, a journey to oreign lands inevitably provesrewarding. The travelers perceptions change and knowledge expands.Travel through these pages and transit international realms and activi-tiesall related to the application o geospatial intelligence (GEOINT).Your itinerary is to your right. Follow it in order or rove at your leisure; nomatter the course, your passage begins within these pages. Cover designby Anika McMillon.
M h Sy?The online Classied Pathnder, which is accessible
by members o the Intelligence Community, may in-
clude additional inormation and expanded sections
o some Pathnder articles. The Classied Pathnder
provides a orum or reading and discussing topics at
the level o Unclassied//For Ocial Use Only and
higher. For inormation please contact the Classied
Pathnder editor, Heather Cox, at 301-227-2290.
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Published by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
Oce o Corporate Communications
4600 Sangamore Road, Mail Stop D-54Bethesda, MD 20816-5003
Telephone: (301) 227-7388,
DSN 287-7388
E-mail: [email protected]
Director
Vice Adm. Robert B. Murrett, U.S. Navy
Deputy Director
Lloyd Rowland
Office of Corporate Communications, Director
Paul R. Weise
Internal Communications Branch, Chief
Louis J. Brune
Editor
Jason K. Michas
Managing EditorKelly M. Kemp
Graphic Designer
Anika D. McMillon
Contributing Authors
Dave Carey
Stephanie Chang
Dawn Eilenberger
Alan Higgins
Carlos Montenegro
Peter Paquette
Craig Rickert
Rosemary Simmons
Col. D.H.N. Thompson, OMM, CD, Director o Geospatial Intellige
Dr. Gary E. Weir
Lachlan Wilson
Katherine Zimmerman
GETTING PUBLISHED
All members o the geospatial intelligence community are welco
to submit articles o community-wide interest. Articles are edited
style, content and length. For details on submitting articles, sen
e-mail to [email protected].
The Pathnder is the medium with which the National
Geospatial-Intelligence Agency enhances and promotes public
awareness and understanding o the discipline o geospatial
intelligence. The Pathnder is an authorized Department o Dee
publication or members o the Department o Deense. Contents
this publication are not necessarily the ocial view o, or endors
by, the U.S. government, Department o Deense or NGA. Articles
in the Pathnder may be reproduced in whole or in part without
permission, unless stated otherwise. I they are reproduced,
please credit the author and the National Geospatial-Intelligen
Agency, the Pathnder magazine. Any reproduction o graphics
photographs and imagery is subject to the original copyright.
Letter to Our Readers
I E:Y P GEOINTThere are no boundaries to geospatial
intelligence (GEOINT)it is everywhere all the
time. The role o NGA extends ar and wide as
the agencys dedicated workorce ensures saety
across the globe. Reecting the depth o the
agencys mission, NGA personnel reside in over
100 locations worldwide to guarantee success.
Many monumental GEOINT achievements are
attributable to NGAs essential international
partnerships and global presence.
Undeniably, the GEOINT tradecrat is essential
to the nations welare. GEOINT is a team efort
and NGA actively collaborates with the National
System or Geospatial Intelligence, the Allied System or Geospatial Intelligence
and beyond to provide this location-based, visual orm o intelligence. But NGAs
success and inuence do not stop at the U.S. border. NGAs capabilities allow
GEOINT to reach internationally, even to remote areas o the world, to aid mission
partners in times o need. The agency collaborates with its international mission
partners to produce the best and most accurate GEOINT products.
Start your trip around the globe with a special look at NGAs partnership with
Canada. Col. D.H.N. Thompson, Canadas Director o Geospatial Intelligence,
provides insight about the role o GEOINT in actionwhether supporting training
activities or carrying out operations.
View NGAs recovery and relie eforts as Katherine Zimmerman outlines the
agencys contribution to supporting the Peoples Republic o China ater the
devastating earthquake in May 2008. Visit Aghanistan with Craig Rickert and
Rosemary Simmons, who explain the contributions o a multinational working group
providing accurate map products to navigate that countrys diverse terrain.
Carlos Montenegro describes NGAs support to the stand-up o a national GEOINT
capability in Iraq, reecting on the emerging partnership between NGA and Iraqs
Ministry o Deense. The agencys ability to share inormation and provide training
to promote Iraqi GEOINT sel-reliance proves the continuing need or and benet o
NGAs presence worldwide.
Stephanie Chang shares the path taken to ensure that NGA-deployed personnel
enjoy secure networks to carry out their missionsan efort protecting over
100 systems worldwide. Dawn Eilenberger, who directs the agencys Oce oInternational Afairs and Policy, explores NGAs relationship with the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization as a critical enabler in the ght against terrorism and as an
advocate or peace. Complete your journey with the NGA historians perspective on
the ght against international maritime piracy, still a signicant concern in many
parts o the world.
Altogether, the articles in this issue establish the importance o international
partnerships to the expanding ootprint o GEOINT. No less important, NGAs
domestic relationships play an essential role in international and national security,
as the May/June Pathnder will examine.
Paul R. WeiseD, O C C
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Guest Column
M C D G IBy Col. D.H.N. Thompson, OMM, CD, Director of Geospatial Intelligence
Editors Note: The United States, Canada, Australia,
the United Kingdom and New Zealand enjoy a distinct
geospatial intelligence relationship. The Pathnder
invited Col. D.H.N. Thompson to introduce our readers
to Canadas Directorate o Geospatial Intelligence, which
he leads.
C D G I
(D Geo Int) is headed by the Director o Geospatial
Intelligence, who serves as the unctional manager orensuring the efective planning, coordination, control
and provisioning o geospatial intelligence (GEOINT),
measurement and signatures intelligence (MASINT)
and meteorological and oceanographic services to the
Department o National Deence (DND) and the Canadian
Forces (CF). The director reports to the CF Chie o
Deence Intelligence (CDI).
Indeed, no CF operations or training activity occur
without D Geo Int products and services. Every map and
chart, most MASINT products, meteorological orecasts
and imagery intelligence come rom D Geo Int teams,
without whom ships do not sail, planes do not y and no
one crosses the line o departure. D Geo Int maintains
numerous international and national partnerships that
are key to achieving the necessary efects, among them
its strong partnership with NGA.
The director commands a small staf and oversees
the operation o the Directorate o Meteorology and
Oceanography and three line units, namely the Mapping
and Charting Establishment (MCE), the CF Joint Imagery
Centre (CFJIC) and the Joint Meteorological Centre.
D Geo Int coordinates requirements or and provides
GEOINT products and services to the militarys
Environmental Chies o Staf, strategic and operational
military staf, and tactical units at home, during training
and while conducting domestic or expeditionary
operations, including:
orce generation, which includes manning and
training o deploying elements
reviewing and providing guidance and input as
needed in the production o the GEOINT documents
supporting operational plans
direct reachback support to orces in theatre
management o national and international arrange-
ments to produce GEOINT support standards and
plans in the context o Canadas many multinational
and bilateral agreements, including collaborative
production plans
advising on the GEOINT support aspects o CF capa-
bilities plans
recommending policy on the standardization, pro-
duction and exploitation o GEOINT and on require-
ments among Canadas national agencies
serving as the CFs military and civilian GEOINTadvisor and recommending proessional standards,
career patterns, trade structure, training require-
ments and policy
advising on related GEOINT research and
development programs
Current D Geo Int projects include the CF Weather and
Oceanographic Service (CFWOS) Transormation Project,
which will ensure the long-term provision o high-quality
meteorological and oceanographic services to the CFs
operational community. Part o this process was the
Col. D.H.N. Thompson, OMM, CD, Director o Geospatial Intelligence
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stand-up o an interim Joint Meteorological Centre in
Gagetown, New Brunswick, on Nov. 13, 2008. By nal
operating capability in 201011, the centre will include
provision o CF-wide weather brieng and orecasting.
The directorate has concluded the rst phase o a
major study to position CDI to efectively deliver the ull
range o 21st century GEOINT capabilities to the DND and
CF. The studys recommendations include the need to es-
tablish a more robust governance regime or the GEOINT
unction within the DND and CF, and CDI has agreed in
principle with this. Stang o the necessary documents
is ongoing.
As part o Canadas ongoing support to operations
in Aghanistan, a D Geo Int team participated with our
U.S. and British colleagues, including NGA, in the highly
successul Operation Rampant Lion 2 mission during the
spring and early summer o 2008. This activity provided
a large volume o GEOINT data and products that were
able to be exploited in near-real time in support o CF
troops, as well as or our allies in theatre. This was
the rst truly integrated D Geo Int operational activity
with a composite team o imagery intelligence experts
rom the CFJIC and geomatics technicians rom the
MCE. It has paved the way or much more integration
o the capability in the uture, both domestically with
other ellow Canadian government departments and
internationally within coalition theatres o operation.
D Geo Int values its relationships with NGA and all its
oreign and domestic partners. The increasing impor-
tance o GEOINT to the collective saety o Canada, its
orces abroad and its partner nations drives D Geo Int to
maintain these indispensible relationships and perorm
its essential missions through the continued provision o
timely, accurate and current GEOINT products.
NGA Director Vice Adm. Robert B. Murrett honored
British Royal Marines Maj. Gen. John Rose on
March 5, 2009, in a ceremony at NGA headquar-
ters in Bethesda, MD. Murrett awarded Rose the
NGA Medallion o Excellence in recognition o his
outstanding contributions to the mission o NGA
and the Commonwealth partnership. Rose, who
serves as the United Kingdoms Assistant Chie o
Deence Staf or Intelligence Capabilities, retires
at the end o March. The ceremony marked his
nal visit to NGA.
Up Front
Bh Gn Hnd Wh NGA Mdn Excnc
British Royal Marines Maj. Gen. John Rose receives the NGA
Medallion o Excellence rom NGA Director Vice Adm. Robert B.
Murrett on March 5, 2009.Ph y Ly Fnkn
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GEOINT S NATOBy Dawn Eilenberger
T N A T Oz (NATO)
todays world has never been more important. NATO
continues to deal with threats such as terrorism, as well
as support peacekeeping missions and humanitarian
and disaster relie eforts, in every corner o the globe.
The changing world environment aced by NATO
increasingly highlights the role o geospatial intelligence
(GEOINT) as a critical enabler.
Inpy nd SnddznWhether at NATO Headquarters or the Supreme Head-
quarters Allied Powers Europe in Belgium, at the NATO
Intelligence Fusion Center in the United Kingdom, or in
theater in the Balkans and Aghanistan, NGA has dem-
onstrated that the provision o GEOINT directly supports
senior decision making and operational commanders.
Todays dynamic world demands that GEOINT support a
wide variety o mission objectives. From inrastructure
studies aiding strategic discussions on reconstruction
eforts to counternarcotics and counterterrorism reports
or current operations, GEOINT is at the oreront as an
enabler o decision making and strategic planning.
As NATO nations bring their national military assets
to bear on global operations, the standardization and
interoperability o equipment and procedures present
an ongoing challenge. A particularly critical area that
NGA is working is joint intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance, or Joint ISR. Airborne collection assets
are growing in number, and their use on the battleeld
is becoming evermore decisive. Ensuring interoperability
and data standardization will be key to enabling
coalition operations. NGA, as custodian o a number
o Joint ISR-related NATO standardization agreements, is
committed to working with the NATO nations to
implement common standards.Additionally, the storage, cataloging, retrieval and
dissemination o GEOINT data and imagery become a
greater challenge as the volume o data grows. NGA has
recently assisted NATO with engineering expertise to
develop a NATO standard geospatial technical capability
or management and dissemination o geospatial data
in Aghanistan. NATOs implementation o this standard
capability at the Allied Joint Force Command (JFC)
Brunssum in the Netherlands, the headquarters o the
International Security Assistance Force Aghanistan, and
at the Aghanistan regional commands will ensure all
coalition nations are ghting with the same map.
D ShngGathering and sharing data, as well as producing
actionable intelligence, are key enablers to mission
success. Sharing data in a multinational environment
can be dicult and challenging.
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers
Europe near Mons, Belgium.
NATO ph
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One example serves to highlight the agencys data
sharing successes. Over the past year, NGA has beenworking with seven other NATO nations in a program
sponsored by JFC Brunssum to produce new geospatial
products over Aghanistan and to ensure an ecient and
efective means o supplying these maps to troops on
the ground. In a hallmark o cooperation, over the next
year this project will yield new topographic maps over
regions that have not been mapped in decades, and the
map depot in Aghanistan will be able to order these
products rom a single, comprehensive catalog.
Cnvgnc Imgy nd Gp
RpnNGAs experiences in Aghanistan have proven the
value o using geospatial and intelligence data to create
products the warghters use in perorming their daily
mission. As NATO and NATO nations work to converge
imagery and geospatial policies and responsibilities, the
valuable knowledge gained on the battleeld will surely
play a role in policy and program development. The Intel-
ligence Fusion Center, where analysts rom NATO nations
work together on critical GEOINT products, provides an
excellent environment in which to teach each other and
develop tradecrat. NGA is committed to supporting the
center with analysts and data to enable the mission.
Expndng NGA NATO Pnc
Increasing NGA support to NATO and the European
Community to support the agencys oreign partners has
led to the recent establishment o a senior international
ocer at NATO Headquarters in Brussels. Additional sup-
port to NATO in the areas o geospatial sharing policy,
disclosure and release guidance, oreign military sales,
and operations in the Balkans, Aghanistan and Iraq are
some o the critical areas that NGAs orward presence
will coordinate.
Mng h Opn ChngAt the 2008 GEOINT Symposium held last October
in Nashville, Tenn., Col. John Fitzgerald o NATOHeadquarters International Military Staf outlined some
o the biggest GEOINT operational challenges. The
complexity o interoperability, data management, and
data sharing is one o the top issues that NATO aces in
day-to-day operations around the world. We must also
place emphasis on GEOINT training and education as
more nations participate in coalition eforts against a
broad array o missions.
A Bgh FNATOs mission continues to grow, and the increased
collaboration with NGA highlights the critical role oGEOINT. NATO is transorming to meet new strategic
challenges, and NGA is poised to contribute to both
NATO operations and NATOs strategic transormation.
DawnEilenberger
NGAOfI
AP.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium.
NATO ph
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C E E UC GEOINTBy Katherine Zimmerman
O M 12, 2008, 7.9
earthquake struck Chinas Sichuan Province, reportedly
killing more than 70,000 Chinese citizens. The
destruction and loss let in the earthquakes atermath
were so catastrophic that the traditionally sel-reliant
country o China accepted ofers o oreign assistance
including those rom the United Statesto support
humanitarian and disaster relie eforts in the region.
Immediately ollowing the earthquake, President Bush
pledged Americas support to the Peoples Republic o
China (PRC) as it began mounting its recovery efort,
saying, The United States stands ready to help in any
way possible.
Organizations including the U.S. Agency or
International Development soon began providing
humanitarian and disaster relie assistance to the
Chinese as part o a consolidated U.S. government
response. In support o this unprecedented activity,
NGAs Oce o International Afairs and Policy (OIP)Disclosure and Release (D&R) Team began working
closely with the Department o State (DOS) to navigate
policy channels to allow the sharing o geospatial
intelligence (GEOINT) products to assist in recovery and
relie-related activities. As analysts rom NGAs Analysis
and Production Directorate set to work on tailored
products, the agency coordinated to reduce production
time and quickly approve the products or release.
On May 16, NGA delivered the rst o numerous
products to DOS, which worked directly with the
Chinese government.
Working with DOS as well as relevant U.S. ederalorganizations, NGA coordinated and processed incom-
ing GEOINT requirements to support the PRCs eforts to
assess the earthquakes efect on inrastructure, roads,
bridges, reservoirs and urban centers. OIP ensured that
GEOINT policy was in place that enabled NGA to utilize
all sources o remotely sensed data to ashion and
create efective GEOINT products. These products
assisted the PRC in locating desperate victims,
identiying serious damage and maintaining
situational awareness regarding the increasing risk to
villages and cities that were being slowly inundated
with water as earthquake-ormed landslides caused
damming on local rivers across numerous afected
areas. NGA analysts also produced earthquake-related
products and analysis in support o the agencys many
mission partners.
As demonstrated time and again by the agencys
support to disaster relie and humanitarian eforts,
both here and abroad, NGAs data, inormation and
products have proven essential to those leading
recovery and response eforts ollowing earthquakes,
hurricanes, oods and other devastating events.
GEOINT products, such as maps, can be quickly created
as simple, easy-to-understand representations o criti-
cal recovery and relie inormation, such as the status
o the key inrastructure within an area devastated bythe orces o nature. The simplicity o these products is
critical to their utility because the end users, including
rst responders, relie workers and provincial and local
ocials, oten have limited experience as consumers o
GEOINT yet need to quickly understand what areas have
been hardest hit by a natural disaster.
The extensive eforts o NGA, in close coordination
with DOS, reinorced the United States commitment
to assist worldwide governments in the wake o a cata-
strophic event. NGAs groundbreaking outreach and
responsiveness to Chinas unusual and unexpected
request once again demonstrated the power o GEOINTto support damage assessments, humanitarian relie
eforts and disaster recovery activities.
KatherineZimmerman
DRT
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M W G U AM EBy Craig Rickert and Rosemary Simmons
F
Aghanistan as part o the International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF), led by the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO). As these nations work to assist the
Aghanistan government in securing and developing the
country, their ability to navigate the terrain to accom-
plish their mission remains key. In a true model o mul-tinational cooperation, the United Kingdom, the Czech
Republic, Canada, Norway, Italy, Germany, Poland, the
Netherlands and other European nations have banded
together to provide up-to-date geospatial inormation
and maps covering much o the country.
Experience gained rom early deployments to
Aghanistan generated this efort. As these nations
sent their troops to Aghanistan, they discovered that
geospatial data in that war-torn country had not
been updated in many years. Several nations
began individual eforts to revise the data
and produce maps o the regions wheretheir orces were deployed.
They soon realized that,
in some cases, nations
were duplicating eforts. This realization led to the
establishment o the Aghanistan Production
Coordination Working Group (APCWG), led by the
Allied Joint Force Command (JFC) Brunssum, the NATO
command tasked with overseeing ISAF operations. The
group, consisting o JFC Brunssum and 11 nations, is
charged with coordinating national geospatial productionto meet ISAF geospatial requirements.
The APCWG, which met most recently in September
2008, has made signicant progress in its mission. To
date, seven nations are producing vector data, image city
maps, Multinational Geospatial Co-Production Derived
Graphics (MGCP-DGs), and ull specication
topographic line maps over most o
Aghanistan, using
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commercial imagery. An ISAF catalog, developed by the
group, designates the standard products to be used by thecoalition orces on the ground. The catalog is updated
as new products are produced and agreed to by the
participating nations. So ar, the group has produced
approximately 150 new map sheets, with more due or
delivery by the end o 2009.
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Production o new products is just the beginning.
The APCWG group also took on and solved the challengeo developing an ecient supply chain or delivery o
these multinational products to the orces in Aghanistan.
As with the early production eforts, JFC Brunssum real-
ized that the ISAF participating nations were supplying
By David Carey
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CraigRickert(NotPictured)andRosemarySimmons
CRfSOMD,
CSA.
RSfOfIAPISTDLANGAx.
geospatial products to their troops unilaterally or through
national shipments to the theater map depot (TMD) in
Aghanistan, which stores and distributes coalition maps
in Aghanistan. The result was that the TMD sometimes
had multiple versions o maps over the same area, with no
clear idea o which was the most current and correct, nor
any way to manage what was being shipped into theater.
In June 2008, the United States, the United Kingdom and
Canada worked together to develop a recommendation ora supply methodology that would standardize distribution
o products. The recommendation was endorsed by the
APCWG, and JFC Brunssum published a standard operat-
ing procedure in September 2008 directing the APCWG
nations to ollow the new methodology when supplying
products to theater.
NGA has taken a lead role in coordinating the supply
o products with the APCWG nations and JFC Brunssum,
working with the Deense Logistics Agency to manage the
receipt, cataloging, stocking and distribution o products
to the TMD. As a result o the standardized process, the
TMD will have the ability, or the rst time, to place a single
order or products and receive those products through a
single supply system, enhancing its ability to manage and
replenish stocks. The TMD can now supply the orward map
distribution points within Aghanistan, ensuring
up-to-date geospatial products or use by coalition troops.
Coalition operations have become the norm in the
21st century. Thanks to multinational cooperation, theISAF coalition orces are getting the geospatial products
they need to perorm their vital mission. As British Lt.
Col. John Fennell, chie geospatial ocer, JFC Brunssum,
stated, The APCWG is a shining example o how national
production agencies can work together, make best use o
available production efort and make a real diference or
the [men and women] in the eldthat seems like win,
win, win to me.
U.S. soldiers survey the land rom a ridge in
the Zabul province, Aghanistan. Throughthe eorts o a multinational working group,
coalition orces are receiving the geospatial
products they require.
U.S. Amy ph y S Sg. Adm Mncn
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A T E I GEOINT S-SBy Carlos Montenegro
NGA
consistent orward geospatial intelligence (GEOINT)
support to the warghter through its network o deployed
GEOINT Support Teams (GSTs). NGA is ollowing on this
success by establishing a bilateral exchange agreement
with the Ministry o Deense, Republic o Iraq, and
assisting the Multinational Security and Transition
Command Iraq (MNSTC-I), which is charged with
developing the capabilities o the Iraqi Security Forces.NGAs Oce o International Afairs and Policy (OIP) is
supporting the stand-up o Iraqs Imagery and Mapping
Directorate (IMD), within the Directorate General o Intel-
ligence and Security (DGIS), through establishment o a
Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA). The
BECA will acilitate the exchange o geospatial data and
provide the necessary oundation or IMD to support
Iraqi military orces with GEOINT and decrease Iraqs
reliance on U.S. orces.
In 2006, NGA Director Vice Adm. Robert B. Murrett
took the initial steps to assist MNSTC-I during his rst
visit to Iraq. He has since deployed a permanent GST toBaghdad to support MNSTC-Is Intelligence Transition
Team and its efort to stand up Iraqs military intelli-
gence, including IMD. In addition to deploying the GST,
Murrett signed a Statement o Intent on Jan. 7, 2008,
with the Director General o DGIS to orm a close work-
ing relationship between NGA and DGIS.
In order to coordinate this emerging international
relationship, OIP established a ull-time international
ocer to coordinate the eforts o an NGA Iraq Country
Team that includes representation rom all NGA
organizations with core roles in the Iraqi partnership.
Between March 21 and 31, 2008, members o the Iraq
Country Team traveled to Baghdad to evaluate IMD
acilities, personnel and capabilities and to identiy
areas where NGA could work with the IMD. The team
determined several areas or mutual eforts that
will produce quality GEOINT or Iraqi military orces
and support joint counterterrorism operations in a
coalition environment. The partnership will include
geographic inormation system training and IMD access
to NGA standard products and commercially available
imagery. When signed, the BECA will be the rst o its
kind with the Iraqi Ministry o Deense, establishing a
permanent exchange relationship o controlled unclassi-
ed inormation and providing or the necessary training
and geospatial data or Iraqi sel-reliance.
Establishing a GEOINT exchange relationship
with any oreign partner has inherent risks thatchallenge the status quo and must be balanced with
the real benets o supporting an allied partner in a
A poster illustrates cooperation between U.S. and
Iraqi orces in the ormer Marine Corps base o Camp
Fallujah, Iraq. A bilateral exchange agreement will
decrease the Iraqi Security Forces dependence onU.S. GEOINT support.
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CarlosMontenegro
fOfI
APNGA-I.
joint combat environment. To guide these deliberations,
the NGA Iraq Country Team evaluates risks against the
numerous national intelligence objectives outlined by
the Director o National Intelligence, the Department o
Deense and the U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM
or CENTCOM). The team has developed a risk mitigation
plan to limit the risk o any unauthorized disclosure and
protect NGA resources.
NGA coordinated its BECA efort throughout theIntelligence Community. The Oce o the Under
Secretary o Deense or Intelligence and the Department
o State have concurred on this efort. NGA is awaiting
ormal approval rom the Oce o the Under Secretary
o Deense or Policy beore initiating bilateral discus-
sions with the Iraqi Ministry o Deense. The proposed
BECA will enable NGA to provide the necessary data
and training and acilitate IMD capacity building in
accordance with CENTCOM strategic plans and MNSTC-I
mission objectives.
The benets o ostering a relationship with IMD can
be seen today. Ater the resurgence o violence, which
began in Al Basrah in April 2008, IMD came into its own
and helped Iraqi Security Forces with time-dominant
GEOINT support. Working under demanding time
constraints, IMD produced numerous Arabic-annotated
photomaps that proved critical in the planning and
successul execution o several high-prole operations
involving elements o the Iraqi Counterterrorism Center,
the Iraqi Army, local and national police and coalition
orces. In late August, IMD was asked by the Ministryo the Interiors (MOIs) National Inormation and
Investigation Agency to provide a number o products to
support border security efortsthe rst instance o DGIS
support to the MOI.
The BECA will decrease the Iraqi Security Forces
dependence on U.S. GEOINT support and enable Iraqi
sel-reliance. As U.S. orces draw down and Iraqi orces
assume increasing control over security in the country,
NGA will continue to support the MNSTC-I mission, os-
tering greater sel-suciency or DGIS and IMD through
the continued exchange o unclassied geospatial data
and greater GEOINT training or IMD personnel.
Aerial view o Baghdad.
DOD ph
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NGA F C CBy Alan Higgins and Peter Paquette
G (GEOINT)
analytical collaboration remain vital to achieving NGAs
strategic vision. As the ollowing examples demonstrate,
the agency embraces the unique opportunity o provid-
ing tools to acilitate GEOINT collaboration between the
United States and its Commonwealth partners.
Qdp QnpThe analytical eforts o the United States, Canada,
Australia and the United Kingdom collectively orm the
Quadripartite Committee, or Quad. NGAs multidisci-
plinary government and contractor personnel perorm
crucial roles, ensuring that analysts working within the
Quad environment have the tools and resources to per-
orm their mission-critical work.
As the National System or Geospatial Intelligence
(NSG) transorms, NGA is challenged to ensure that the
Quad transorms in concert with the NSG. This means
leveraging NGA capabilities to implement similar, even
identical, capabilities within the Quad. The opportuni-
ties to improve the Quads technological, analytical andcollaborative capabilities are tremendous.
Two actors are increasing the scope and complexity
o the challenge. Quad analysts need analytical tools
and systems to access data while working as integrated
team members within NGA work spaces, and the recent
inclusion o New Zealand in the Commonwealth imagery
sharing arrangement is transorming the Quad environ-
ment into the Quintipartite environment.
Two projects, recently completed by NGA, illustrate
the breadth o activities ostering collaboration and thesharing o GEOINT. They stretch rom NGAs U.S. acilities
across oceans to the acilities o the agencys Common-
wealth partners.
Th Bjng Oympc CIn a rst or NGA, analysts rom Australia, Canada,
the United Kingdom and New Zealand worked around
the clock alongside their NGA colleagues supporting
the agencys Beijing Olympics Reachback Cell in St.
Louis, Mo., monitoring the 2008 summer games. These
Commonwealth partners exploited imagery, reviewed
requests or and evaluated sources o inormation, and
wrote reports that U.S. and Commonwealth personnel
could access in their respective countries.
Another rst or this efort was the use o an expanded
network to provide dissemination and exploitation
capabilities or the Commonwealth analysts working
with their U.S. colleagues. For the Olympics cell, NGA
quickly implemented the system in St. Louis. The
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newly installed network exceeded all operating require-
ments. Although analysts downloaded ar more imagery
than originally envisioned, the systems design and
the close collaboration between analysts and system
developers enabled the network to handle the additional
volume. Lessons learned rom the experience will be
applied to a more ully capable system in 2009, increas-
ing the collaborative capabilities among Commonwealth
and U.S. analysts.The Olympics cell set the bar high or uture integrated
eforts with Commonwealth allies. The reliability o the
systems used, the precision o the products created, and
the proessionalism o both Commonwealth and NGA
personnel provided a unique glance into the uture o
multinational intelligence collaboration.
A Fndy CpyNGA managed the development o the TC-2X system
designed to provide Australias Deence Imagery and
Geospatial Organisation (DIGO) with the capability o
receiving imagery rom the developing QuintipartiteGEOINT system. The system designer recently
demonstrated the ull operational
capability o the system ahead o
schedule, under budget and with exceptional
perormance. This outstanding perormance illustrates
how an efective partnership gets the job donethe
right way. The main organizations involved in TC-2X are
DIGO, the Deence Material Organization (DMO), which
manages contracts on behal o the Australian Deence
Forces, and NGA. The new system and capability that
DIGO now possesses are the culmination o more than
ve years o efort.Although collaboration and sharing o GEOINT with
Commonwealth partners are daunting, ever-changing
tasks, these examples demonstrate the success NGA has
achieved. NGA is meeting these challenges head on and
actively searching or new and smarter ways to integrate
its mission partners into NGAs global eforts.
The Temple o Heaven, Beijing, China.
Commonwealth analysts worked
alongside their NGA colleagues
to support the agencys Beijing
Olympics Reachback Cell.
Ph y Gy Img
AlanHigginsandPeterPaquette
AHASAC
x.PPfNGASTC,A.
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A T E S G NBy Stephanie Chang
S S. 11, NGA
collection, analysis and other systems into theater as the
demand or technology to exploit and share geospatial
intelligence has grown at a rapid pace. Today, in direct
support o deployed personnel and mission partners,
the agency deploys over 100 systems across multiple
networks in more than 35 locations worldwide. Ensur-
ing the security o those systems beore and ater their
implementation is one o the challenges o rapid deploy-ment. NGAs Accreditations and Risk Analysis Division
(CSA) in the Inormation Security Management Oce o
the Oce o the Chie Inormation Ocer has met that
challenge head on. The division works with multiple
military, intelligence and international partners to make
sure that no matter where NGA systems are located, the
inormation NGA provides to warghters is protected
rom adversaries.
A Unq ChngCSA assesses the overall security risk o all systems
the agency deploys. Properly securing NGA systems
prevents disclosing inormation to unauthorized enti-
ties while allowing authorized users quick and reliable
access to data. To that end, the division has established
procedures or certiying and accrediting all NGA systems
and networks that reside within agency spaces.
Externally deployed NGA systems posed a uniquechallenge as the systems had to be integrated within
the ootprints o the combatant commands. Each
partners inormation assurance team has its own
established process, so the integration o NGA systems
in command ootprints required collaboration. All
stakeholders jointly agreed to a way orward, adopting a
common certication and accreditation (C&A) approach
to secure the networks.
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The U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM or CENTCOM)
became a test bed or this evolving collaborative process
as the commands need increased or deployed systems
to support orces in its area o responsibility (AOR). With
multiple intelligence and military agencies involved,
concerns grew about inormation and systems security.
In June 2007, CENTCOM called or a common
approach to the protection and sharing o inormation
within its AOR. A CSA senior liaison working with NGAsOce o Global Support (OGS) stated that this was
the catalyst or us to sit down and look at our own C&A
process to make sure it meets both NGA and the DOD
[Department o Deense] requirements. The ultimate
goal is to make sure that the end user doesnt sufer,
that [the warghters] get what they need, but the inor-
mation is protected.
A Cv AppchCSA stood up tiger teams, specialized groups to exam-
ine the existing C&A processes, to satisy both DOD and
NGA requirements or deployed NGA systems to makesure that the agency is in line with its DOD partners
needs. By collaborating with CENTCOM, the Deense
Inormation Systems Agency, the Deense Intelligence
Agency, and other partners with a presence in the
CENTCOM AOR, CSA ullled both NGA and mission
partner requirements or C&A to meet the need to deploy
secure systems rapidly.
In the summer o 2007, the CSA division chie de-
ployed with OGS to multiple regions in the CENTCOM
AOR to get a clearer picture
o local requirements. The
biggest benet o working
directly with the end users was
to help CSA understand the opera-
tional mentality o the warghters and
to ensure the C&A process works within the
operational tempo in theater.
All this efort culminated in a reciprocity agreementbetween the DOD and Intelligence Community (IC) chie
inormation ocers in August 2008. The agreement
states that the DOD and the IC will adopt common
guidelines to streamline and build reciprocity into the
certication and accreditation process. This allows
military and intelligence mission partners to accept each
others C&A standards and processes or deployed
systems and to share inormation on those systems.
Rpd Dpymn ScSym Wdwd
The hard work o CSA and other stakeholders hasresulted in a aster, more streamlined process or de-
ploying secure NGA systems into theater with a clearer
understanding o each mission partners C&A process.
CSA has achieved dramatic improvement in the deployed
systems accreditation rate, rom just over 10 percent in
February 2008 to a current rate o nearly 90 percent. All
o this translates into more secure systems and more
protected inormation or warghters to better execute
their mission.
StephanieChang
-C
TOfCIOf.
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Partnerships
A GEOINT R P VBy Lachlan Wilson
Editors Note: The ollowing article was adapted rom
DIGOs Eyes in the Sky, which originally appeared
in Deence, the ofcial magazine o Australias
Deence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation.
A NGA
major international conerence, Austra-
lias Deence Imagery and Geospatial
Organisation (DIGO) continued to build
its vital international relationships
and its intelligence capabilities
throughout 2008. The DIGONGA
partnership highlights the impor-
tance o these relationships.
An Efcv AncInternational partnerships are
vital to the business o DIGO. Tradi-
tionally, the United States, Australia,
Canada and the United Kingdom have
ormed a unique and special partner-
ship concerning the sharing o geospa-tial intelligence (GEOINT). In 2008, New
Zealand was readmitted to this partnership
ater an absence o more than 20 years.
Australias requirements or GEOINT are global.
Like its allies, Australia has strategic and economic
interests around the world and troops deployed abroad
in international coalitions. In this environment, inter-
national burden sharing and cooperation on GEOINT
are critical. Vice Adm. Robert B. Murrett, the head o
NGA, DIGOs U.S. counterpart, visited DIGO in 2008 and
provided a very useul perspective on collaboration and
the value the United States obtains rom working closely
with Australia. International partnerships, with Austra-
lia in particular, are absolutely vital. In act, its remark-
able how much Australia adds to making us collectively
more efective in Asia.
Murrett cited successul support to the 2007 Asia-
Pacic Economic Cooperation Leaders Summit in
Sydney and the signicant impact o U.S.Australian
GEOINT cooperation on humanitarian relie operations
since the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami as
achievements that individually we never could have
accomplished.
He also stressed the importance o GEOINT collabora-
tion in supporting military operations, in particular
through the provision o orward support. The way that
NGA and DIGO are most efective in supporting our oper-
ational orces is to be there with them and be embedded
parts o the teams.
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The vital contribution DIGO also makes in the
eld o mapping is reected in Murretts remarks
about the Pacic. We have joint requirements in
terms o topographic, aeronautical and also nautical
inormationwhich is very important in the Pacic
because o the vast water areas that are involved.
We are cooperating very closely with Australia on all o
that because o the sheer amount o efort it takes to
have the best geospatial data we can have or all o thePacic region.
A Hc FmCoordination across the international GEOINT com-
munity is achieved through an annual heads o agency
board meeting, supplemented by quarterly participa-
tion by these partner agencies in the broader National
System or Geospatial Intelligence Senior Management
Council (NSMC), which brings together all the U.S.
Combatant Commands, producer organisations and
Commonwealth collaborators. Quarterly participation
is via videoteleconerence (VTC), usually at 3:00 a.m.Australian Eastern time because o the diculties o
establishing a worldwide VTC.
The agency board meeting is the primary means
through which the partners can discuss ace to ace the
governance and strategic direction o the partnership. It
also plays host to subgroups that come together at the
working level to discuss and plan business operations,
capability development, and research and development.
Each o the members brings complementary strengths
and resources, as well as independent perspectives to
the partnership. Conerence discussion is usually rank
and robust. In the view o Clive Lines, the Director oDIGO, the agency board meeting should be about ideas,
rather than bries.
The 2008 agency board meeting was historic or two
reasons. It was the rst hosted by DIGO in Canberra, and
it was the rst opportunity or New Zealand to participate
as a ull member.
Key themes at the 2008 meeting included burden
sharing, communication systems, and capability
development. Underpinning all these are ongoing initia-
tives to enhance data interconnectivity and analytical
exchange between the partners, such as next generation
e-mail and common data repositories.
Participants discussed urther developing the usion
o GEOINT with other sources o inormation, in particular
signals intelligence. Fusion has become increasinglyimportant to the GEOINT production process. It consoli-
dates and meaningully depicts diverse data in a single
product to give the intelligence customer a unique
insight into an issue. Fusion has vital applications in
military and counterterrorism operationsor example,
in providing indicators and warnings about the locations
and uses o improvised explosive devices or about ter-
rorist activities and operations.
The true measure o the efectiveness o the 2008
agency board meeting in establishing a platorm or
cooperation over the ollowing year will not be apparent
until the next gathering in London in 2009, when prog-
ress against agreed initiatives can be gauged. But the
consensus view o conerence delegates on departure
was that the 2008 agency board meeting had generated
outstanding momentum or uture cooperation and
urther integration o all partners respective national
GEOINT systems.
This article draws in part rom an interview conducted
by the author with Vice Adm. Murrett on March 21,
2008, prior to his attendance at the 2008 agency
board meeting.
LachlanWilson
PSC
DIGO.
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Our Heritage
GEOINT F G S PBy Dr. Gary E. Weir
H j ,
sense o having already experienced something just
encountered. Everyone has that eeling on occasion. For
example, given recent television news stories, does this
sound amiliar?
Above all, the cost o dealing with the pirates was
excessive. The locals were numerous, well-armed,
and dangerous. To impose order on a population
reduced to poverty and not inrequently starvingwould have required a major military expedition.
The human cost would be high, and the diplomatic
problems grave. Such an operation would be,
in efect, a short-term invasion and conquest.
The alternative naval response, instituting
regular patrols, would have
been uneconomic.
This certainly describes those conditions in Somalia
and of the Horn o Arica responsible or a current rash
o piracy very dicult to control. However, Kings College
historian, Proessor Andrew Lambert, recently composed
the above passage to describe the eforts o the British
government to address the efects o Rif tribal piracy
in the Mediterranean Sea in the mid-19th century! He
concluded that the British authorities adopted the only
reasonable course open to them. They supported aresurgent local Moroccan government and let its central
control over the area subdue the tribes involved in
piracy. An efective customs system with reasonable
tarifs and a police organization to enorce expectations
eventually presented the best long-term solution. In this
case, the British looked to a combination o inormed
authority, regional awareness, national inrastructure
and efective enorcement to restore local stability and
reedom o action. This made normal trade possible, as
well as efective international diplomacy, an essential
tool or peace and prosperity.
However, you cannot implement any o
these things so important
to arresting piracy i
you do not have a
very high level o
regional aware-
ness. You must
know where the
pirates make their
base, what ships and
boats they can use,
their movement by
land and sea, their
numbers, and their
order o battle. Any
efort to accom-
plish these ends
also requires
intimacy with
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regional geography. The British discovered all o this
the hard way when the Rif tribes rst became a major
regional nuisance in the 1840s. Scholars have discov-
ered a amiliar scenario in studying these North Arican
pirates, who regularly seized merchant vessels sailing
under a variety o colors. As one historian observed,
When the inevitable naval vessel turned up to
recover the captured ship, or simply bring down
some righteous indignation on the locals, they soon
discovered an uncomortable truth. The British had
little knowledge o the area, lacking accurate maps,
and reliable charts. The Bu Gaar villages were
almost impossible to locate, oten out-o-sight and
invulnerable to bombardment, as were the boats,
which the Rif buried in the sand, or hid in caves.
The coast was dominated by clifs, a marked advan-
tage in a reght. The same vantage point enabled
them to spot approaching warships with their
excellent telescopes, and they used signal res tocommunicate orders.
Regardless o whether the international community
employed orce, political support or local authorities,
or diplomacy, the protagonists would need geospatial
inormation to understand the threat and the terrain
while weighing options that promised a possible solu-
tion. The 19th century did not permit aerial photography,
but maps and charts o the coastline and the pirate
staging areas in the interior made efective action pos-
sible. Those intent on illegally seizing ships, crews and
cargoes depended on an adversarys ignorance o the
landscape, his inability to discover the best landingpoints along the shore, and the amount o time he would
waste looking or pirate vessels hidden in caves and
inlets in a oreign land. Indeed a oray ashore by the
north German navy with a orce o 60 in 1856 ended in
deeat at the hands o the Rif pirates, excellent marks-
men rom the high shoreline clifs. The north German
venture took heavy casualties, including Adm. Prince
Adelbert o Prussia, wounded while serving as expedi-
tion commander. The British and Germans, as well as the
French, quickly learned the value o maps, charts, terrain
data, ocean depth estimates, village locations, points o
embarkation, preerred weapons, expertise with those
weapons and any intelligence inormation regarding
pirate movement.
These particulars are as important to modern
geospatial analysts as they were to our proessional
predecessors over a century ago. Geospatial tools and
inormation provided the imperial European powers o
the 19th century with a broad context o physical and
cultural knowledge upon which to build policies and
local plans o action in response to the Rif pirates.
The geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) generated byNGA today, augmented by imagery, digital charts and
GPS-based location systems, will provide a 21st century
context or the solutions and policies designed to arrest
modern piracy. The United States, our Commonwealth
allies, France and others, as well as those all-important
regional authorities and cultural orces, will once again
address this problem and build a solution on a geospa-
tial oundation. Pirates violate the rights o all. GEOINT is
playing a major role in acilitating a global solution.
Dr.GaryE.Weir
is the NGA Historian.
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November 19, 2008
The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency randomly chose a day tohighlight the variety o signifcant agency activities involved in deliveringgeospatial intelligence to the nation.
Photos represent a typical day at NGA.
line maps to the Theater Map
Depot in Kandahar, Aghani-stan. These Aghanistan mapsare being produced by oreignpartners to aid the InternationalSecurity Assistance Force (ISAF)Aghanistan coalition.
Human Development RecruitmentServices processed applicantsrom NGAs rst major hiringevent, which was held 1315
November. NGA received5,616 rsums and conducted1,185 interviews resulting in 698conditional oers o employment.
Two members o the Presidential
Transition Team conducted theirinitial visit to NGA. They wereinterested in a variety o top-ics, including source mitigationchallenges, domestic secu-rity, analytic collaboration andE.O.12333 NSG FunctionalManagement authorities.
Geospatial Intelligence Ad-vancement Testbed personnel at
a orward operating location insoutheast Asia installed a nodesupporting PACOM/SOCPAC.
The Oce o Financial Manage-ment delivered NGAs AgencyFinancial Report to the Directoro National Intelligence, theOce o Management andBudget, and Congress.
The Oce o International A-
airs and Policy (OIP) provided astock o new 1:50K topographic
@
GREAT DAY
NGA
A
The Enterprise Operations Direc-
torate printed 21,000 maps, rep-licated 4,700 optical media andscanned 115 charts; processed
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18 print and 74 georeerencedmaps or electronic availabil-ity; compiled and shipped ve500GB rewire drives and 10optical media drives; generated450 media; and purchased60,000 aeronautical productsor customers.
The Oce o General Counselgave 78 legal opinions/advice tointernal and external clients. Thisincluded travel topics, collectiono EEO data/records and docu-ments, aliate benets, liabilityinsurance or employees, industryinteraction, licensing agreements,data rights questions, procure-
ment o server maintenance ques-tion, and a Ft. Belvoir opinion onoverhead barriers.
The Oce o Global Support(OGS) reached a milestone inwelcoming its 400th deployer tothe NGA Volunteer Deployment
Team. Since initiated in Septem-ber 2001, OGS has deployedover 1,600 times in support ocustomers around the world.
NGA celebrated support to the2008 Beijing Olympics withan awards ceremony to honorthe contributors. The event washosted by the Oce o AsiaPacics Olympic support team.
Construction continued at NewCampus East with 42 steelbeams being put in place.
NGA Test Organization (NTO)conducted test number 2,931.The NTO is the independent test
authority to issue Certicatesto Field or all NGA productsto the Department o DeenseIntelligence Inormation Systems(DoDIIS) community.
The Directors Action Centerbroadcast the daily Operationsand Intelligence meeting to42 sites worldwide, giving anupdate to the Director, NGA and
his leadership team on currentintelligence events, such as theexercise COLD START, as well asour mission posture.
The Oce o International Aairsand Policy worked with theAnalysis and ProductionDirectorate to bring a Battleeld
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Inormation Collection &Exploitation System (BICES)workstation online.
The State Department NGASupport Team attended theDepartment o State-chairedInternational Athletic EventsSecurity Coordinating Group.Items discussed included secu-rity planning and exercises or
the Vancouver 2010 WinterOlympics, security planning andIntelligence Community involve-ment with the April 2009 Summito Americas in Trinidad andTobago, the 2010 South AricaWorld Cup, and the 2012London Summer Olympics.
NGA Support Team analystscreated terrain maps o ourcountries that will be used indetermining possible illegalcrossings away rom borderposts. They also coordinatedwith a deployed analyst at JointTask ForceGuantanamo Bay onan Aghanistan map that wascreated in 2001.
The Source Operations andManagement Directorate sup-ported the COLD START exercisewith people assigned rom theGEOINT Foundation Oceworking 205 hours.
There are currently multiple NSApersonnel partnering with NGAanalysts to tackle complex intel-ligence problems. NSA is activelyworking to embed additionalanalysts in NGA spaces to urther
the joint analytic collaboration.
The Security and Installation Op-erations Directorate provided fushots to employees in the East andat the West acilities. Total shotsor the year are 2,880 in the Eastand 1,493 in the West or a totalo 4,373 employees inoculated.
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The Oce o Diversity Manage-ment and Equal EmploymentOpportunity hosted its QuarterlyAwards Ceremony, presenting 30Special Act and Time O awards
as well as a special Making aDierence Team Award.
The Analytic Visualization Divi-sion editors worked closely withCIA counterparts to arrange areciprocal collaborative eort.Ater a CIA editor participated ina September visit to NGA, plans
to invite NGA senior editors toCIA spaces began. Ater coordi-nating with the CIA NGA Sup-port Team, a reciprocal visit wasscheduled or mid-December. Theinteraction has been so positive
that NGA plans to extend partici-pation with editor counterparts atDIA, NSA, and the Pentagon.
The Oce o Corporate Commu-nications gave Media Trainingand NGA In the News brie-ings to a class o 12 advancedimagery analysts and edited13 news articles, 77 businesscards, the script or NGA News-
breaks, and one brochure. TheCongressional branch deliveredIraq maps to the Senate andresponded to multiple Congres-sional sta queries.
Oce o GEOINT Sciences,processed inormation or theGPS satellites and sent the inor-
mation o to the Air Force in atimely manner.
The Acquisition and SourceOperations and ManagementDirectorates teamed to generateover 100 geospatial andcommercial imagery products.
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T D A
SAVE THE DATE
GEOINT TECH DAYS
J U N E 2 - 4 , 2 0 0 9
The fth annual
GEOINT Tech Days is
just around the corner!
Tech Days provides a valuable
and unique opportunity or
USGIF members rom government,
industry and academia to showcase
the latest geospatial intelligence
technologies and capabilities in
a small, inviting environment.
For more inormation, please visit
www.usgi.org/Events_TechDays.aspx
Produced by the United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation (USGIF)
in cooperation with the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
NGA TechNoloGyDAy
8:30 a.m. - 2:30 p.m.
Classifed Session
This event continues to serve as a premier opportunity
to unite and explore new ways to harness the power
of geospatial intelligence to address tomorrows
challenges. NGAs exhibits will highlight GEOINT
products, emerging technologies and cutting-edgetools utilized in forward support throughout the world.
NGA Headquarters - Bethesda, MD
NGA TechNoloGyDAy
8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
June 2 is limited to the NGA workforce. For more
information on this, please see the splash page.
NGA Headquarters - Bethesda, MD
DAY
2-WEDS.,JUNE3
D
AY1-TUES.,JUNE2
USGIF TechNoloGyDAy
8:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m.
Unclassifed Session
USGIF members d isp lay the la test geospat ia l
intelligence technologies in an unclassified setting totruly examine the future of the tradecraft. The USGIF
Technology Day also lends itself to be a great, low-
key networking venue in an intimate tradeshow floor.
Transportation for NGA personnel will be provided from select NGA sites
to the Hyatt Regency Reston. Please see the splash page for more details.
Hyatt Regency Reston - Reston, VA
DAY3-THURS
.,JUNE4
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8/9/2019 18196 March April 09 Pathfinder LRWeb
32/32
TION
AL
GEO
SPAT
IALINTELLIGEN
CEA
GEN