1.8-integral building design for the new bangkok international airport

7/30/2019 1.8-Integral Building Design for the New Bangkok International Airport

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Integral Building Design for the New Bangkok International Airport

Design team

Architect: Murphy/Jahn, Chicago

Structural engineer: Werner Sobek Ingenieure, Stuttgart

Climate engineering: Transsolar, Stuttgart

Acustical consultant: Laboratorium fr Dynamik und Optik, Dr. Rainer Blum,Leonberg

Mechanical Engineer: Flack and Kurtz, San Francisco

Thermal and visual comfort for the occupants of a room are not defined by air temperature only, but also radiationwith its three components solar radiation, daylight and heat radiation has to be taken into account.

In hot climates the optimization of room comfort is a challenging task due to the high solar radiation over thewhole year. Opaque and high insulated envelopes with only few windows reduce the solar gains entering thebuilding and therefore improve thermal comfort, but at the same time daylighting levels inside are reduced, visualcomfort decreased and the need for artificial lighting is created.

In order to balance thermal and visual comfort and achieve a highly transparent building envelope combined withsun and heat protection capabilities in intelligent buildings of today new material developments are appliedoptimizing the building envelope in an integral building design process. New solutions for weather, noise andheat protection are developed, where building envelope and installed mechanical equipment work togethercreating optimal comfort at minimum energy consumption.

This approach was used in the design of the NewBangkok International Airport (NBIA) to develop anoptimized building concept in a design teamcomprising the architects, structural andmechanical engineers, acoustic and climateengineers.

For the terminal building of the NBIA the techniqueof shading by large overhangs was applied but atthe same time a roof created that allows daylight topass through. Large external trellis blades that faceto the south and open up to the north provideeffective shading for direct sunlight allowing diffuse

indirect light from the sky to enter the building. Proper daylighting levels for the terminal hall and views throughthe roof to the sky in combination with sun protection are achieved. The shading trellis blades are naturallyventilated and located outside the building envelope, so their absorbed solar heat does not enter the building. Inthis case the separation of weather and sun protection layers leads to an optimized result.

Air conditioning of large volume enclosures with internal building elements creates a high cooling demand in

relation to the actually occupied space. In the case of the NBIA the total volume of the building is split intounconditioned zones at higher levels and cooled occupied zones at low levels drastically reducing the totalcooling demand because mechanical cooling is applied only in spaces where it is actually needed.

Two different mechanical systems for cooling are used. First there is a radiant floor cooling using chilled waterpiping in the concrete slabs to directly remove solar radiation hitting the floor. The floor surface stays cool andtherefore thermal comfort is increased.

The second system cools the supply air to the space. In a displacement ventilation system this air is supplied tothe space at low velocity creating a sea of cool air on the floor. The conditioned zone covers an air volume up to aheight of 2.5 m above the floor in each occupied space. Due to the fact that warm air raises a thermalstratification in the hall is induced. In the unconditioned higher levels the air warms up to about ambienttemperature.

The reduction of conditioned air volume is reducing the cooling loads of the building and also decreases the needfor thermal insulation of a large part of the building envelope.


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For the concourses of the Bangkok airport the same concept for air conditioning is used, but in this case theboundary conditions are different. The envelope is constructed using two different groups of materials which arealternating along the concourses, transparent glazed facades for outside views and a translucent membrane rooffor daylighting.

The glazed parts use single laminated glass units with different values for transmission, reflection and absorptionof solar radiation and daylight depending on their position on the envelope. Using ceramic frit of different densities

and a sun protection coating the intended material properties of the glass are achieved. In the lower parts of theenvelope more glazing is applied and a lower degree of fritting is used to allow a good view to the outside. In theroof parts less glazing with a denser frit is used to achieve good solar protection against the high sun of Thailandkeeping these parts of the envelope optically transparent.

The membrane parts of the envelope are constructed using a translucent multi layer membrane assembly thatallows a part of the sunlight to pass as diffuse light into the building. Due to its low specific weight and its highstrength these membranes can be used in wide spanning roof constructions. The achieved savings in the amountof material used results in a cost effective building envelope construction. This translucent roof constructionensures sufficient daylighting levels for the building interior.

In addition to this the membrane construction works as a baffle layer for sound protection from the outside(aircraft noise) and from the inside (room acoustics). Between the weather protecting outer membrane made of

teflon coated glass fibres and the inner membrane translucent sound baffles are mounted with an air gap on bothsides. This baffle layer absorbs noise from the outside and the inside.

The inner membrane is a laminate of two layers. The layer facing the room is a low-e coated transparent foilbeing in radiative exchange with all internal surfaces of the building.

Thin metal coatings block the radiative heat exchange between the warm membrane construction and the internalbuilding parts and is transparent for daylight and sound due to its very low thickness. This low-e coated surfacehas an additional advantage. Instead of radiating heat from the hot roof the radiation of the cooled floor surfacesis reflected to the room by this low-e coating which is improving thermal comfort for the occupants as theythermally sense cooler surrounding surfaces. The other laminate layer is a perforated teflon glass fibre which letsthe internal sound pass to the absorbing baffles and does not reflect it.

Only the intensive cooperation of the architect with the members of the design team made it possible todeveloped an integral building concept for the New Bangkok International Airport minimizing the energyconsumption of the building and optimizing thermal and visual comfort using new material developments.


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Energy and comfort concept terminal building

T = 27CoperativeT = 24Cair

supply air 18C4 ac/h

13C

low-e coating

reduced long wave radiation

solarreflection70%

solarreflection60%

fritted glass

transmission3,5%

membrane

transmission2%

absorption36,5%

absorption28%

floor surface21C

19C

Energy and comfort concept for the concourses

displacement ventilationsupply air 18C 1 ac/h

solar reflection60 %

reduced longwaveradiation

transmission

1%

absorption39 %

13C

19C

13C

mixed ventilationairconditioned

Low-e coating

19C

shading louvers+sunprotection glass

Toperative= 27CTair= 24C


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Evaluation by computational fluid dynamic simulation

Results without floor cooling with destroyed stratification


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Glass specifications

1.8-integral building design for the new bangkok international airport

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