18 hellberg index
TRANSCRIPT
535
I
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Numerics
1x Radio Transmission Technology (1xRTT), 3713GPP (Third-Generation Partnership Project),
366–367, 370architecture, 379–380QoS, 380Release 99 (R99), 379structure, 377WLAN integration, 390
A
AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer 5), 185AC (Attachment Circuit), 126AC System Error, 191Accept All Requests, authentication and, 482access
bit stream, 249–259enhanced Internet, 62GAN, 391–392high-availability
broadband, 170–181Ethernet architecture, 175–176
IGMP proxy, 102–103last mile broadband, 219
ADSL, 220, 227ADSL2, 227–230ADSL2+, 227–230SHDSL, 235VDSL/VDSL2, 230–235
POTS to DSLAMs, 64protocols, 186
DHCP, 196–207IPv6 environments, 216PPP, 186–196selecting, 207–216
access node (AN), 233Access Node Control Protocol (ANCP), 357, 467Access-Accept packet, 282Access-Request packet, 274Accounting-Alive packet, 274Accounting-Start packet, 274Accounting-Stop packet, 274acknowledgment (ACK), 314acquisition servers (A-servers), 43Address Resolution Protocol.
See
ARPaddresses
allocation, 198–207assigning, 454, 456compatibility, 414customer LANs, 427–430DA, 71DHCP
assigning, 414–417static, 417–419
IP.
See also
IPFramed-IP-Addresses, 420ranges, 414
local pools, 407–411
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MACpseudowires, 127resolving, 418scaling, 154
NAPT, 158NAT, 158PPP, 412–419remote pools, 411–412SAs, 489single source, 107–108static PPP, 420–421subscribers, 421–427
address-pool-name command, 410–411ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line),
3, 5, 220, 227Ethernet DSLAMs, 121
ADSL2, 227–230ADSL2+, 31, 227–230advanced dynamic service provisioning, 459–467Advances to IMS (A-IMS), 388–389advantages
of DHCP, 211–213of PPPoE, 207–209
advertising, targeted, 54aggregation
BNGs, 469DSLAM, 122, 145–146networks, 169–170routes, 426
A-IMS (Advances to IMS), 388–389Alcatel, 8algorithms
EPD PPD, 308GCRA, 309WRR, 319–322
ALGs (Application Layer Gateways), 302allocating addresses, 198–207Amati, 8American National Standards Institute.
See
ANSIAmerican Telephone and Telegraph Company.
See
AT&TAN (access node), 233annexes
implementations, 239series, 17systems, 230
ANCP (Access Node Control Protocol), 357, 467ANSI (American National Standards Institute),
6, 220
anycast LNS, 281Application Layer
proxies, 475–477SBCs as proxies, 475–477
Application Layer Gateways (ALGs), 302application servers (ASs), IMS, 387applications
data rates, 31wireless broadband, 365
CDMA evolution/3GPP2, 370–372GSM evolution/3GPP, 367–370IMT-2000, 365–366
architecture3GPP, 379–380BNG, 173–175dialup provider-hosted L2TP, 263DiffServ, 296–299DSL, 21–29end-to-end VoIP, 65head-end, video, 41high-availability
BNG element, 178–181Ethernet access, 175–176
IMS, 366IPTVe, 44provider, 162–168routers, 342–346service VLANs, 157triple-play QoS, 346
centralized BNGs, 351–355distributed BNGs, 356–357L2CP, 357trust boundaries, 346–351
UMTS, 374–375VLANs, 156–162
ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businessmen, Japan), 370
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 431, 418ARPU (Average Revenue Per User), 3ARQ (Automatic Retransmission reQuest), 401A-servers (acquisition servers), 43ASs (application servers), IMS, 387assigning
addresses, 414–417, 454–456DHCP, 414–417static DHCP, 417–419static PPP, 420–421
BNG addresses, 407services, 454, 456
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Association of Radio Industries and Businessmen, Japan (ARIB), 370
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line.
See
ADSLAsynchronous Transfer Mode.
See
ATMAT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph
Company), 246ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 2
bridged IP over, 198DSLAMs, 13interconnects, 249–253PPPoA, 186, 188–190PPPoE, 190–196pseudowires, 123–144
ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5), 185Attachment Circuit (AC), 126attacks
DDoS, 488DoS, 470–473
Attribute 242 filters, 456authentication, 481
Accept All Requests, 482DSLAM-to-BNG, 272–274LAC-to-LNS, 274–276optimizing, 482–483RADIUS, 448subscriber, 272–276
authorizationCoA, 413, 457, 480line-based, 273
AutoDiscovery, 191automated P2MP LSP provisioning, 93–96automatic pool configuration, 412automatic protection switching, 257Automatic Retransmission reQuest (ARQ), 401availability.
See also
HAcore networks, 106–115Ethernet architecture, 175–176measuring, 171–173pseudowires, 177troubleshooting, 171–173
Average Revenue Per User (ARPU), 3
B
backbones (triple-play networks)design, 67–68highly available core networks, 106–115MPLS, 68–79multicast protocols, 79–96running MPLS on BNGs, 96–106
backhaul networks, troubleshooting, 173backplanes, 344backward explicit congestion notification.
See
BECNband plans, VDSL2, 233bandpass filters, 4bandwidth
CAC, 462–467commands, 313QoS, 291
base tunnel signaling, 142basic dynamic service provisioning, 452–459BE (best-effort) traffic, 292BECN (backward explicit congestion
notification), 298Bell Telephone Company, 246Bell, Alexander Graham, 245Bellcore, 5best-effort (BE) traffic, 292BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection),
97, 110, 213BGCF (Breakout Gateway Control
Function), 388BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), route
reflection, 153Bidirectional Forwarding Detection.
See
BFDbilling platforms, 446bit shifters, 29bit streams, access, 249–259blackhole routing, 489BNGs (Broadband Network Gateways), 13, 469
architecture, 173–175centralized, 351–355connections, 97–99, 406–427control plane security, 486–488DHCP, 199, 206, 412–419distributed, 356–357DSLAMs, 38, 272–274dual-stack models, 437hardware, 178high-availability element architecture,
178–181IGMP proxy, 102–103interface triggers, 480L3VPNs, 69Layer 3 wholesale networks, 260local address pools, 407–411MPLS, 96–106packet filters, 489PPP, 187
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PPPoE AutoDiscovery, 191rate-limiting L2TP, 265remote address pools, 411–412RPF checking, 472SFD, 487software, 179VoIP, 70
BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol), 196Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), route
reflection, 153boundaries, trust, 346–351B-RAS (Broadband Remote Access Server),
13, 38Breakout Gateway Control Function
(BGCF), 388bridged IP over ATM, 198bridged mode, 192–193, 429bridged RGs, DHCP with, 213bridged virtual interface (BVI), 198bridging traffic, 269broadband access networks, L2TP, 263–269Broadband Network Gateways.
See
BNGsBroadband Remote Access Server (B-RAS), 13, 38broadcast channels, 484–485BSR (bootstrap router), 84BT (U.K.), 389buckets, 306business connectivity, 59–63business strategies, need for QoS, 292BVI (bridged virtual interface), 198
C
cable patches, 248CAC (Call Admission Control), 49, 300, 453,
462–467Call Admission Control.
See
CACCall Session Control Function (CSCF), 386Calling-Station-IDs, 448CAP (Carrier Amplitude Phase), 220Carrier-Supporting-Carrier VPNs, 78catalogs, media, 54CBR (constant bit rate) circuits, 197CBWFQ (Class-Based Weighted Fair
Queuing), 329CCC (Circuit Cross Connect), 124CCSA (China Communications Standards
Association), 370CDM (Code Division Multiplexing), 371
CE (Customer Edge) routers, 70Central Office.
See
COcentralized BNGs, 351–355C-Flow, 488CGw/CCF (Charging Gateway/Charging
Collection Function), 390Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol.
See
CHAPChange of Authorization (CoA), 457, 480channels
broadcast, 484–485SD-TV, 44Whale Channel, 485
CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol), 186
Charging Gateway/Charging Collection Function (CGw/CCF), 390
China Communications Standards Association (CCSA), 370
churn (routing), reducing, 423Circuit Cross Connect (CCC), 124circuits
AC, 126CBR, 197crosstalk, 221LAD, 9pseudowires, 125.
See also
pseudowiresservices, 374–375
Circuit-Switched Data (CSD), 367Cisco, 19Cisco 10000 policing and shaping overheads, 337Cisco IOS
classification configuration, 305configuration, 410–411hierarchical rate-limiting, 312policy forwarding, 72PPPoA, 190scheduler hierarchies, 330
class of service.
See
CoSClass-Based Weighted Fair Queuing
(CBWFQ), 329classes, traffic (UMTS), 380classification, QoS, 306CLECs (Competitive Local Exchange Carriers), 9CLI (Command-Line Interface), 340, 480clients
BNG as DHCP, 206DHCP, 414–417
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CLP (Cell Loss Priority), 298Clusters, distributed video, 48CO (Central Office)
Ethernet DSLAMs, 118POTS access to DSLAM, 64residential and SME dynamic service
provisioning, 445CoA (Change of Authorization), 413, 457, 480Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing
(CWDM), 327Code Division Multiplexing (CDM), 371collection, statistics, 488Command-Line Interface.
See
CLIcommands
address-pool-name, 410–411bandwidth, 313ip address-pool local, 409ip helper-address, 416peer default ip address pool, 411set dhcp relay, 416
common carrier status, 350Common Open Policy Service (COPS), 461Communications Act of 1934, 9comparing wholesale broadband networks,
283–286compatibility, addresses, 414Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs), 9components, wireless broadband, 372–377concurrency rate, 40confidentiality, 481configuration
automatic pool, 412BNG
connections, 406–427DHCP, 412–419local address pools, 407–411remote address pools, 411–412
Cisco IOS, 410–411classification
Cisco IOS, 305Juniper JUNOS, 304
Juniper JUNOSe, 408–410networks, 423–426triple-play networks, 67–68, 117
DSLAM aggregation, 122Ethernet DSLAMs, 118–122high-availability broadband access,
170–181
highly available core networks, 106–115MPLS backbones, 68–79multicast protocols in, 79–96running MPLS on BNGs, 96–106
congestion, 329connections
BNG, 97–99configuring, 406–427DHCP, 412–419DSLAMs, 38local address pools, 407–411remote address pools, 411–412
business connectivity, 59–63CAC, 300PPP, 187.
See also
PPPconstant bit rate.
See
CBRConstrained Shortest Path First (CSPF), 87control plane security, 486–488control words, 129controllers, middleware, 460copper
history of networks, 3–6loop unbundling, 248network reticulation, 234–235
COPS (Common Open Policy Service), 461core networks
highly available, 106–115IMS, 385properties, 143
core protocols, 111, 112CoS (class of service), 289Cosine, 19CPE (Customer Premises Equipment), 39, 158
DiffServ, 299G.DMT, 223troubleshooting, 172
credentials, VoIP security, 475–478credits, 306crosstalk, 221CSCF (Call Session Control Function), 386CSD (Circuit-Switched Data), 367CSPF (Constrained Shortest Path First), 87Customer Edge.
See
CECustomer Premises Equipment.
See
CPEC-VLAN shaping, 328CWDM (Coarse Wave Division Multi-
plexing), 327
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D
DA (destination address), 71daisy-chained DSLAMs, 119–120DAR (Dynamic Adaptive Routing), 293dark fiber, 145data encoding, D.GMT, 223–225data modulation, D.GMT, 225data rates, applications, 31data services, 55–63databases, users, 447datagrams, prioritization, 294DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service)
attacks, 488DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications), 366dedicated LNS load balancing, 283delivery
multicast using VPLS, 92–96P2MP LSPs for, 85–86SDP, 159
denial of service attacks.
See
DoSDense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM),
145, 327Department of Defense (DoD), 444deployment
DHCP, 215IPv6, 436–441
DHCP, 439L2TP, 440–441PPPoE, 436–439
native IP multicast, 79–85QoS, 289–290
classification, 306determining need for, 290–294marking, 306prioritization concepts, 294–300queuing, 313–318rate-limiting, 306–313router forwarding architectures, 342–346scheduling, 318, 342
RSVP-TE LSPs, 108VLANs, 168
designing triple-play networks, 67–68, 117DSLAM aggregation, 122Ethernet DSLAMs, 118–122high-availability
broadband access, 170–181core networks, 106–115
MPLS backbones, 68–79multicast protocols in, 79–96running MPLS on BNGs, 96–106
designated router (DR), 81DESS (Directory-Enabled Service Selection), 457destination address (DA), 71detection
BFD, 97, 110, 213failure, 110fault (Ethernets), 176G.DMT, 226IDS.
See
IDSSFD, 487
determining need for QoS, 290–294devices
intServ, 296MRF, 388
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 14, 185, 196–207
addresses, 414–417advantages of, 211–213BNG, 206disadvantages of, 213–216IPv6 deployment, 439LAN addressing, 427–428negotiation, 455PPP address assignment using, 412–419relay-proxy, 204–206selecting, 207–216servers, 417static addresses, 417–419
DHNR (Dynamic Nonhierarchical Routing), 293dial-up provider-hosted L2TP architecture, 263Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP), 297DiffServ (Differentiated Services), 289, 296–299Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
(DECT), 366Digital Local Exchange (DLE), 247digital mobile video broadcast, 396Digital Rights Management (DRM), 51–53Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer.
See
DSLAMDigital Subscriber Line.
See
DSLDigital Video Broadcast, Satellite (DVB-S)
standard, 41Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld
(DVB-H), 396
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Digital Video Broadcasting-Handheld (DVB-H), 397–398
Directory-Enabled Service Selection (DESS), 457disadvantages
of DHCP, 213–216of PPPoE, 209–211
discovery, VPLS topology, 177–181Discrete Multitone (DMT), 6, 220distributed BNGs, 356–357Distributed Denial of Service attacks.
See
DDoSdistributed forwarding, 344distributed multicast edges, running, 352–355distributed video clusters, 48distribution
routes, 423–426servers (D-servers), 43
DLE (Digital Local Exchange), 247DMH (Dual-Mode Handset), 391DMT (Discrete Multitone), 6, 220DoD (Department of Defense), 444DoS (denial of service) attacks, 192, 470–473, 481downstream carriers, 231DR (designated router), 81DRA (Dynamic Rate Adaptation), 228DRM (Digital Rights Management), 51–53dry copper loops, 9dry pair, 9DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point), 297D-servers (distribution servers), 43DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), 3
architecture, 21–29bit stream access, 249–259early termination, 12history of networks, 6–8, 10Layer 2, 22port identification, 276–277
DSL Forum (DSL-F), 8, 19–20DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer), 11, 117BNGs, 38centralized BNGs, 351daisy-chained, 119–120Ethernets, 14, 118–122history of networks, 11–14hub-and-spoke, 120–121POTS access to, 64pseudowires, 123–144rate-limiting L2TP, 264
subtended, 119–121traditional transport, 145–146transport models, 121
DSLAM-to-BNG authentication, 272–274DSL-F (DSL Forum), 8, 19–20Dual-Mode handset (DMH), 391dual-mode radios, 366dual-stack BNG models, 437duty cycles, 401DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld),
397–398DVB-S (Digital Video Broadcast) standard, 41DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing),
145, 327Dynamic Adaptive Routing (DAR), 293Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
See
DHCP
Dynamic Nonhierarchical Routing (DHNR), 293dynamic PIM joins, 100Dynamic Rate Adaptation (DRA), 228dynamic services
edges, 357provisioning, 445–450
dynamic user session controlresidential and SME dynamic service
provisioning, 445–450service provisioning flow, 451–467
E
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol), 186early DSL termination, 12Early Packet Discard.
See
EPDearly user access implementations, 16ECI Telecom, 8E-DCH (Enhanced Dedicated Channel), 401edge routers
distributed multicast, running, 352–355redundancy, 114–115
EF (Expedited Forwarding), 297efficiency
routing tables, 422traffic routing, 153
electrical characteristicsof SHDSL, 237–239of VDSL, 230–232
elements, services, 446–450enabling DHCP relays on JUNOSe, 416
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encapsulationEthernets, 231OSI Model, 444
encoding G.DMT, 223–225encryption, video, 51–53endpoints, CAC, 300end-to-end VoIP, 64–66engines
meditation, 447rating, 447SPE, 449
Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH), 401enhanced Internet access, 62entities, IMS, 385EPD (Early Packet Discard), 308error correction, G.DMT, 226ERX-Address-Pool-Name = pool1, 409Ethernets
BFD, 110DSLAMs, 14, 118–122
aggregation, 122daisy-chained, 119–120hub-and-spoke, 120–121subtended, 119–121transport models, 121
encapsulation, 231fault detection, 176GELS, 154high-availability access architecture, 175–176interconnects, 253–256metro, 175pseudowires, 123–144
ETSI (European Technical Standards Institute), 237
evolutionof DSL architecture, 21–29of DSLAM, 11–14of service, 15–20
exchanges, messages (VPLS), 149EXP (experimental) fields, 302Expedited Forwarding.
See
EFexperimental (EXP) field, 302explicit tracking, 102Extensible Authentication Protocol.
See
EAP
F
fabric, 344failover, nondeterministic, 109failure detection, 110
Far-End Crosstalk.
See
FEXTfast reroute local protection, 109fault detection, Ethernets, 176FBF (Filter-based Forwarding), 71FCC (Federal Communications Commission), 9FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing), 221FDF (Fiber Distribution Frame), 145, 172FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing), 220FEC (Forward Error Correction), 226FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class), 95FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion
Notification), 298Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 9FEXT (Far-End Crosstalk), 221Fiber Distribution Frame (FDF), 145fields
Diffserv, 297EXP, 302giaddr, 415IP prioritization, 294TLV, 434
FIFO (First In/First Out), 313Filter-based Forwarding (FBF), 71filters
Attribute 242, 456packets, 489PIM-ASM, 81
firewalls, 479, 486First In/First Out (FIFO), 313fixed bandwidths, 293Fixed/Mobile Convergence.
See
FMCFLO (Media Forward Link Only), 396, 399flooding
attacks, 470MAC, 149
Flow, service provisioning, 451–467FMC (Fixed Mobile Convergence), 366, 389–394Forward Error Correction (FEC), 226Forward Explicit Congestion Notification.
See
FECNforwarding, 59
BFD, 97, 110, 213distributed, 344EF, 297FBF, 71integration with PIM source-specific
multicast, 90, 92IPv6, 433multicast, 166planes, 88
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policies, 74router architectures, 342–346RPF, 90–92, 471–472VRF address pools, 411
Forwarding Equivalence Class.
See
FECfragmentation, L2TP, 277–280Frame Relay, 2, 123–144framed routes, 420Framed-IP-Addresses, 420frequency, VDSL, 231Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD), 221Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), 220future
of VPLS multicast delivery, 96of wireless broadband
applications, 365–372components, 372–377evolution of, 399–403FMC, 389–394IMS, 381–389video integration, 395–399
G
G.DMT, 222data encoding, 223–225data modulation, 225error correction and detection, 226standards and spectrum, 223
G.lite, 227gaming, 56–57GAN (Generic Access Network), 391–392GANC (Generic Access Network Controller), 392Gateway GPRS Support Nodes (GGSNs), 379gateways
ALPs, 302BNGs, 469.
See also
BNGsLSSG, 457RG
DHCP, 212PPPoE, 190
SEGW, 392services, 445streaming, 46troubleshooting, 172
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), 367GCRA (Generic Cell Rate Algorithm), 309GELS (Generalized Ethernet Label Switching), 154General Packet Radio Service.
See
GPRS
General Post Office.
See
GPOGeneral Switch Management Protocol
(GSMP), 358Generalized Ethernet Label Switching
(GELS), 154Generic Access Network (GAN), 391–392Generic Access Network Controller (GANC), 392Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA), 309GERAN (GSM/GPRS Radio Access Net-
work), 392giaddr field, 415GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying), 367Google video, 235GPO (General Post Office), 245GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), 368–379Graceful Restart, 180groups
DiffServ, 298static IGMP, 100
GSM/GPRS Radio Access Network (GERAN), 392
GSMP (General Switch Management Protocol), 358
guarantees, IntServ, 296
H
HA (high availability)BNG element architecture, 178–181broadband access, 170–181Ethernet access architecture, 175–176video, 43
handsets, 366DMH, 391FMC, 389–394
hardwareBNG, 178dedicated LNS load balancing, 283distributed forwarding, 344SAR, 339
HDR (high data rate), 371HD-TV (High Definition Television), 145, 462headers
IP DiffServ fields, 297IPv6, 432MPLS, 302
head-end architecture, video, 41Hello (Norway), 389HFC (hybrid fiber/co-axial), 2, 5, 219
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hierarchical QoS, 323–336hierarchical rate-limiting, 310high data rate (HDR), 371high-availability.
See
HAHigh-Definition Television (HD-TV), 145, 462highly available core networks, 106–115High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
(HSCSD), 367High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA), 400High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-DSCH), 401High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), 400history
of QoS, 294–300of networks
copper, 3–6DSL, 6–10, 21–29DSLAM, 11–14evolution of service, 15–20legacy access, 2modern broadband, 30–32Telecommunications Act of 1996, 9–10
home routers.
See
RGHSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched
Data), 367HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet
Access), 400HS-DSCH (High-Speed Downlink Shared
Channel), 401HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access), 400hub-and-spoke DSLAMs, 120–121hybrid fiber/co-axial (HFC), 2, 219hybrid VPN models, 76
I
ICA (International Copper Association), 7I-CSCF (Interrogating CSCF), 387identifying DSL ports, 276–277IDSs (Intrusion Detection Systems), 476, 486IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),
484–485PIM-SSM mapping, 99–106proxy, 102–103
IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 433IMA (inverse multiplexing), 228immediate leave, 102
implementing Annexes, 239IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), 366, 381–389IMT-2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunications 2000), 365–366IMT-DS (Direct Sequence), 365IMT-FT (Frequency Time), 366IMT-MC (Multi-Carrier), 365IMT-SC (Single Carrier), 366IMT-TD (Time Division), 365
initializing ADSL2, 228injection points, multiple, 107–108Integrated Services Digital Network.
See
ISDNIntegrated Services.
See
IntServintegration
core protocols with multicast, 112PIM source-specific multicast, 90–92video, 395–399WAN, 390
interception (lawful), 480–481interconnects
ATM, 249–253Ethernets, 253–256L2TP, 261–280Layer 3, 259–261redundant bit stream, 256–259
interfacesBVI, 198CLI, 480loopback, 408OIF, 464–465protection, 177, 256radio (IMT-2000), 365–366southbound networks, 445, 449–450, 461–462
Interim Accounting packet, 274Interior Gateway Protocols.
See
IGPsInternational Copper Association (ICA), 7International Mobile Telecommunications 2000.
See
IMT-2000International Telecommunication Union.
See
ITUInternet, 70Internet Group Management Protocol.
See
IGMPInternet Protocol.
See
IPInternet Protocol Data Cast (IPDC), 397Internet Protocol version 6.
See
IPv6Internet service providers.
See
ISPsInterprovider VPNs, 78Interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF), 387
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interworking services, 160–162Intrusion Detection Systems.
See
IDSsIntServ (Integrated Services), 296inverse multiplexing (IMA), 228IOS
classification configuration, 305hierarchical rate-limiting, 312scheduler hierarchies, 330
IP (Internet Protocol)addresses
Framed-IP-Addresses, 420ranges, 414
BNGs, 469bridged IP over ATM, 198field prioritization, 294headers in DiffServ fields, 297management, 405
assigning static PPP addresses, 420–421changes to IPv6, 431–432configuring BNG connections, 406–427customer LAN addressing, 427–430DHCP, 412–419local address pools, 407–411remote address pools, 411–412router/software support (IPv6), 432–434routing subscriber addresses, 421–427triple play with IPv6, 430, 441
native multicast deployment, 79–85packets, 471precedence, 294, 299Video over, 40–55
ip address-pool local command, 409IP control protocol (IPCP), 420ip helper-address command, 416IP Multimedia Subsystem.
See
IMSIP over Ethernet.
See
IPoEIPCP (IP control protocol), 420IPDC (Internet Protocol Data Cast), 397IPoE (IP over Ethernet), 185IPTV services, 41–45IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)
access protocols, 216changes to, 431–432deployment, 436–441
DHCP, 439L2TP, 440–441PPPoE, 436–439
router/software support, 432–434triple play with, 430–441
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 2islands (protocol), 434ISPs (Internet service providers), 9ISSU, 181ITU (International Telecommunication
Union), 220
J
J-Flow, 488jitter, 291Juniper JUNOS
classification configuration, 304policy forwarding, 73PPPoA, 189
Juniper JUNOSeconfiguration, 408–410DHCP, 416hierarchical rate-limiting, 310scheduler hierarchies, 328
K
Kompella Layer 2 VPNs, 135–142selecting, 142–144
L
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)Access Aggregation, 25IPv6 deployment, 440–441wholesale broadband networks, 261–283
L2TP Network Server.
See
LNSL2TP Tunnel Switching (LTS), 270–271L2VPNs (Layer 2 VPNs), 124, 128–144L3VPN (MPLS VPN), 69Label Distribution Protocol.
See
LDPLabel Switched Paths (LSPs), 76labels
GELS, 154MPLS.
See
MPLSsignaling, 142
LAC (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Access Concentrator), 262
LAC-based load balancing, 282–283LAC-to-LNS authentication, 274–276
LAD (Local Area Data) circuits, 9LANs (local-area networks)
customer addressing, 427–430DHCP, 196
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last mile broadband access, 219ADSL, 220, 227ADSL2, 227–230ADSL2+, 227–230SHDSL, 235troubleshooting, 172VDSL/VDSL2, 230–235VLANs, 168
last mile copper loops, 1Laurel, 19lawful interception, 480–481Layer 2
DSL, 22pseudowires, 123–144VPNs, 62wholesale broadband networks, 259–261
Layer 2 Control (L2C) protocol, 467Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Access Concentrator
(LAC), 262Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Network Servers
(LNSs), 450Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol.
See
L2TPLayer 2 VPNs (L2VPNs), 124, 128–144Layer 3,VPNs (L3VPNs), 59layers
IMS, 382OSI Model, 444SBCs as proxies, 475–477
LCP (Link Control Protocol), 185, 274LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol), 457LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), 76, 143leaking, VRF route-target, 74learning bridges, 175leases
DHCO, 211DHCP, 203
LEC (Local Exchange Carrier), 2legacy access networks, 2LFN (Long Fat Network), 314LH (long-haul) fiber-optic transmission, 119Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.
See
LDAPlimitations
of bandwidth, 291of CAC, 462–467of DHCP relay implementations, 416of PWE3, 128
line-based authorization, 273Link Control Protocol (LCP), 274
linksCAC, 462–467protection, 177VoIP, 70
listeners, MLD, 436Livingston Systems, 17LLU (Local Loop Unbundling), 246–249LNS (L2TP Network Server), 411
anycast, 281dedicated load balancing, 283LAC-to-LNS authentication, 274–276route aggregation, 426
load balancingauthentication, 483–484dedicated LNS, 283LAC-based, 282–283
load coils, 4load distribution, multiple RPs, 82local address pools, 407–411Local Area Data (LAD) circuits, 9local DHCP servers, 417Local Exchange Carrier (LEC), 2Local Loop Unbundling.
See
LLUlocal-area networks.
See
LANsLong Fat Network (LFN), 314long-haul (LH) fiber-optic transmission, 119Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 403loopback interfaces, IP addresses, 408loops
length, 228LLU, 246–249
loose RPF, 92low-latency scheduling, 322–323LSPs (Label Switched Paths), 76
automated P2MP provisioning, 93–96MPLS, 111P2MP, 85–86RSVP-TE, 108
LTE (Long-Term Evolution), 403LTS (L2TP Tunneling Switching), 270–271Lucent, 19
M
MAC (Media Access Control)addresses
pseudowires, 127resolving, 418scaling, 154
VPLS, 149
18_Hellberg_Index.fm Page 546 Tuesday, April 10, 2007 5:11 PM
I
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547
magic numbers (PPP), 187Main Distribution Frame (MDF), 12, 248management
DiffServ, 296–299DRM, 51–53IP
changes to IPv6, 431–432customer LAN addressing, 427–430router/software support (IPv6), 432–434triple play with IPv6, 430–441
IP addresses, 405assigning static PPP addresses, 420–421configuring BNG connections, 406–427DHCP, 412–419local address pools, 407–411remote address pools, 411–412routing subscriber addresses, 421–427
services, 446–450Mann-Elkins act of 1910, 9mapping
OIF, 464–465PIM-SSM, 99, 104–106reverse OIF, 465
markingQoS, 306queuing, 313–318stacks, 302
Martini Layer 2 VPNs, 130–135, 142–144MAX TNT, 19maximum attainable downstream bit rates, 252Maximum Receive Unit.
See
MRUMaximum Transmission Unit (MTU), 278MBGP (Multiprotocol BGP), 136MBMS (Multicast Broadcast Multimedia
Services), 396MDF (Main Distribution Frame), 12, 172, 248Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), 120measurements, availability, 171–173media
catalogs, 54encoding, 51–53
Media Access Control.
See
MACMedia Forward Link Only (FLO), 396, 399Media Gateways (MGWs), 379Media Resource Function (MRF), 388meditation engines, 447meet-me rooms, 248messages
CoA, 480VPLS, 149
Metallic Path Facility (MPF), 246metro Ethernets, 175MGWs (Media Gateways), 379MichNet, 17Microsoft MSTV, 43–44middleware, 53, 460MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), 401MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery), 436MMD (Multimedia Domain), 383mobile stations (MSs), 366Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs), 379models
CAC.
See
CACOSI Model, 444VLANs, 168
modems, PPPoA, 188modes
bridged, 429routed, 428–429
modulationG.DMT, 225SHDSL, 238
MPF (Metallic Path Facility), 246MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 67
backbone networks, 68–79BNGs, 96–106headers, 302LSPs, 111pseudowires, 177PSN, 123–144routing, 129VPN (L3VPN), 69
MRD (Multicast Router Discovery) protocol, 436MRF (Media Resource Function), 388MRU (Maximum Receive Unit), 192, 276MSCs (Mobile Switching Centers), 379MSDP (Multicast Source Discovery Protocol),
83, 489MSOs (MultiSystem Operators), 2MSs (mobile stations), 366MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures), 120MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit), 185,
192, 278MUDs (Multi-Unit Dwellings), 234Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Services
(MBMS), 396multicast data delivery, P2MP LSPs for, 85–86multicast forwarding, 166multicast join state, broadcast channels, 484–485Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD), 436
18_Hellberg_Index.fm Page 547 Tuesday, April 10, 2007 5:11 PM
I
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548
multicast protocols, 79–89Multicast Router Discovery (MRD) protocol, 436Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP),
83, 489multicast trees, VPLS, 93multicast VLANs, 162–168multiclass services, L2TP, 267multi-endpoint PVPs, 259Multimedia Domain (MMD), 383multi-play network topologies, 36–39multiple injection points, 107–108Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), 401multiple RPs, 82multiplexing, 158, 371Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP), 136Multiprotocol Label Switching.
See
MPLSMultiSystem Operators.
See
MSOsMulti-Unit Dwellings.
See
MUDs
N
NA (Neighbor Advertisement), 435naked DSL access, 219NAPT (Network Address Port Translation), 158narrowband networks, L2TP, 262–263NAS (network access server), 17NAS-Port-ID, 273NAT (Network Address Translation), 158native IP multicast, deploying, 79–85Near Video on Demand (NVoD), 45Near-End Cross Talk.
See NEXTneed for QoS, determining, 290–294negotiation, 454–455Neighbor Advertisement (NA), 435Neighbor Solicitation (NS), 435NetFlow, 488network access server (NAS), 17Network Address Port Translation (NAPT), 158Network Address Translation (NAT), 158Network Layer Reachability Information
(NLRI), 136Network Private Video Recorder (NPVR), 40, 54networks. See also connections
aggregation, 169–170broadband, 30–32configuration, 423–426core, 143, 385DSL architecture, 21–29GAN, 391–392
history ofcopper, 3–6DSL, 6–10DSLAM, 11–14evolution of service, 15–20legacy access, 2Telecommunications Act of 1996, 9–10
outages, 171–173password-free, 483PSTN, 290selecting, 77–78topologies, 36–39triple-play
design, 117DSLAM aggregation, 122Ethernet DSLAMs, 118–122high-availability broadband access,
170–181wholesale broadband, 245–246
bit stream access, 249–259comparing, 283–286high-availability L2TP, 280–283L2TP, 261–280Layer 3, 259–261LLU, 246–249
Network-to-Network Interconnect (NNI), 251Neuf Cegetel (France), 389NEXT (Near-End Cross Talk), 220NLRI (Network Layer Reachability
Information), 136NNI (Network-to-Network Interconnect), 251non-Annex M systems, 230nondeterministic failover, 109non-MPLS networks, 77nonoptimized multicast forwarding, 165Nonstop Routing (NSR), 180non-VPN routing models, 76NPVR (Network Private Video Recorder), 40, 54NS (Neighbor Solicitation), 435NSR (Nonstop Routing), 180numbers, magic (PPP), 187NVoD (Near Video on Demand), 45Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, 5
OOCS (Online Charging System), 390ODAP (On-Demand Address Pool), 411OECD (Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development), 245
18_Hellberg_Index.fm Page 548 Tuesday, April 10, 2007 5:11 PM
INDEX
549
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), 402
OIF (Outbound Interface) mapping, 354, 464–465
OLT (optical line termination), 357On-Demand Address Pool. See ODAPOnline Charging System (OCS), 390OOB (out-of-band) TCP communications
channels, 358Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model.
See OSI Modeloperating expenses (OpEx), 120Operational Expenditure (OpEx), 483optical line termination (OLT), 357optimization
security, 482–483video, 49
option 82 field (DHCP), 202Orange (France, U.K., Netherlands, Spain,
Poland), 389Orckit, 8Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development. See OECDOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM), 402OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection
Reference Model), 185, 444outages, networks, 171–173Outbound Interface. See OIFout-of-band (OOB) TCP communications
channels, 358overheads, shaping, 336–342oversubscription ratios, 293
PP2MP (point-to-multipoint) LSPs, 85–86
automated P2MP LSP provisioning, 93–96packets
filters, 489IP
prioritization, 294RPF, 471
jitter, 291queuing, 313–318scheduling, 318, 342services, 374–375tokens, 308
Packet-Switched Network. See PSN
PADI (PPPoE Active Discovery Initiation), 191PADR (PPPoE Active Discovery Request), 191PADS (PPPoE Active Discovery Session), 191PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), 186parameters, transmit unconditional, 313Partial Packet Discard. See PPDPassive Optical Network (PON), 154, 357Password Authentication Protocol. See PAPpassword-free networks, 483patches, cable, 248Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD), 279paths
CSPF, 87forwarding, 90, 92LSPs, 76PVPs, 127RPF, 90–92, 471–472SPT, 81
PBR (Policy-Based Routing), 71PBXs (private branch exchanges), 235PCG (Project Coordination Group), 377P-CSCF (Proxy CSCF), 386PDP (Policy Decision Point), 461PDUs (Protocol Data Units), 197PE (provider edge) routers, 37, 152peer default ip address pool command, 411PEP (Policy Enforcement Point), 450, 461permanent virtual circuits. See PVCsPermanent Virtual Paths. See PVPsPHB (Per-Hop Behavior), 266, 297physical characteristics
of SHDSL, 237–239of VDSL, 230–232
PIM-ASM (PIM Any Source Multicast), 79, 81–83
mapping, 99, 104–106Plain Old Telephone Service. See POTSplanes, 87–88platforms
billing, 446RADIUS, 448
plug-ins, middleware, 461PMTUD (Path MTU Discovery), 279point-to-multipoint (P2MP) LSPs, 85–86Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM. See PPPoAPoint-to-Point Protocol. See PPPpolicies
forwarding, 71routing, 423–426
18_Hellberg_Index.fm Page 549 Tuesday, April 10, 2007 5:11 PM
INDEX
550
policing traffic, 306–313, 336–342policy decision point (PDP), 461Policy Enforcement Point (PEP), 450, 461Policy-Based Routing (PBR), 71PON (Passive Optical Network), 154, 357pools
local address, 407–411remote address, 411–412
portals, 448advanced dynamic service provisioning, 460service provisioning flow, 451
Portmaster, 17ports, DSL, 276–277Postel, Jon, 294Postes et Télégraphes (France), 245POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service), 64, 220Power Spectral Density (PSD), 222, 235PPD (Partial Packet Discard), 308PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 186–196, 261
addresses, 412–419negotiation, 454PPPoA, 188–190PPPoE, 190–196, 207–211selecting, 207–216static addresses, 420–421
PPP over Ethernet Intermediate Agent. See PPPoE IA
PPP over Ethernet. See PPPoEPPP Terminated Aggregation (PTA), 25PPPoA (Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM),
186–190PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet), 185, 190–196
advantages of, 207–209disadvantages of, 209–211IPv6 deployment, 436–439LAN addressing, 427–428
PPPoE Active Discovery Initiation (PADI), 191PPPoE Active Discovery Request (PADR), 191PPPoE Active Discovery Session (PADS), 191PPPoE IA (PPP over Ethernet Intermediate
Agent), 14precedence
IP, 294DSCPs, 299
premium gaming services, 56–57prioritization, QoS, 294–300private branch exchanges. See PBXsprofiles, 233, 448Project Coordination Group (PCG), 377
properties, scaling, 143protect interface, 256protection, links, 177Protocol Data Units. See also PDUsprotocols, 374
access, 186, 207–216ARP, 431BOOTP, 196CHAP, 186core, 111DHCP, 14, 185, 196–207
advantages of, 211–213assigning addresses, 414–417disadvantages of, 213–216IPv6 deployment, 439local servers, 417relay-proxy, 204–206selecting, 207–216
EAP, 186GSMP, 358IGMP, 99–106, 484–485IGPs, 433interworking, 160–162IPCP, 420IPv6, 434islands, 434L2C, 467L2TP, 440–441LAN addressing, 427–428LCP, 185, 274LDAP, 457LDP, 76MRD, 436MSDP, 489multicast, 79–89PAP, 186PPP, 186–196, 261
assigning static addresses, 420–421PPPoA, 188–190selecting, 207–216
PPPoE, 190–196IPv6 deployment, 436–439LAN addressing, 427–428
RSVP, 296scheduling, 334SLIP, 261STP, 176TCP, 314VRRP, 37
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INDEX
551
provider edge (PE) routers, 37, 152provider VLAN architectures, 162–168Provider-Based Trees, 154provisioning
automated P2MP LSP, 93–96dynamic service, 445–450services, 451–467SPE, 449
proxiesARP, 418DHCP relay-proxy, 204–206LCP, 275SBCs, 475–477
Proxy CSCF (P-CSCF), 386PSD (Power Spectral Density), 222, 235Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge
(PWE3), 124pseudowires, 123–144, 177PSN (Packet Switched Network), pseudowires,
123–144PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), 290PTA (PPP Terminated Aggregation), 25Public Switched Telephone Network. See PSTNPVCs (Permanent Virtual Circuits), 13, 188PVPs (Permanent Virtual Paths), 127, 249PWE3 (Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge),
124, 154
QQAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 6QoS (Quality of Service)
3GPP, 380classification, 306deploying, 289–290
determining need for, 290–294prioritization concepts, 294–300
marking, 306profiles, 448queuing, 313–318rate-limiting, 306–313, 336–342router forwarding architectures, 342–346scheduling, 318, 342triple-play architectures, 346
centralized BNGs, 351–355distributed BNGs, 356–357L2CP, 357trust boundaries, 346–351
VLANs, 168VPLS, 154
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 6Qualcomm, FLO, 399quality, optimizing video, 49queuing, QoS, 313–318
RR99 (3GPP Release 99), 379Radio Access Network (RAN), 380radio interfaces (IMT-2000), 365–366RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User
Service), 274, 448Cisco IOS, 410CoA messages, 480local address pools, 409NAS-Port-IDs, 448
RAM (Rate-Adaptive Mode), 229, 359RAN (Radio Access Network), 380Random Early Discard. See REDranges, IP addresses, 414RASs (Remote Access Servers), 261Rate-Adaptive Mode (RAM), 229, 359rate-limiting
L2TP, 264–265QoS, 306–313shaping overheads, 336–342
rates, 40, 447RBOC (Regional Bell Operating Company), 7RD (Router Discovery), 435Real-Time Network Reporting (RTNR), 293real-time service changes, 458reassembly, L2TP, 277–280receive window (RWIN), 314RED (Random Early Discard), 308, 315Redback, 19Redstone, 19reduction of routing churn, 423redundancy
bit stream interconnects, 256–259edge, 114–115multiple RPs, 82PWE3, 128VPLS, 151
Reed-Solomon FEC codes, 226references, OSI model, 444reflection, routes, BGP, 153refreshing DHCP leases, 203Regional Bell Operating Company (RBOC), 7Reichspostamt (Germany), 245relay agents, 199, 201, 215
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INDEX
552
relays, 416releases, 3GPP, 369Remote Access Servers. See RASsremote address pools, 411–412Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service.
See RADIUSRemote Line Card Shelves (RLCSs), 13rendezvous point (RP), 81–82renewing DHCP leases, 203requests, CAC, 300requirements for high-availability broadband
access, 170–171residential access servers, 15Residential Gateway. See RGresidential service provisioning, 445–450resolving MAC addresses, 418Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic
Engineering (RSVP-TE), 76Resource Reservation Protocol. See RSVPresources, PPPoE, 191reticulation, copper network, 234–235reverse OIF mapping, 465Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF), 90–92, 471–472RFC 2698, 299RFC 791, 294RG (Residential Gateway), 39
DHCP, 212PPPoE, 190routed mode, 416security, 472troubleshooting, 172
RLCSs (Remote Line Card Shelves), 13round-robin scheduling, 319–322Round-Trip Time (RTT), 314routed modes
LAN addressing, 428–429PPPoE, 194–196
Router Discovery (RD), 435routers
BGP, 153BSR, 84CE, 70DR, 81home. See RGIPv6, 432–434Juniper, 408–410MRD, 436PE, 37QoS, 342–346
routesaggregation, 426distribution, 423–426framed, 420
route-target leaking (VRF), 74routing, 423
ARP, 418blackhole/sinkhole, 489control planes, 486–488MPLS, 129non-VPN models, 76NSR, 180PBR, 71policies, 423–426subscriber addresses, 421–427tables, 422VRF, 59, 411
RP (rendezvous point), 81–82RPF (Reverse Path Forwarding), 90–92, 471–472RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), 143, 296RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol with
Traffic Engineering), 76, 108RTNR (Real-Time Network Reporting), 293RTT (Round-Trip Time), 314RWIN (receive window), 314
Ssampling, 5SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly)
hardware, 339SAs (source addresses), 489SBCs (Session Border Controllers), 65, 302, 357
as Application Layer proxies, 475–477firewalls, 479
scalingIGMP proxy, 102–103MAC addresses, 154properties, 143VPLS, 152–154
schedulingprotocols, 334QoS, 318, 342queuing, 313–318
S-CSCF (Serving CSCF), 387SDOs (Standards Development
Organizations), 370SDP (Service Delivery Point), 159SD-TV (Standard Definition), 44, 145
18_Hellberg_Index.fm Page 552 Tuesday, April 10, 2007 5:11 PM
INDEX
553
securityauthentication, 481–483blackhole/sinkhole routing, 489control planes, 486–488DoS attacks, 470–473firewalls, 479lawful interception, 480–481packets, 489password-free networks, 483RG, 472video, 51–53VoD, 484–486VoIP, 474–480
Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) hardware, 339
SEGW (Security Gateway), 392selecting
access of protocols, 207–216Layer 2 VPNs, 142–144networks, 77–78
Serial Line Interface Protocol. See SLIPserialization, 265servers, 387
A-servers, 43BRAS, 38DHCP, 412–419D-servers, 43LDAP, 457LNSs, 450RADIUS, 448RASs, 261
Service Delivery Point (SDP), 159Service Level Agreement. See SLAService Provisioning Engine (SPE), 449Service Selection Gateway (SSG), 457services
assigning, 454, 456circuits, 374–375COPS, 461DiffServ, 296–299dynamic provisioning, 445–450FMC, 389–394gateways, 445history of networks, 15–20IMS, 387IntServ, 296IPTV, 41–45L2TP for narrowband networks, 262
LLU, 246–249management elements, 446–450MBMS, 396Microsoft MSTV, 43–44multiplexing, 158packets, 374–375premium gaming, 56–57provisioning, 451–467QoS. See QoSRADIUS, 448triple-play, 36
data services, 55–63network topologies, 36–39Video over IP, 40–55voice services, 63–66
Unicast IPTV, 44VLANs, 156–162walled-garden, 58–59
Serving CSCF (S-CSCF), 387Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSNs), 379Session Border Controllers. See SBCsSession Initiation Protocol. See SIPsessions, 188, 211set dhcp relay command, 416Set-Top Boxes (STBs), 39, 196SFD (Suspicious Flow Detection), 487SGSNs (Serving GPRS Support Nodes), 379Shannon-Hartley theorem, 224shaping overheads, 336–342Shared Metallic Path Facility (SMPF), 246SHDSL (Single-pair High-Speed DSL, 235Shortest Path Tree (SPT), 81signals, 87–88, 142single source addresses, applying multiple
injection points, 107–108single VLAN per DSLAM, 159Single-pair High-Speed DSL. See SHDSLSingTel (Singapore), 389sinkhole routing, 489SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), 374, 393SLA (Service Level Agreement), 292Slingbox, 235SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol), 261SLU (Subloop Unbundling), 246SME (Small and Medium Enterprise) markets,
444–450Smoothed Round-Trip Time (SRTT), 314SMPF (Shared Metallic Path Facility), 246
18_Hellberg_Index.fm Page 553 Tuesday, April 10, 2007 5:11 PM
INDEX
554
smurf attacks, 470SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), 238software. See also applications
BNG, 179IPv6, 432–434
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 2source addresses (SAs), 489southbound network interfaces, 445, 449–450,
461–462Spanning Tree Protocol. See STPSPE (Service Provisioning Engine), 449, 451–467spectrums
G.DMT, 223SHDSL, 236VDSL2, 233
speed, broadcast channels, 484–485Springtide, 19SPT (Shortest Path Tree), 81SQL Slammer worm, 489SRTT (Smoothed Round-Trip Time), 314SSG (Service Selection Gateway), 457stacked VLANs (S-VLANs), 292stacks, 302, 444Standard Definition (SD-TV), 44, 145standards
G.DMT, 223SHDSL, 236VDSL2, 233
Standards Development Organizations (SDOs), 370
static DHCP addresses, 417–419static IGMP groups, 100static PPP addresses, assigning, 420–421statistics, collecting, 488STBs (Set-Top Boxes), 39, 101, 196STP (Spanning Tree Protocol), 176streams
bit, 249–259CAC, 462–467Gateways, 46
strict priority traffic scheduling, 322–323strict RPF, 92structure, 3GPP, 377Subloop Unbundling (SLU), 246subscriber-facing network elements, 450subscribers
addresses, 421–427authentication, 272–276
subtended DSLAMs, 119–121support
protocols, 434–436vendor, 144
Suspicious Flow Detection (SFD), 487S-VLANs (stacked VLANs), 292, 355switching
GELS, 154LSPs, 76MPLS. See MPLS
Synchronous Optical Network. See SONET
Ttables, routing, 422targeted advertising, 54T-Com (Germany), 389TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
OOB communication channels, 358windowing, 314
TC-specific (transport-convergence-specific), 237
TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing), 124, 291Technical Specification Groups (TSGs), 370, 377Telcordia, 5Telebit Netblazer, 17Telecom New Zealand., 268Telecommunications Act of 1996, 9–10Telecommunications Industry Association,
North America (TIA), 370Telecommunications Technology Association,
Korea (TTA), 370Telecommunications Technology Committee,
Japan (TTC), 370telephone services, coexistence with ADSL, 222termination, bit stream access, 249–259Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),
366–367, 370TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association,
North America), 370Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), 124Time-To-Restore (TTR), 236TLS (Transport Layer Security), 477TLV (Type-Length-Value) fields, 434tokens, 306, 308topologies
ATM, 251. See also ATMnetworks, 36–39VPLS, 177–181
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INDEX
555
ToS (Type of Service), 295TR-001 Reference Model abbreviations, 21tracing attacks, 471tracking, CAC, 462–467traditional transport, DSLAMs, 145–146traffic
ARP, 418BE, 292bridging, 269classes, 380DiffServ, 296–299policing, 306–313, 336–342queuing, 313–318routing, 153
train, 268transmission, queuing, 313–318Transmission Control Protocol. See TCPTransmission Time Interval (TTI), 401transmit unconditional parameter, 313Transparent ATM Core Network Architecture, 25transport capacity, SHDSL, 239Transport Layer Security (TLS), 477transport models, DSLAMs, 121transport-convergence-specific
(TC-specific), 237trees
multicast, 93Provider-Based, 154SPT, 81STP, 176
triggers on BNG interfaces, 480triple play with IPv6, 430–441triple-play networks
design, 67–68, 117DSLAM aggregation, 122Ethernet DSLAMs, 118–122high-availability broadband access,
170–181highly available core networks, 106–115MPLS backbones, 68–79multicast protocols in, 79–96running MPLS on BNGs, 96–106
QoS, 346centralized BNGs, 351–355distributed BNGs, 356–357L2CP, 357trust boundaries, 346–351
services, 36data services, 55–63network topologies, 36–39Video over IP, 40–55voice services, 63–66
troubleshootingavailability, 171–173back networks, 173crosstalk, 221
trust boundaries, 346–351TSG-A (Access Network Interfaces), 370TSG-C (CDMA2000), 370TSG-S (Services and Systems Aspects), 370TSGs (Technical Specification Groups), 370, 377TTA (Telecommunications Technology
Association, Korea), 370TTC (Telecommunications Technology
Committee, Japan), 370TTI (Transmission Time Interval), 401TTR (Time-To-Restore), 236tunneling, 142, 278Type of Service (ToS), 295Type-Length-Value (TLV) fields, 434types of networks, selecting, 77–78
UUA (user agent), 65, 447UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System), 369, 374–375, 380unbundling
copper loop, 248LLU, 246–249
unicast replies, VPLS, 150Unicast IPTV, 44Unisphere, 19Universal Mobile Telecommunications System.
See UMTSUniversal Wireless Communications (UWC), 366unshielded twisted pair. See UTPupstream bit rates, 252user agent (UA), 65, 447users
advanced dynamic service provisioning, 459–467basic dynamic service provisioning, 452–459credentials, 15databases, 447
UTP (unshielded twisted pair), 4UWC (Universal Wireless Communications), 366
18_Hellberg_Index.fm Page 555 Tuesday, April 10, 2007 5:11 PM
INDEX
556
VVCC (Voice Call Continuity), 394VCI (Virtual Circuit Identifier), 189, 250VCs (virtual circuits), 97, 158vendor support, Layer 2 VPNs, 144Vendor-Specific Attributes. See VSAsversions, IGMP, 101video
CAC, 462–467distributed clusters, 48head-end architecture, 41integration, 395–399middleware, 53optimizing, 49security, 51–53
Video on Demand. See VoDVideo over IP services, 40–55Virtual Circuit Identifier. See VCIvirtual circuits. See VCsvirtual ISPs, 270virtual LANs. See VLANsVirtual Path Identifier. See VPIVirtual Path Tunneling Architecture (VPTA), 25Virtual Private Dialup Network (VPDN), 411Virtual Private LAN Service. See VPLSvirtual private networks. See VPNsVirtual Private Wire Service (VPWS), 124Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol. See VRRPVirtual Routing and Forwarding. See VRFVLANs (virtual LANs)
architecture, 156–162feature comparisons, 168hub-and-spoke DSLAMs, 121multicast, 162–168per-service, 158provider architectures, 162–168QoS, 168S-VLANs, 292, 355
VoD (video on demand), 3, 45–50, 484–486Voice Call Continuity (VCC), 394Voice over Internet Protocol. See VoIPvoice services, 63–66VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), 3, 63
CAC, 462–467jitter, 291linking, 70routes, 75
SBCs as proxies, 475security, 474–480TLS, 477
VPDN (Virtual Private Dialup Network), 411VPI (Virtual Path Identifier), 189, 250VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service), 146–156
multicast, delivering, 92–96QoS, 154scaling, 152–154topology discovery, 177–181
VPNs (virtual private networks), 14hybrid models, 76Interprovider, 78L2VPNs, 124, 128–144L3VPNs, 69Layer 2, 62Layer 3, 59non-VPN routing models, 76properties, 143routes, 75
VPTA (Virtual path Tunneling Architecture), 25VPWS (Virtual Private Wire Service), 124VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding), 59
address pools, 411route-target leaking, 74
VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol), 37VSA (Vendor-Specific Attribute), 409, 456, 482
Wwalled-garden services, 58–59WANs (wide-area networks), 32web portals, 448
advanced dynamic service provisioning, 460service provisioning flow, 451
Weighted Random Early Discard. See WREDWeighted Round Robin (WRR), 319–322Westell, 8Whale Channel, 485wholesale broadband networks, 245–246
bit stream access, 249–259comparing, 283–286high-availability L2TP, 280–283L2TP, 261–280Layer 3, 259–261LLU, 246–249
wholesaleVoIP security, 478–480wide-area networks. See WANs
18_Hellberg_Index.fm Page 556 Tuesday, April 10, 2007 5:11 PM
INDEX
557
windowing, TCP, 314Windows 95, DoS attacks, 470WinNuke, 470wireless broadband (future of)
applications, 365CDMA evolution.3GPP2, 370–372components, 372–377evolution of, 399–403FMC, 389–394GSM evolution.3GPP, 367–370IMS, 381–389IMT-2000, 365–366video integration, 395–399
WLAN (wireless LAN), 390WRED (Weighted Random Early Discard),
308, 316
XXylogics, 17
YYouTube, 235
Zzapping, 101ZigBee, 366
18_Hellberg_Index.fm Page 557 Tuesday, April 10, 2007 5:11 PM
18_Hellberg_Index.fm Page 558 Tuesday, April 10, 2007 5:11 PM