18 benv october 2014 en
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BENVNational Veterinary Epidemiological Bulletin
October 2014Number 18
-
CESMENational Reference Centrefor the study and verificationof Foreign Animal Diseases
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COVEPIOperational VeterinaryCentre for EpidemiologyProgrammingand Information
Pho
to b
y C
rist
ian
Bor
tes
BENV National Veterinary Epidemiological Bulletin
2 Index
INDEX
-EDITORIAL 3
-IN THESE MONTHSEpidemiological situation of Bluetongue in Italy in 2014 4Models applied to the study of epidemics 8
-HAND ON DATANumber of outbreaks reported to SIMAN in the I, II, III trimester 2014 12Number of outbreaks reported by Regions to SIMAN in the I, II, III trimester 2014 13Animals involved in outbreaks reported to SIMAN in the I, II, III trimester 2014 16
-A LOOK AT THE MAPS 17
-AROUND USAfrican Swine Fever in UE: evolution of the epidemiological situationduring 2014 20World Rabies Day 24
-OFFICIALLY FREE TERRITORIES 26 -CONTACTS & EDITORIAL STAFF 30
October 2014 Number 18
EDITORIALThe BENV as a tool for disseminating information
Dear readers,
this new issue of BENV will keep you company in the cold winter months with new interesting articles.
In the section In recent months, an article on bluetongue describes the epidemiological situation of this disease in Italy during 2014. In fact, a new epidemic wave caused by BTV1, occurred in our country during this year. The epidemiological situation is still in rapid evolution and to date, the infection has been confirmed in Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Lazio, Marche, Molise, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Umbria.
For a second time the BENV would like to give you an overview of the application of epidemiological models in animal health. Epidemiological models are useful tools using mathematics and statistics to quantitatively describe the relationships between pathogens and hosts, trying to predict the population-level transmission dynamics of infectious diseases, thus depicting the expected magnitude and behaviour of an epidemic.
The article published in this issue highlights the use of compartmental models, and illustrates how these models could help to lay a theoretical foundation for public health interventions.
In the section Around us, an update on the epidemiological situation of African Swine Fever in the countries of the European Union and of the Russian Federation is provided. Nowadays, the disease is endemic in the south of Russian Federation and involved other neighbouring countries such as Ukraine and Belarus to reach, more recently, the Baltic Republics and Poland.
Another article is focused on the World Rabies Day, an event endorsed by international human and veterinary health organizations which is celebrated each year on September the 28th, the date of the anniversary of the death of Louis Pasteur, who developed the first efficacious rabies vaccine. World Rabies Day is designed to raise awareness about rabies and enhance prevention and control efforts against the disease. The theme of this year is “Together against Rabies”, aiming at teaching everyone about the impact of rabies, how to prevent it and how to eradicate sources of the disease across the world.
The Hand on Data section shows you the data on the outbreaks of animal diseases, the health status of the regions and the animal species involved in the outbreaks reported to SIMAN up to September 2014. As previously reported in Benv News, during September 2014, Calabria reported 10 outbreaks of “small hive beetle” (Aethina Tumida): until now, the infection was considered exotic in the EU and responsible of serious economic losses.
The distribution of the main animal diseases occurred in Italy is shown in the section A look to the maps. More than 500 outbreaks due to BTV1 have been confirmed up to September 2014. As shown in the bluetongue map, the highest number of confirmed outbreaks is in Calabria, followed by Lazio and Abruzzo.
Finally, you can consult the maps and tables of officially free territories for enzootic-bovine-leukosis, tuberculosis and brucellosis and updated to the 14th of February 2014.
We invite you once again to send us articles of interest in the section Submit your article, where you can find the author’s guidelines.
The BENV editorial staff wishes you a pleasant reading and gives you the appointment to the next year for the new issue.
Simona Iannetti COVEPI
3 Editorial
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IN THESE MONTHSThe main events of epidemiological interest in the lastmonths in Italy and in the European Union
Epidemiological situation of Bluetongue in Italy in 2014
Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious disease of ruminants transmitted by insects belonging to the genus Culicoides. The causative agent is a virus (BTV), family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus with 26 historically recognized serotypes.
In summer 2000, BT infection due to serotype 2 was reported for the first time in three Regions of Southern Italy (Sardinia, Sicily and Calabria) and resulted in the largest epidemic of BT ever affecting Europe (1). Following the first epidemic several other BT incursions occurred in Italy caused by different serotypes (BTV1, 2, 4, 8, 9 and 16).
From 1/01/2013 to 31/12/2013 a total of 6,049 outbreaks were confirmed in Italy caused mainly by serotype BTV1, previously circulating in North Africa. The region with the highest number of outbreaks was Sardinia followed by Sicily, Lazio, Tuscany, Calabria, Liguria and Campania. In 2013 the animal sentinel system detected also the sporadic circulation of other serotypes (BTV 2, 4, 8, 9 and 16).
Prevention and control measures
In Italy, a National Surveillance Plan for BT is active as early warning system to detect the virus circulation in the territories and to prevent the spread in not affected areas through the restrictions posed to animal movements from the infected areas. The surveillance plan consists in serological and virological tests on susceptible animals, a nationwide network of sentinel animals, and entomological surveillance.
Italy has been divided into a grid of square units of 400 km2 within which a number of sentinel animals, mainly cattle, are selected and tested every month to detect a monthly incidence of 5% with a 95% confidence level.
Entomological surveillance is carried out during the year using blak-light traps to quantify the abundace of total insects, of Culicoides and to determine the presence/absence of C. imicola, the main vector in Italy. Currently the involvement of C. obsoletus in the viral transmission in some areas of the country has been proved.
Epidemiological situation in Italy in 2014
FIn 2014 (from 1/07/2014 to 29/09/2014) a new epidemic wave, caused by BTV1 occurred in Italy. The first outbreak was notified at the beginning of July in the province of Salerno, Campania region, in a herd of sheep in which clinical signs of the disease were observed. The infection has been confirmed both in territories
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previously involved by the viral circulation and in new regions. To date the involved regions are: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Lazio, Marche, Molise, Puglia, Sardinia, Sicily, Umbria. The epidemiological situation is still in rapid evolution (Figure 1).
Figure 1.BT confirmed outbreaks
(serotype 1 and unknown) in Italy (Source SIMAN, Sep. 29,
2014)
A total of 521 outbreaks due to BTV1 have been confirmed. In 162 outbreaks the serotyping is on-going. The highest number of confirmed outbreaks is in Calabria (195) region followed by Lazio (99) and Abruzzo (95) regions (Table 1).
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Tabella 1. Dettaglio focolai confermati in Italia da BTV 1 e sconosciuto per Provincia (Source SIMAN , Sep. 29, 2014)
Region Province SerotypeN.
confirmed outbreaks
Susceptible CasesCases with
clinical symptoms
Deaths Slaughtered Destroyed
ABRUZZO CHIETI BTV 1 1 181 2 0 0 0 0
L’AQUILA BTV 1 45 2979 175 25 7 0 3
PESCARA BTV 1 10 1824 65 39 20 0 2
TERAMO BTV 1 39 10029 174 168 59 0 3
BASILICATA MATERA BTV 1 8 1481 34 34 9 0 0
POTENZA BTV 1 5 517 16 9 0 0 0
CALABRIA CATANZAROND 53 9447 1450 1372 407 0 407
BTV 1 17 2148 509 452 82 0 82
COSENZA BTV 1 8 336 31 5 1 0 1
CROTONEND 2 125 65 65 8 0 0
BTV 1 154 45981 6278 6273 1388 0 1011
VIBO VALENTIA
ND 13 1976 49 38 0 0 0
BTV 1 16 1180 94 21 9 0 1
CAMPANIA AVELLINO BTV 1 4 123 5 2 1 0 0
CASERTA ND 2 24 6 4 0 0 0
SALERNOND 8 665 19 19 1 0 0
BTV 1 22 993 49 43 3 0 1
LAZIO FROSINONEND 46 5644 437 342 265 0 0
BTV 1 18 3235 103 102 78 0 0
LATINA BTV 1 2 1224 27 27 9 0 9
RIETIND 3 842 30 30 21 0 21
BTV 1 17 2856 104 103 55 0 57
ROMA BTV 1 55 12873 556 454 331 3 302VITERBO
ND 7 3455 210 210 44 0 42
BTV 1 7 4277 127 116 51 0 44
MARCHE ANCONA BTV 1 4 146 15 0 0 0 0ASCOLI PICENO BTV 1 11 3437 161 158 17 0 10
FERMO ND 6 4115 157 157 68 0 68
MACERATAND 6 1484 82 23 60 0 58
BTV 1 1 81 1 0 0 0 0PESARO E URBINO ND 4 105 10 0 0 0 0
MOLISE ISERNIA BTV 1 4 442 30 10 20 0 0
PUGLIA TARANTO BTV 1 1 309 12 12 1 0 0
SARDEGNA CAGLIARIND 1 448 6 5 1 0 1
BTV 1 1 1215 102 5 11 0 11
NUORO BTV 1 2 169 11 0 0 0 0
SICILIA CATANIAND 1 102 1 0 0 0 0
BTV 1 1 43 1 0 0 0 0
UMBRIA PERUGIAND 10 3650 47 45 6 0 5
BTV 1 11 943 31 22 11 0 0
TERNI BTV 1 57 8948 357 357 255 0 0
Total 683 140052 11639 10747 3299 3 2139
• The classic BT symptoms related to the acute form of the disease have been observed in sheep: serous and purulent nasal discharge; hemorrhages and ulcerations of the oral and nasal tissue; swelling of lips, tongue, and jaw; inflammation of the coronary band.
• The control measures put in place by the Ministry of Health include the surveillance strengthening and the animal movement restriction in infected territories (2) to limit the viral circulation and the spread of the infection. Since the epidemiological situation is rapidly evolving, vaccination plans area under elaboration in the regions involved by the epidemic, in collaboration with the National Reference Centre for the study and verification of Foreign Animal Diseases (CESME) and the Ministry of Health.
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References
1. A. Giovannini, P. Calistri, D. Nannini, C. Paladini, U. Santucci, C. Patta & V. Caporale (2004). Bluetongue in Italy: Part I Veterinaria Italiana Volume 40 (3): 252-259
2. Nota 5662 del Ministero della salute del 14.03.2014 - Febbre catarrale degli ovini (Bluetongue) - Ulteriori misure di controllo ed eradicazione per contenere l’eventuale diffusione del virus della Bluetongue sul territorio nazionale.
--Edited by:Rossana Bruno and Francesca Sauro COVEPIIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”
Table 2. Serotypes confirmed in Italy (BTV2, 4, 8, 9,16)
Region Province BTV 2 BTV 16 Total
ABRUZZO L’AQUILA 1 1
CALABRIA
COSENZA 1 1
VIBO VALENTIA 1 1
REGGIO CALABRIA 4 4
CAMPANIA SALERNO 2 2
LAZIO VITERBO 1 1
SARDEGNA OLBIA TEMPIO 1 1
SICILIAENNA 1 1
MESSINA 1 1
Total 3 10 13
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Models applied to the study of epidemics
Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases was initiated by Bernoulli in 1760. The work of Kermack and McKendrick, published in 1927, had a major influence on the modelling framework. Their SIR model is still used to model epidemics of infectious diseases. In fact the SIR model is the point of reference for mathematical models used to describe epidemic spread. Most current epidemiological models are extensions of it.
Epidemiological modelling can be a powerful tool to assist animal health policy development and disease prevention and control. In the previous BENV chapter, an introduction to different types of mostly used models in epidemiology was done by focusing on basic Compartmental Models: SIR - SEIR model.
Sum up…
As already mentioned SIR models are compartmental models described by ordinary differential equations systems in which the population is divided into different compartments/groups.
Summarizing, there are two stages of the dynamics of the SIR model. In the first stage, susceptible individuals become infected after an effective contact with those infectious. β is the transmission rate between individuals; in the second stage, infected individuals recover at the average rate γ. Given the assumption that epidemiological rates are constant, the differential equations of a simple SIR model (with no births, deaths, or migrations) are:
Otherwise, when demography is considered we add other two parameters, the born rate at which new susceptible hosts enter into the system (λ) and the host death rate (μ).
A graphical example of a SIR model, considering a closed population that is no births and no deaths occur is showed in the figure 1.
The figure shows a simulation of the model with β = 0.2 and γ = 0.1. With N = 1 (normalized), the initial given conditions are S(0) = 0.99, I(0) = 0.01, and R(0) = 0, meaning that at the start of the simulation, 1% of the population is infected with the rest being susceptible. The simulation shows that the epidemic builds to where almost 15% of the population is infected shortly after 40 days, then the epidemic declines. In the end almost 80% of the population will have become infected and immune to any subsequent outbreak. About 20% of the population never gets the disease and remains susceptible to the infectious disease.
Two mathematical models belonging to the SIR category are mainly applied to the study of epidemics; they are the Kermack-McKendrick model and the Reed-Frost model. These models enjoy different properties and assumptions as summarized in the table below.
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Figure 1.SIR model
in a closed population
Table 1. Kermack-McKendrick and Reed-Frost models properties and assumptions
MODELLO Kermack-McKendrick Reed-Frost
Input variables and parameters Deterministic1 Stochastic2
TIME Discrete3 Discrete
CATEGORY Belongs to the SIR category Belongs to the SIR category
ASSUMPTIONS 1An infected animal
immediately become infectious
Infection is transmitted through direct contact
ASSUMPTIONS 2 Removed animals are no more infectious
At the beginning of the epidemic animals removed
can exist
ASSUMPTIONS 3 The population is constant during the epidemic Infection lasts a unit of time
ASSUMPTIONS 4Animals within the
population have the same probability to be infected
Animals within the population have the same probability to be infected
ASSUMPTIONS 5 Time is divided into equal discrete intervals Time is discrete
ASUMPTION 6
The contact between a recovered and an infected animal does not cause the
infection
1. In deterministic models the input variables assume fixed values 2. Stochastic models take into account variations (causal or not) of the input variables used and then provide results in
terms of “probability” 3. Variables are measured at intervals
This chapter would highlight the use of compartmental models illustrating how these models would help to lay a theoretical foundation for public health interventions, for example by means of R0 use.
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Practical use of R0
As stated in the previous chapter which introduced models, the SIR model enable to extrapolate an important epidemiological parameter: the basic reproductive ratio (R0), which is defined as the average number of secondary cases arising from an average primary case in an entirely susceptible population and it is determined by β/γ. If R0>1 an epidemic occurs in the absence of intervention, moreover an epidemic is prevented when the initial susceptible fraction has been reduced to less than 1/R0 (number of susceptibles at equilibrium is given from: Se=1/R0 ) while if R0<1 the disease dies out. In an endemic infection, we can determine which control measures, and at what magnitude,
Examples of applied models to diseases
1. Direct contact transmission disease: Foot and Mouth disease (FMD)
Determining the magnitude of R0 for FMD has also proved important, guiding policies for culling and vaccination, the two major control measures implemented for FMD.
Ferguson et al. (2001) determined R0 for FMD by considering contact tracing data and the number of susceptibles at equilibrium. They found that R0 ≈ 4.5 and that is reduced to approximately 1.6 when control measures were implemented. Also, by developing a model of differential equations to describe FMD dynamics and fitting this model to R0 values over time, they were able to conclude that slaughtering on all farms within 24h of case reporting (without necessarily waiting for laboratory confirmation) can significantly slow the epidemic. However, they found that even these improvements in slaughter times did not reduce R0 below one. They concluded that it is necessary to consider other interventions, especially those capable of rapidly controlling infections established in multiple regions. Ring culling and vaccination were also explored using the model. Ferguson et al. concluded that both are highly effective strategies if implemented rigorously, but that this may be very costly. The high initial value of R0 estimated in this study confirmed that FMD is highly transmissible, and estimates of R0were essential in determining which control measures might be effective against this pathogen.
Matthews et al.(2003) extended previous models of FMD by defining an optimal control policy. This policy included removing newly discovered infected holdings and the pre-emptive removal of holdings deemed to be at enhanced risk of infection. Matthews et al. employed a simple SIR model to determine the magnitude of the effect of different control policies on a chosen value of R0. They found, not surprisingly, that the level of control required to minimize the number of animals removed increases with R0. They also found that non-zero levels of control can optimize the outcome of the epidemic even when R0< 1. In this case, the impact of the control measure was assessed using the fraction of animals removed.
Extending their model to a metapopulation, Matthews et al. concluded that a greater level of control is needed in this case, but most importantly, they found that to minimize losses to livestock populations, R0 should be only sufficiently reduced; there is a tradeoff between the amount by which R0 can be reduced and the fraction of animals removed. The key points which emerge are that total losses are not highly sensitive to small variations in the control effort around the optimal values, and that losses increase only gradually as control effort increases beyond the optimal value. They concluded that some leeway is acceptable in practice, but that over-control is generally safer than under-control when trying to avoid large losses to the population. Similar arguments were also applied for variation in R0; that is, over-control should be implemented if there is any uncertainty or variability in the value of R0.
2. Vector-borne disease: West Nile
Wonham et al. (2004) derived a system of ODEs to describe the behavior of West Nile virus. Their model consisted of susceptible, infectious, recovered and dead birds, and larval, susceptible, exposed and infectious mosquitoes. The next generation method was used to calculate R0 from this model in order to evaluate the ability of the virus to invade the system. The calculated value of R0 was then interpreted biologically
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as the square root of the product of (i) the disease R0from mosquitoes to birds and (ii) the R0 from birds to mosquitoes. Each of these R0 values was further analyzed as a product of disease transmission and infectious lifespan in case (i) and the product of the transmission probability, the number of initially susceptible mosquitoes per bird that survive the exposed period and the bird’s infectious lifespan incase (ii). R0 was then used to establish a threshold mosquito level, above which the virus will invade a constant population of susceptible mosquitoes. The R0 value derived was then used to evaluate public health policy makers. Two such policies were evaluated: mosquito control and bird control. It was demonstrated that a small increase in mosquito mortality can lead to a disproportionately large increase in the outbreak threshold. More surprisingly, however, R0 was used to show that reducing crow densities would have the opposite effect and actually enhance disease transmission (unless extremely low densities limited mosquito biting rates). Thus, R0 was used to show that reducing the initial mosquito population below the calculated threshold would have prevented the West Nile outbreak for New York in 2000. Conversely, bird control would have had the opposite effect.
“As a matter of fact, all epidemiology, concerned as it is with the variationof disease from time to time or from place to place, must beconsidered mathematically, however many variables as implicated, if it is to be considered scientifically at all.” Sir Ronald Ross, MD
“All models are wrong… but some are useful” . George Box
Bibliografia
1. Ferguson, N. M., Donnelly, C. A. & Anderson, R. M. 2001. The foot and mouth epidemic in Great Britain: pattern of spread and impact of interventions. Science 292, 1155–1160.
1. H. Weiss, 2013.The SIR model and the Foundations of Public Health.1. Materials Matemàtics Volum 2013, n. 3, 17 pp. ISSN: 1887-1097 Publicació
electrònica de divulgació del Departament de Matemàtiques de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
1. J. M. Heffernan, R. J. Smith and L. M. Wahl, 2005. Perspectives on the basic reproductive ratio. J. R. Soc. Interface (2005) 2, 281–293 doi:10.1098/rsif.2005.0042.
1. Marjorie J. Wonham, Toma s de-Camino-Beck and Mark A. Lewis. 2004. An epidemiological model for West Nile virus: invasion analysis and control applications. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (2004) 271, 501–507 501. 2004 The Royal Society. DOI 10.1098/rspb.2003.2608.
1. Matthews, L., Haydon, D. T., Shaw, D. J., Chase-Topping, M. E., Keeling, M. J. & Woolhouse, M. E. J. 2003 Neighborhood control policies and the spread of infectious diseases. Proc. R. Soc. B 270, 1659–1666. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2429)
1. M.G. Garner & S.A. Hamilton, 2011. Principles of epidemiological modeling. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 2011, 30 (2), 407-416. http://www.mat.uab.cat/matmat/
1. N. Masuda and P. Holme, 2013. Predicting and controlling infectious disease epidemics using temporal networks. F1000Prime Reports 2013, 5:6 (doi:10.12703/P5-6). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3590785/
1. http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~jmahaffy/courses/f09/math636/lectures/bifurcation_ode/bifurcation_ode.pdf
1. Keeling M.J. and Rohani P. (2008). Modeling infectious diseases in humans and animals. Princeton University Press. Princeton (US) and Oxford (UK). 366 pp.
--Edited by:Maria Luisa Danzetta e Lara Savini COVEPIIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”
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HAND ON DATA Processing date: 9th October 2014Number of outbreaks reported to SIMAN in the 1, II, III trimester 2014
Disease Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Total outbreaks
Aethina tumida 10 10
African swine fever 21 9 2 5 13 12 3 2 67
American foulbrood of honey bees 2 11 6 18 12 10 8 67
Antrax 1 1
Avian typhosis 1 1
Bluetongue 16 7 3 1 3 9 160 266 334 799
Bovine leucosis 5 1 4 2 4 6 2 1 25
Bovine tuberculosis 31 28 26 28 49 50 21 12 12 257
Brucellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs 32 24 53 64 74 62 44 19 20 392
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis 1 2 1 1 1 6
Contagious agalactia 6 5 7 10 2 4 3 1 1 39
Contagious bovine mastitis 1 1
Crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) 1 1
Echinococcosis/Idatidosis 1 1 2
Equine infectious anaemia 2 1 2 1 3 3 3 15
Equine rhinopneumonitis 2 2
Erysipelas 1 1 2
European foulbrood of honey bees 1 3 4
Fowl pox 1 1
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis 1 1 2
Koi herpesvirus disease 1 1
Leishmaniosis 1 1 2
Leptospirosis 3 5 2 4 4 3 2 2 25
Low patogenicity Avian influenza in poultry 1 1 1 1 1 5
Maedi-visna 1 1
Mixomatosis 1 1 2
Non-typhoidal avian salmonellosis 6 2 4 4 1 17
Paratuberculosis 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 12
Pasteurellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs 1 1
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease 1 1 1 1 2 6
Salmonellae equine abortion 1 1
Salmonellosis (S. abortusovis) 5 10 4 1 2 22
Salmonellosis of animals 1 2 3
Scrapie 1 3 3 2 4 1 1 15
Swine vescicular disease 2 2
Trichinellosis 3 1 4
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) 1 1
West Nile Disease 1 20 42 14 77
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Number of outbreaks reported by Regions to SIMAN in the 1, II, III, trimester 2014
Region Disease Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Total
ABRUZZO
Avian typhosis 1 1
Bluetongue 1 37 78 116
Bovine leucosis 1 1
Bovine tuberculosis 1 1
Brucellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs
5 1 1 2 9
Salmonellae equine abortion 1 1
APULIA
American foulbrood of honey bees 1 1
Bluetongue 1 1
Bovine leucosis 3 1 3 1 1 6 15
Bovine tuberculosis 1 3 3 1 2 10
Brucellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs
4 3 14 6 2 8 6 1 3 47
Echinococcosis/Idatidosis 1 1
Equine infectious anaemia 1 1
Fowl pox 1 1
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease 1 1
BASILICATA
Antrax 1 1
Bluetongue 8 7 15
Bovine tuberculosis 1 1 2
Brucellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs
4 3 2 2 5 3 1 3 1 24
Equine infectious anaemia 1 1 2
Swine vescicular disease 2 2
BOLZANO American foulbrood of honey bees 1 1 1 3
CALABRIA
Aethina tumida 10 10
Bluetongue 1 3 1 1 3 111 119 40 279
Bovine tuberculosis 1 2 6 1 3 2 1 16
Brucellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs
7 3 13 13 19 15 5 1 6 82
Echinococcosis/Idatidosis 1 1
Salmonellosis of animals 1 1
Scrapie 1 1
CAMPANIA
Bluetongue 1 2 1 12 11 20 47
Bovine leucosis 1 1 2
Bovine tuberculosis 6 7 7 7 7 1 35
Brucellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs
5 3 11 13 24 18 9 2 3 88
Equine infectious anaemia 2 1 3
Non-typhoidal avian salmonellosis 1 1
EMILIA ROMAGNA
American foulbrood of honey bees 3 1 1 2 7
Erysipelas 1 1
European foulbrood of honey bees 1 1
Leptospirosis 1 1
Low patogenicity Avian influenza in poultry
1 1 2
Non-typhoidal avian salmonellosis 1 1 2
Salmonellosis (S. abortusovis) 1 1
Scrapie 1 1
West Nile Disease 13 29 8 50
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Region Disease Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Total
FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA
Crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) 1 1
Leishmaniosis 1 1 2
Leptospirosis 1 5 1 3 2 3 2 1 18
Low patogenicity Avian influenza in poultry
1 1
Non-typhoidal avian salmonellosis 1 1
West Nile Disease 1 1 2
LAZIO
American foulbrood of honey bees 1 1
Bluetongue 4 1 2 33 67 76 183
Bovine leucosis 2 1 1 4
Bovine tuberculosis 2 1 2 3 1 2 11
Brucellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs
1 1 1 3
Equine infectious anaemia 1 1 1 2 1 6
Equine rhinopneumonitis 2 2
Mixomatosis 1 1
Non-typhoidal avian salmonellosis 1 1
Salmonellosis (S. abortusovis) 1 1 1 3
Scrapie 1 1 1 3
LIGURIABovine tuberculosis 1 1
Leptospirosis 1 1
LOMBARDY
Equine infectious anaemia 1 1
Low patogenicity Avian influenza in poultry
1 1
Non-typhoidal avian salmonellosis 2 1 1 1 5
West Nile Disease 4 10 1 15
MARCHE
Bluetongue 1 44 45
Non-typhoidal avian salmonellosis 1 1 2
Scrapie 2 2
MOLISE
Bluetongue 5 5
Bovine tuberculosis 1 1 2
Brucellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs
1 2 1 4
Equine infectious anaemia 1 1
Trichinellosis 2 2
PIEDMONT
Bovine tuberculosis 1 1
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis 1 1
Low patogenicity Avian influenza in poultry
1 1
Paratuberculosis 1 2 3
West Nile Disease 1 1 2
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Region Disease Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Total
SARDINIA African swine fever 21 9 2 5 13 12 3 2 67
Bluetongue 2 2 1 2 3 2 3 15
Brucellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs
1 1
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis 1 2 1 1 1 6
Contagious agalactia 4 3 6 8 2 4 3 1 1 32
Contagious bovine mastitis 1 1
Leptospirosis 2 1 1 4
Maedi-visna 1 1
Mixomatosis 1 1
Non-typhoidal avian salmonellosis 1 1 2
Paratuberculosis 1 1 2
Salmonellosis (S. abortusovis) 4 8 4 1 1 18
Salmonellosis of animals 2 2
Scrapie 2 1 2 1 1 7
Trichinellosis 1 1 2
West Nile Disease 1 1
SICILY Bluetongue 8 1 2 3 14
Bovine leucosis 2 1 3
Bovine tuberculosis 27 22 16 14 30 37 14 8 9 177
Brucellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs
11 12 12 22 23 16 22 9 7 134
Contagious agalactia 1 1
Leptospirosis 1 1
Pasteurellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs
1 1
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease 1 1
Scrapie 1 1
West Nile Disease 1 1
TRENTO American foulbrood of honey bees 1 3 2 13 9 10 8 46
Contagious agalactia 1 2 1 2 6
European foulbrood of honey bees 3 3
Paratuberculosis 1 4 1 6
TUSCANY American foulbrood of honey bees 4 1 1 1 7
Bovine tuberculosis 1 1
Koi herpesvirus disease 1 1
Non-typhoidal avian salmonellosis 1 1
Paratuberculosis 1 1
UMBRIA Bluetongue 22 58 80
Equine infectious anaemia 1 1
VENETO American foulbrood of honey bees 1 1 2
Erysipelas 1 1
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis 1 1
Non-typhoidal avian salmonellosis 1 1 2
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease 1 1 1 1 4
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) 1 1
West Nile Disease 1 2 3 6
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Animals involved in outbreaks reported to SIMAN in the 1, II, III trimester 2014
Disease Animals involved No. Of animal in the holding
No. Of diseased animals
No. Of died
animals
No. Of culled
animals
No. Of destroyed
animas
Aethina tumida Bees 346 27 0 0 0
African swine fever Suidae 1204 209 118 1078 711
American foulbrood of honey bees Bees 250817 250190 150005 250020 250128
Antrax Ruminants 11 2 2 0 2
Avian typhosis Poultry 25120 25120 12500 12620 25120
BluetongueRuminants 154836 12659 3673 5 2460
Wild animals 18 18 0 0 0
Bovine leucosis Ruminants 2555 109 1 67 1
Bovine tuberculosisRuminants 18242 1686 7 1440 14
Wild animals 1 1 1 0 1
Brucellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigsRuminants 46061 6167 12 5466 9
Suidae 5 2 0 0 0
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis Ruminants 702 363 1 0 1
Contagious agalactia Ruminants 11862 1637 7 6 7
Contagious bovine mastitis Ruminants 7 1 0 0 0
Crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) Acquatic animals 1 1 0 0
Echinococcosis/Idatidosis Ruminants 61 4 0 0 0
Equine infectious anaemia Equidae 136 18 1 9 1
Equine rhinopneumonitis Equidae 204 4 0 0 0
Erysipelas Suidae 6258 25 24 1 0
European foulbrood of honey bees Bees 214 75 0 0 3
Fowl pox Poultry 10 10 10 0 0
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis Acquatic animals 43001 0 0 0
Koi herpesvirus disease Acquatic animals 7 7 0 0
Leishmaniosis Domestic carnviores 9 5 1 0 0
Leptospirosis
Domestic carnviores 614 25 18 0 3
Equidae 1 1 0 0 0
Ruminants 141 4 1 0 0
Suidae 730 31 0 30 0
Low patogenicity Avian influenza in poultryBirds 6455 103 0 3816 3801
Poultry 2141 67 1 1765 1765
Maedi-visna Ruminants 129 15 0 0 0
Mixomatosis Lagomorphs 445 98 98 347 445
Non-typhoidal avian salmonellosisBirds 108814 96737 0 0 0
Poultry 1055845 784354 36 58344 25586
Paratuberculosis Ruminants 2814 29 3 5 0
Pasteurellosis of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs Ruminants 152 1 1 0 1
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease Lagomorphs 41415 10431 10231 21836 22436
Salmonellae equine abortion Equidae 14 3 0 0 0
Salmonellosis (S. abortusovis) Ruminants 9390 533 14 0 12
Salmonellosis of animalsRuminants 1284 17 2 0 0
Suidae 16 1 16 16 1
Scrapie Ruminants 6532 36 11 189 51
Swine vescicular disease Suidae 690 687 0 678 678
TrichinellosisSuidae 9 2 0 0 1
Wild animals 2 2 2 0 2
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) Acquatic animals 200 200 200 200
West Nile Disease
Birds 32 32 5 0 0
Equidae 93 11 0 0 0
Insects 357 91 4 0 0
Poultry 14 1 0 1 1
October 2014 Number 18
17 A look at the maps
A LOOK AT THE MAPSThe geographical distribution of the main animal diseasesreported to SIMAN in the I, II, III trimester 2014
Equine Infectious Anaemia
Bluetongue
--Geographical distribution of the outbreaks
--Geographical distribution of the outbreaks
BENV National Veterinary Epidemiological Bulletin
18 A look at the maps
African Swine Fever
--Geographical distribution of the outbreaks
Avian Influenza, low patogenicity
--Geographical distribution of the outbreaks
October 2014 Number 18
19 A look at the maps
West Nile Disease
--Geographical distribution of the outbreaks
Swine vesicular disease
--Geographical distribution of the outbreaks
BENV National Veterinary Epidemiological Bulletin
20 Around us
Introduction
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs, not transmissible to humans; the infection is caused by a DNA virus, belonging to the genus Asfavirus, family Asfaviridae.
The infection can spread both by direct contact from infected to healthy animal (by excreta, secreta, infected carcasses...), and through mechanical vectors (insects, animals, workers, tools and contaminated clothing.) In nature, the virus is high resistant even in adverse environmental conditions; some species of soft ticks (Ornithodoros spp.) may act as biological vectors of the virus, while an important role is ascribed to the presence of asymptomatic carriers survived to the infection.
The disease was discovered in Africa, where it is endemic particularly in Sub-Saharian countries. In the second half of the nine-hundred century, ASF was reported in several European (Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Holland, France, Italy and Malta) and American countries (Brazil, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Haiti); thanks to expensive and challenging control programs at the end of the nineties, the disease was confined only to the African continent, with the exception of Sardinia where the infection is still endemic after more than 35 years of its first occurrence.
In this framework, the occurrence of ASF from 2007 in the former Soviet Republic of Caucaso raised particular interest. Later, the infection spread to the Russian Federation and involved other neighbouring countries such as Ukraine and Belarus to reach, more recently, the Baltic Republics and Poland (Figure 1).
AROUND USThe main events of epidemiological interest in the last months in the European Union and in the neighbour countries
African Swine Fever in UE: evolution of the epidemiological situation during 2014
October 2014 Number 18
21 Around us
Evolution of the disease in Europe
Georgia officially reported the first outbreak on 5 June 2007, but episodes of high mortality were recorded from at least two months; ASF virus was likely introduced through waste contaminated, coming from a ship docked in the port of Poti and used for feeding local pigs. Genotyping and molecular analysis showed that the virus belonged to genotype II and that it was very similar to the virus detected in the outbreaks of south-eastern Africa (Mozambique, Madagascar and Zambia).
The disease rapidly spread throughout the Georgian territory and across the national borders. Armenia, in fact, reported its first outbreak on 6 August 2007, Azerbaijan in January 2008. In the following years the epidemic involved the neighbouring sub-Caucasian countries and thus the Russian Federation as well.
Nowadays, the disease is considered endemic in the south of Russian Federation and in a western territory 300 Km far from Moscow where the virus is present both in domestic and in wild pigs. From 2007 to date, the federal government reported more than 400 outbreaks of ASF in domestic pigs and more than 600 outbreaks in wild boar. In 2012, the virus was also reported in Ukraine, where in July was notified an outbreak in domestic pigs and three cases in wild boars.
In June and July 2013 Belarus reported two outbreaks in domestic pigs, one of them close to the border of Lithuania and Poland. Afterwards, 27 cases were recorded in wild boars population.
In January 2014, two outbreaks in pigs and 6 in wild boars were reported in Ukraine in Lugansk region, near the border of the Russian federation.
It is important to stress that pigs’ farming in the former Soviet Republics, is characterized by ha high prevalence of farms rearing pigs for own consumption, with a low biosecurity level that does not preclude contacts with wild animals and promotes, in fact, the spread of the infection and its persistence in the region, thus providing a clear and permanent hazard for the European countries.
Figure 1.ASF outbreaks reported in 2014
(source: OIE)
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22 Around us
ASF in the EU
ASF was reported officially in UE on 24 January 2014 in Lithuania, when the virus was detected in two carcasses of wild boars found dead near the border of Belarus (few hundred meters). In the same way, between February and May 2014, Poland reported 4 cases in wild boars found dead near the border of Belarus. On 26 of June, Leetonia reported one outbreak in domestic pigs and, from 26 June to 3 July, in wild boars.
The ASF EU reference laboratory (INIA – Madrid), confirmed the presence of the virus and the phylogenetic analysis detected the 100% of homology between the isolates of Lithuania and of Poland with the virus circulating in Belarus and Russia, giving evidence of strict epidemiological links. Nowadays, experts believe that data on ASF prevalence and incidence on the outbreaks reported in Caucasus and in Belarus are strongly underestimated.
More recently (September 2014), another Baltic republic, Estonia, reported one outbreak in the Ida-Virumaa area. On 18 September, the OIE was notified with a follow up specifying that the virus was detected from a carcass of a wild boar. The INIA confirmed the positivity by real-time PCR.
After the confirmation tests in the European countries, the control measures foreseen by art. 15 of Dir. 2002/ 60/ EC were immediately put in place.
ASF in Italy
ASF was introduced in Sardinia in 1978, probably with contaminated food like waste of ships or aircrafts. Despite the strict measures taken during the years, eradication of the infection is currently still a distant goal.
The epidemiological trend over the years has been not uniform; however, a seasonal (summer) “peaks” and a well-defined geo-localization (mainly in the east-central area of the island) were almost constantly observed. In these areas, the presence of wild pigs is still significant despite it is considered a key risk factor; the holding of wild pigs is illegal and forbidden by regional laws.
From the second half of 2011, there was an increase in the incidence of recorded outbreaks characterized by 34 notifications in few months; despite the adoption of more severe measures, this trend was confirmed in 2012 (106 outbreaks) and in 2013 (114 outbreaks) involving both domestic and wild animals, outside of the historically endemic area as well. In 2014, the same trend has been confirmed because of the 72 outbreaks (44 outbreaks in domestic pigs and 28 in wild boars) reported on September 25 (figure 2).
EU Action Plan
After the ASF outbreak occurred in Belarus in June 2013, the EU implemented an Action Plan to prevent the introduction of the virus inside its borders.
• The Plan foresee the adoption of the following strict protective measures especially near the borders of Russian Federation:
Figure 2.ASF outbreaks reported in Sardinia (1978-2014)
October 2014 Number 18
23 Around us
• disinfection of all vehicles carrying livestock;• Shipment Inspections (inspection on meat);• Stop of all livestock markets;• Strengthening the Biosecurity measures inside of the pig farms;• Establishment of training programs for operators;• Surveillance and serological monitoring of the population of domestic pigs and
wild boars;• Establishment of “buffer zones”;• Adoption of appropriate strategies to prevent or minimize the crossing of borders
by wild boars;• Improving the quality of laboratory testing;• Use of insect repellents for wild boars;• Adoption of the early slaughter of pigs in backyard farms at risk, as a measure of
prevention;• Review / update of specific “contingency plans” for each Member State;• Strengthening the diagnostic capacity of EU laboratories;• EU co-financed funds by more than € 2.5 million to be allocated to Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania and Poland;• Further EU co-financed funds for a total of over € 2 million to be allocated in 2014
to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland;• Insurance of technical assistance by the EU Reference Laboratories (Valdeolmos
INIA, Madrid) and by the EFSA for what concerns the “risk-assessment” and the overall EU coordination of the actions taken by each Member State;
• The FVO is checking the validity of the “contingency plans” of each Member Sate in dealing with an emergency such as “African Swine Fever”;
• In order to help each Member State to deal with such state, the EU Commission has recently published the manual “Guidelines on surveillance and control of ASF in feral pigs and Preventive Measures for pig holdings.”
• The European Union has also provided technical support to the Russian and Belarusian Government through the group of experts of the ASF EU Reference Laboratory of.
Conclusions
ASF is considered as one of the more important threat to be fight in the field of pigs health. The experience gained in the recent epidemic that has characterized the Eastern Europe, highlighted the ability of the virus to move from endemic to new areas: in this framework, there are many risk factors related to human activities. Moreover, a low level of biosecurity of domestic swine herds and the possibility of contact with the wild population can be crucial for the endemisation of ASF.
To effectively tackle the risk of introduction of infection, European legislation requires that each State is prepared to deal with new outbreaks of ASF adopting specific “contingency plans”; experts also insist on the need for proper training and information of veterinarians and of all stakeholders.
It should be remembered that, in the past, ASF has been successfully eradicated from different areas of the world and, in particular, the Spanish model could be effectively adapted to the territories currently infected.
--Edited by:Marco Sensi, Gian Mario De Mia & Francesco Feliziani Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche
BENV National Veterinary Epidemiological Bulletin
24 Around us
World Rabies Day
Rabies is a deadly zoonosis with devastating social and sanitary consequences, with a great adaptation capability given its large range of host species and its ability of interspecies transmission. The majority of rabies-related deaths is in Africa and Asia, and in particular, the 84% of deaths is from poor communities in rural areas. Up to 60% of estimated 55,000 deaths are children under 15 years old: children are particularly vulnerable because they are more exposed to dog bites. The cornerstones for preventing such devastating occurrences are: pet vaccination, education of children and ensuring proper access to medical resources.
On September the 28th the World Rabies Day has been celebrated to raise awareness about rabies and enhance prevention and control efforts. It is an international campaign coordinated by the Global Alliance for rabies control (GARC), a non-profit organization with headquarters in the United States and the United Kingdom, which firstly launched this initiative in 2007. World Rabies Day is endorsed by international human and veterinary health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Pan American Health Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Veterinary Association. World Rabies Day takes place each year on September the 28th, the anniversary of the death of Louis Pasteur, who developed the first efficacious rabies vaccine, in collaboration with his colleagues.
The organizers and participants are people living in rabies endemic areas or just caring about the devastating impact of the disease and intending to react to such threat. World Rabies Day is designed to raise awareness about both human and animal rabies, to take steps helping rabies prevention and control, such as the vaccination of pets, including dogs and cats, and educating people on how to avoid dangerous contacts with wild animals potentially transmitting rabies: raccoons, bats, skunks and foxes. Currently it is estimates that 55,000 persons are dying due to rabies every year, but given the lack of compulsory notification to health authorities in many countries, the actual number of deaths could be much higher. Until all rabies deaths were recorded, it is not possible to have a clear picture of the magnitude of the problem or to appreciate the real value of preventing actions. So, one of the objective of the World Rabies Day is to push countries to make rabies a notifiable disease.
Since it started, the World Rabies Day has reached over 100 million people and vaccinated over 3 million of animals against the disease. In 2007 it exceeded expectations with 400,000 people taking part in the event across 74 countries. Nowadays 125 countries are involved. The theme of this year is “Together against Rabies”, aiming at teaching everyone about the impact of rabies, how to prevent it and how to eradicate sources of the disease across the world.
Challenges to controlling rabies in dogs
Rabies is present in all inhabited continents (figure 1 and 2). Worldwide, dog bites are the cause of almost all human deaths, with a smaller number of cases caused by the contact with other domestic and wild animals, including bats. Where rabies is endemic, any dog bite may potentially transmit the infection and, therefore, millions of people every year need for the post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the onset of the disease. This treatment is expensive and overwhelmingly, and often the price is paid directly by people who cannot afford it. Canine rabies is not under control in many regions of the world, and frequently the presence of large numbers of stray dogs hampers the implementation of control efforts. This often causes an increased number of rabid animals that have the potential to transmit the virus to humans. During the World Rabies Day, rabies experts at WHO and around the world are highlighting dog vaccination programs as the most effective measure to reduce the risk of this disease that kills around 50,000 people every year.
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25 Around us
Targets to eliminate rabies
In Italy the last case of rabies in animals was detected in 2011 and in 2013 the country has been declared free from the disease. Latin American countries have set targets to eliminate human and dog rabies within 2015. Countries in South-East Asia aim to do the same in 2020. Significant progress has already been made in particular in Sri Lanka, where mass dog vaccination has reduced rabies deaths from more than 350 in 1973 to 50 in 2010, and in Thailand where mortality from rabies has fallen from 170 deaths in 1991 to 7 in 2011.
Figure 1.Distribuzione della rabbia negli
animali domestici (2013). Fonte: OIE
Figure 2.Distribuzione della rabbia negli animali selvatici (2013). Fonte: OIE
References
1. World Rabies Day Website http://rabiesalliance.org/2. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rabies_Day
--A cura di:Simona IannettiCOVEPIIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”
BENV National Veterinary Epidemiological Bulletin
26 Officially free territories
OFFICIALLY FREE TERRITORIES
Bovine tuberculosis: provinces and regions officially free according to the community legislation up to 14/02/2014
Bovine tuberculosis
Decision Province Region
2003/467/CE
Bergamo
LombardiaLecco
Sondrio
Ascoli Piceno Marche
BolzanoTrentino Alto Adige
Trento
2004/230/CE Grosseto Toscana
2005/28/CEComo Lombardia
Prato Toscana
2006/169/CEPescara Abruzzo
All the region Friuli Venezia Giulia
2007/174/CE
All the region Emilia Romagna
NovaraPiemonte
Verbania
Livorno
ToscanaLucca
Siena
BellunoVeneto
Padova
2008/97/CE
Vercelli Piemonte
PisaToscana
Pistoia
2008/404/CE All the region Veneto
2009/342/CE Oristano Sardegna
2010/391/CE
All the region Lombardia
All the region Toscana
Cagliari
SardegnaMedio-Campidano
Ogliastra
Olbia-Tempio
2011/277/CERieti
LazioViterbo
2012/204/UE
AstiPiemonte
Biella
Fermo Marche
BENV National Veterinary Epidemiological Bulletin
October 2014 Number 18
Bovine tuberculosis
Officially free territories 27
Bovine leukosis: Provinces and Regions Officially Free according to the EU legislation up to 14/02/2014
Decision Province Region
2003/467/CE
Bergamo
Lombardia
Brescia
Como
Lecco
Mantova
Sondrio
Varese
Ascoli Piceno Marche
Bolzano Trentino Alto Adige
Bologna
Emilia Romagna
Ferrara
Forlì
Cesena
Modena
Parma
Piacenza
Ravenna
Reggio Emilia
Rimini
Aosta Valle D'Aosta
2004/63/CE
Cremona
LombardiaLodi
Milano
Arezzo
Toscana
Firenze
Grosseto
Livorno
Lucca
Pisa
Pistoia
Prato
Siena
2005/28/CE
Pavia Lombardia
Massa-Carrara Toscana
PerugiaUmbria
Terni
2005/604/CE
Alessandria
Piemonte
Asti
Biella
Cuneo
Novara
Torino
Verbania
Vercelli
Decision Province Region
2006/169/CE
Pescara Abruzzo
Tutta la regione Friuli Venezia Giulia
FrosinoneLazio
Rieti
Imperia Liguria
Ancona
MarcheMacerata
Pesaro
2006/290/CE Tutta la regione Molise
2007/174/CE
Savona Liguria
Oristano in Sardegna; Sardegna
Tutta la regione Veneto
2009/342/CE Tutta la regione Sardegna
2010/391/CE
Napoli Campania
Brindisi Puglia
Agrigento Sicilia
Caltanissetta
Siracusa
Trapani
2011/277/CE Viterbo Lazio
2012/204/UE
Catania
SiciliaEnna
Palermo
Ragusa
2013/177/UE Benevento Campania
2014/91/UE
Latina Lazio
Tutta la regione Liguria
Avellino Campania
Leucosi bovina
BENV National Veterinary Epidemiological Bulletin
28 Officially free territories
Decision Province Region
2003/467/CE
Bergamo
Lombardia
Como
Lecco
Mantova
Sondrio
Varese
Ascoli Piceno Marche
BolzanoTrentino Alto Adige
Trento
Bologna
Emilia Romagna
Ferrara
Forlì
Cesena
Modena
Parma
Piacenza
Ravenna
Reggio Emilia
Rimini
Cagliari
SardegnaNuoro
Oristano
Sassari
2004/63/CE
Cremona
LombardiaLodi
Pavia
2005/28/CE
Pavia Lombardia
Massa-Carrara Toscana
PerugiaUmbria
Terni
2005/604/CE
Alessandria
Piemonte
Asti
Biella
Novara
Verbania
Vercelli
2006/169/CE
Pescara Abruzzo
Tutta la regione Friuli Venezia Giulia
Rieti Lazio
ImperiaLiguria
Savona
Milano Lombardia
PistoiaToscana
Siena
Bovine brucellosis: Provinces and Regions Officially Free according to the EU legislation up to 14/02/2014
Decision Province Region
2007/174/CE
Torino Piemonte
Firenze Toscana
Tutta la regione Veneto
2008/97/CEBrindisi Puglia
Tutta la regione Toscana
2009/342/CE
Ancona
MarcheMacerata
Pesaro
Cuneo Piemonte
2010/391/CE Campobasso Molise
2011/277/CE
Frosinone
LazioLatina
Viterbo
2012/204/UE Tutta la regione Valle d’Aosta
2014/91/UE Tutta la regione Liguria
Bovine brucellosis
BENV National Veterinary Epidemiological Bulletin
October 2014 Number 18
Bovine brucellosis
Officially free territories 29
Decision Province Region
2002/482/CE Bolzano Trentino Alto Adige
2003/237/CE
Arezzo Toscana
Cagliari
SardegnaNuoro
Sassari
Oristano
2003/732/CE
Bergamo
Lombardia
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantova
Milano
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Trento Trentino Alto Adige
2004/199/CERieti
LazioViterbo
2005/28/CE
Firenze
Toscana
Livorno
Lucca
Massa-Carrara
Pisa
Pistoia
Prato
Siena
Perugia
Terni Umbria
2005/764/CE Grosseto Toscana
2005/604/CE
Ancona
Marche
Ascoli Piceno
Macerata
Pesaro
Urbino
Alessandria
Piemonte
Asti
Biella
Cuneo
Novara
Torino
Verbania
Vercelli
2006/169/CE
Pescara Abruzzo
Tutta la regione Friuli Venezia Giulia
Savona Liguria
Isernia Molise
Decision Province Region
2008/97/CE
RomaLazio
Latina
Tutta la regione Veneto
2010/391/CE Tutta la regione Molise
2011/277/CETutta la regione Emilia Romagna
Tutta la regione Valle d’Aosta
2014/91/UETutta la regione Lazio
Tutta la regione Liguria
Ovine and caprine brucellosis: Officially Free according to the EU legislation up to 14/02/2014
Ovine and caprine brucellosis
July 2014 Number 17
BENV National Veterinary Epidemiological Bulletin
30 Contacts & Editorial staff
-National Reference Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, Planning, Information and Risk Analysis (COVEPI)
EpidemiologyDr. Paolo Calistriph +39 0861 332241
Statistics and GISDr. Annamaria Conteph +39 0861 332246
-CoordinatorSimona Iannetti (COVEPI)
Editorial boardBarbara Alessandrini, Paolo Calistri, Fabrizio De Massis, Gianfranco Diletti, Nicola Ferri, Armando Giovannini, Federica Monaco, Daniela Morelli, Giovanni Savini, Vincenza Prencipe
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Web masterand desktop publishingSandro SantarelliCover photo: cvrcak1
mail [email protected] +39 0861 332251www.izs.it
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Diagnostics and Monitoring of Exotic Viral DiseasesDr. Federica Monacoph +39 0861 332446
Diagnostic and surveillance of exotic diseases, Virology laboratory. Windhoek, Namibia Dr. Massimo Scacchiaph +39 0861 332405
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