17118$ n aval postaduat e 8 c in g - dtic · speed of sound profile (ssp) generator ----- 17 a....
TRANSCRIPT
Report number -. NPS-71Be75031
17118$
N AVAL POStAdUAT E 8 C IN GMonterey, California
00A
Lk
jAS SIVDE EINVI RONVENTbl. ASW PR~EDICT- ION S YSTEIM
bv
Michael Edward BeckesNicholas Pegau Burhans
Robert 13d-r Gur
Thesis Advisors: Mac 95A.B3. CoppensD.E. 11arrisoni Jr
Approved for p~ublic rtecruse; distribtitionun iitd
NATIONAL TECHNICALINFORMATION SERVICE
THE :: 'ri.
UNCLASSI FTEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (M16.n Date Fntred)
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE nEFORE CMST! f R M
1. 1tPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT ' S CATALOG NUMBER
NPS-71Be75031 __
4. TITLE (and SLpbtllf.) S. TYPE OF REPORT A PERIOD COVERED
PASSIVE 'ENVIRONMENTAL ASW PREDICTION Master's Thesis;SYSTEM /,P.EAPS) March 1975
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHORf~s) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(#)
Michael Edward BeckesNicholas Pegau BurhansRobert Edgar Gump
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASKAREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERSNaval Postgraduate S~hcol
Monterey, California 93940 Code 5lCz
II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
March 197513. NUMBER 60r PAGES
- 170'"r' MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(I! diflermt rcm Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (.I tht tiport)
UNCLASSIFIED
ISs. DECLASSIFICATIOH/DOWNGRADINGSCHEDULE
16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this R.-og)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
17 "STRIBUTION ST ATEMENT (of the otracf enterd in Block 20. It dilffernt from Report)
18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
It. KEY WORDS (Continue on reere oide If noceeeary nd idsnti4'- ty block number)
Transmission LossSound Speed ProfileProbability of DetectionRay Trace
20. ABSTRACT (Cenin-je a. ievoro side If ntceos.y' an4 I'denlify by block nvmbr)
PEAPS (Passive Environmental AST- Prediction System) is arelatively unsophisticated model which accepts input scurceand receiver paramectrs and then predicts sound propagationcharacteristics in an ocean environment, the correspondingtransmission loss, and the probability of detection.The progtram was written for a programmable desk-topcalculator for immediate deployment and opor:Lional testin..
DD I 1473 EDITION or I NOV6 IS OVSOLETE(Pngc *) S/N 0102-014-6601 I 1 SECURITY CLASSlrICAIION OF THIS PAGE (17hn Date 9nI.t##)
- - A
UNCLASSIFIED
W'IU.RJITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAE(06h,.n 1lel Enterod.
(20. ABSTRACT Continued)
aboard small ASW platforms. The program is also availablein a form suitable for large computers.
I
DD Fo)*i ] 4 7.1 (BACK)
SIJaii 7.1 L UNCLASSTFTED
S/ 010)2-01-1-6601 s~E(U"ITY CLASSIFIc^TIOtt OF THIS PAG.EVA,#. J)., F.,.,.d)
IPassive Environmental ASW Prediction System
(PEAPS)
Michael Edward BeckesLieutenant Commander, United States Navy
B.S., University of Illinois, 1965
Nicholas Pegau BurhansLieutenant, United States Navy
B.A., Michigan State University, 1968
Robert Edgar GumpLieutenant, United States NavyB.S., Purdue University, 1968
Submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
from theNAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
March 1975
Authors:
Approved by: 4t. L4 ________
Thesis Advisor
Co-Advisor
... ' Chairman, ASW Academic Group
Academic Dean/ /
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMonterey, California
Rear Admiral Isham Lineer Jack R. BorstingSuperintendent Provost
This thesis prepared in conjunction with researchsupported by the Naval Postgraduate School.
Reproduction of all or part of this report is authorized.
Released as aTechnical Report by:
Dean of Research
|z I
ABSTRACT
PEAPS (Passive Environmental ASW Prediction System) is
a relatively unsophisticated model which accepts input source
and receiver parameters and then predicts sound propagation
characteristics in an ocean environment, the corresponding
transmission loss, and the probability of detection. The
program was written for a programmable desk-top calculator
for immediate deployment and operational testing aboard
small ASW platforms. The program is also available in a
form suitable for larger computers.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------ 14
A. BACKGROUND ------------------------------------ 14
B. PEAPS ------------------------------------------ 15
1. Description ------------------------------ 15
2. Assumptions and Constraints -------------- 15
II. SPEED OF SOUND PROFILE (SSP) GENERATOR ---------- 17
A. PURPOSE ------------------------------------- 17
B. INPUTS -------------------------------------- 17
C. MODEL --- ------------------------------------ 19
D. OUTPUT --------------------------------------- 22
III. PAY TRACE GENERATOR ----------------------------- 25
A. PURPOSE ------------------------------------- 25
B. MODES --------------------------------------- 25
C. INPUTS ---------------------------------------- 27
D. MODEL ---------------------------------------- 27
E. OUTPUT -------------------------------------- 33
IV. TRANSMISSION LOSS GENERATOR --------------------- 38
A. PATH SELECTION ------------------------------ 38
1. Surface-Duct Path (SDP) ------------------ 38
2. Reliable Acoustic Path (RAP)-........ 40
3. Bottom-Bounce Path (BBP) ----------------- 40
4. Convergence-Zone Path (CZP) ------------- 40
5. Deep Sound-Channel Path (DSCP) ---------- 40
B. INPUTS --------------------------------------- 40
5
%j
C. TRANSMISSION LOSS MODELS------------------------- 42
1. Surface-Duct Path (SDP)---------------------- 42
2. Reliable Acoustic Path (RAP)----------------- 45
3. Bottom-Bounce Path (BI3P)--------------------- 45
4. Convergence-Zone Path (cZP)---------------- 49
5. Deep Sound-Channel Path (DSCP)--------------- 50
D. COMBINED TRANSMISSION LOSS----------------------- 50
E. OUTPUT------------------------------------------- 53
F. SHORTCOMINGS OF THE MODELS----------------------- 53
V. PROBABILITY OF DETECTION (PD) GENERATOR------------- 58
A. INPUTS------------------------------------------- 58
B. MODEL-------------------------------------------- 58
C. OUTPUT------------------------------------------- 59
VI. CONCLUDING REMARK S---------------------------------- 60
APPENDIX A: PEAPS HARDWARE DESCRIPTION-------------------- 61
APPENDIX B: PEAPS WORKS%1EET------------------------------ 62
APPENDIX C: PEAPS OPERATOR NOTE SHEETS FOR THE
lIP9810A-------------------------------------- 66
APPENDIX D: FLOWI CHARTS, PROGRAM LISTINGS, AND
OUTPUJT FROM THE HP9810A AND IBM 360 --------- 76
APPENDIX E: PEAPS STORAGE LOCATIONS IN THE HP9810A ----- 163
LIST OF REFERENCES --- -- ---- ------ - --- -- 168
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST ---------------- 169
6
LIST OF TABLES
I. Validation of Sound Speed Parameters ------------- 20
II. Comparison of PEAPS and Theoretical RangeIncrement Determinations ------------------------- 34
III. Comparison of Minimum Duct Thickness ------------- 41
I,
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1. SSP Portion of Operscor Worksheet ------------------ 18
2. SSP Printer 9utput --------------------------------- 23
. SSP Plot ------------------------------------------- 24
4. Convergence-Zone Path (CZP) ------------------------ 26
5, Ray Trace Portion of Operator Worksheet ------------ 28
6. Ray Curvature within a Water Column ---------------- 29
7. Sample Mode 0 Run when CZ Conditions are Met 36
8. Mode 2 Run ----------------------------------------- 37
9. Sonic Layer Depth ----------------------------------- 39
10. Surface Duct Path (SDP) ---------------------------- 43
11. Reliable Acoustic Path (RAP) ----------------------- 46
12. Multiple Bottom Bounce Path (BBP) ------------------ 47
13. Convergence Zone Gain Model ------------------------ 51
14. Deep Sound Channel Path (DSCP) --------------------- 52
15. Transmission Loss and Probability ofDetection Plot -------------------------------------- 54
16. Comparison of Absorption Coefficient Equationwith Measured Data ---------------------------------- 56
17. Illustration of Merging Techniques for Speedof Sound Profiles ----------------------------------- 70
8
TABLE OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOL DEFINITION
A The absorption coefficient (dB/yd)derived from the input sourcefrequency.
BMA The angle of incidence below which thebottom loss becomes constant (deter-mined by the input source frequencyand bottom type).
BO The intercept used in the bottom lossequation.
B1 The slope used in the bottom lossequation.
CDl Surface depth - the first pointentered by the operator (always 0.0).
CD2 The depth of the sonic layer (if nosenic layer exists, then CD2 = CDI).
CD3 to CD5 The depths of the critical points(those points where the gradient ofthe speed of sound changes sign orbec)mes zero) between CD2 and thebottom.
CD6 The bottom depth.
CSI to CS6 The sound speeds corresponding to thecritical depths CDI to CD6.
CZX The maximum range of the first conver-gence zone annulus.
CZMIN The minimum range to the first CZ annulus.
CZSTOP The incremented stopping range for theCZ segment of the program.
CZSTRT The incremented starting range for theCZ segment of tha program.
DFL The diffractive loss out of the surfaceduct; used in the surface duct segmentof the program.
9_ _ _ _
SYMBOL DEFIN IT ION
DR The horizontal range increment usewhile ray tracing = 5[D(i)-D (i-) ]where D(i) is the SSP depth below,and D(i-1) that above the ray depth.
DRPERM Range increment in the TL/PD programi= 2000 yards; used outside the CZannulus.
DRWRK The working range increment used by
the transmission loss program; = DRPERMoutside the CZ annulus, = 0.1 theanrulus width inside the CZ annulus.
DTH The angle increment to be added toTHMIN (input by the operator whenMODE = 2).
D1 to DIS The input depths from the BT trace.
G The sound speed gradient in the \:atercolumn segment in which the ray isbeing traced.
IBB The bottom-bounce propagation-pathindicator.
IBT The input bottom type indicator (1 to9) which is converted to a factor (BT)used in tne bottom-bounce segment ofthe TLOSS program.
ICZ The convergence-zone propagation-path
indicator.
T!CZRC The CZ range increment counter.
IDSC The deep sound-channel propagation-path indicator.
IFOM The input figure of merit.
IPLOT The plotting indicator for the raytrace program used during MODE = 0.0 = the ray trace is to be plotted.1 = the ray trace is not to be plotted.
IRAP The indicator for reliable acousticpath.
10
SYMBOL DEFINITION
ISD The indicator for surface-ductpropagation path.
ISS The input system sigma.
IWH! The input wave height (in feet).
N The number of bottom bounces being
considered by the bottom bouncesegment of the program.
NG The number of critical gradient
sections in the sound speed profile.
NPTS The number of input points from theBT trace.
MODE The mode indicator for the ray traceprogram.0 = automatic ray trace, compute, and
plot.
1 = automatic ray trace, compute noplot.
2 = operator enters the source emissionangles to be plotted by the ray
trace program, then a Mode 1 com-putation to determine values neededfor follow-on programs.
R The horizontal range of the ray thatis being traced (in ft) and the TL/PDrange (in yards).
RD The input receiver depth (in feet).
RADINV The inverse of the radius of curvaturefor a ray as it is traced through avertical section of the water column.
RDR A derived factor used in the ray trace
program (RADINV * DR).
RL2 The square of the cutoff range for thereliable acoustic path (RAP) portionof the program.
RMAX The derived maximum range to be con-sidered in the transmission loss/probability of detection program(dependent on IFOM).
11
SYMBOL DEFINITICN
RPT The transition range used in the deep-sound-channel segment of the program.
RS The derived skip distance used in thesurface-duct segment of the program.
RT The derived transition range used inthe surface-duct segment of theprogram.
SD The input source depth, in feet.
SE The derived signal excess(SE = STL - IFOM).
SF The input source frequency, inHertz (Hz).
SS Speed of sound.
SSL The derived sea surface loss used inthe surface duct segment of the program.
STL The cumulative transmission loss fromthe existing transmission paths at aparticular range from the source.
SV The derived speed of sound at thesource.
S1 to S15 The derived speed of sound correspondingto the input data from the BT trace.
TH The angle the ray makes with thehorizontal as it is being traced.
THBB The derived minimum emission anglefrom the source that will result ina bottom bounce ray.
THBL The angle used to determine the bottomloss in the bottom bounce segment ofthe program.
THMAX The maximum ray emission angle fromthe source entered by the operatorwhen MODE = 2.
THMIN The minimum ray emission angle fromthe source entered by the operatorwhen MODE = 2.
12
• | - = . -... , % . _.. . . o
SYMBOL DEFINITION
THP The approximate minimum sourceemission angle that will produce a
convergence zone ray. Used as astarting point in the automatic modes(MODE = 0 or 1) to determine CZMINby iterative ray tracing.
THPP The approximate THBB used in the auto-matic modes as a starting point foriterative ray tracing to determineTHBB.
TL A transmission loss storage location.
WRKNG Storage registers used in severalportions of the programs fortemporary storage.
Z The depth of the ray being traced,measured from the source depth.
13
-' • - ...... ..... _ v - - - --- -! ... --
I. INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND
Shore-based prediction systems rely on complex acoustic
models which require large computers and relatively long
computation times. Their predictions are based on histori-
cal meteorologic and oceanographic data for regions in which
environmental conditions are assumed to be homogeneous.
These systems use a single level of sonar performance as the
basis for all range predictions. The value of such systems
lies in their use as research tools and for pre-deployment
planning: they can be considered to be strategic systems.
With the advent of the programmable desk-top calculator
comes the possibility that a simple acoustic prediction model
can be placed on board anti-submarine warfare (ASW) platforms.
This makes it possible for the ASW platofrm to take advantage
of on-scene bathythermographic (BT) data to obtain current
range predictions based on the output of the platform's own
sensors. In addition, an on-board system enables the ASW
platform to obtain predictions under all electronic emission
control (EMCON) conditions. The programmable desk-top cal-
culators make possible environmental predictions at the
tactical level.
14
B. PEAPS
1. Description
PEAPS (Passive Environmental ASW Prediction System)
was designed for use in any programmable desk-top calculator
or general-purpose computer with sufficient capacity for
the program.
The system is composed of four sub-programs: a
speed of sound profile (SSP) generator, a ray trace generator,
a transmission loss (TL) generator, and a probability of
detection (PD) generator. The SSP and ray trace generators
are combined as an SSP/Ray Trace program; the TL and PD
generators are combined as a TL/PD program. These sub-
programs are described in detail in subsequent chapters.
2. Assumptions and Constraints
The system was written originally in a machine
language for use on a small capacity, programmable, desk-
top calculator (the Hewlett-Packard Model 9810A with expanded
storage). The hardware used to develop PEAPS is described in
Appendix A. Total program capacity of the calculator was
2036 program steps with 100 data-storage registers. This
calculator was used because it was relatively inexpensive
and readily accessible; it was reasoned that if a simple
working model could be designed on a small-capacity,
programmable calculator, more sophisticated models would be
possible on larger programmable calculators.
PEAPS is a relative unsophisticated system which
uses approximation techniques to compute tranmnission losses
15
under the assumptions of a flat-bottomed ocean and phase
incoherent interference. Lateral variations in vertical
temperature profiles are neglected. Speed of sound profiles
are approximated by straight-line segments, with storage
available for fourteen segments (fifteen input points) and
five smoothed gradients. When available to the user deep
ocean historical data may be incorporated into the input,
but such data are neither stored nor generated internally.
The specific assumptions and constraints used in each sub-
program are described in the subsequent chapter which deals
with that sub-program.
General worksheets for PEAPS have been designed to
guide the operator through the sequence of steps required
to generate output (Appendix B).
Operator note sheets also have been written in
outline form to describe the use of the individual sub-programs
of the system and to assist the operator when problems and
questions arise (Appendix C).
16
II. SPEED OF SOUND PROFILE (SSP) GENERATOR
A. PURPOSE
The speed-of-sound generator produces a plot of sound
speed versus depth for inputs from a bathythermograph (BT)
trace. The data are then searched for critical points which
are stored for subsequent use by the ray trace and transmis-
sion loss (TL) programs. A critical point is a point on the
sound speed profile where the gradient of the sound speed
changes sign or becomes zero. All sound-speed points are
stored for use in the ray trace sub-program.
B. INPUTS
Figure 1 shows the SSP portion of the operator's work-
sheet. The operator manually inserts the BT data from the
worksheet into the calculator programmed for SSP/Ray Trace.
As indicated, the data entered on the worksheet are the
number of BT points to be entered, and the depth (ft),
temperature (0F), and salinity (ppt) of each input point;
if salinity is unknown and historical salinity data are
unobtainable, a value of 35 parts per thousand (ppt) is
entered. If the bottom depth is greater than that of the
BT trace and historical data are not available, it is recom-
mended that the operator enter the last BT temperature as
ibf bottom temperature. This will produce a profile for
constant temperature from the last BT point to the bottom.
If tables of historical salinities and temporatures-versus-depth
17
'1
PEAPS OPEIWATOR WORSHEET
(See PEAPS Operator Note Sheets)
BT Information DTG: Z
Location: N/S _, E/W
1. Turn the calculator and plotter on. "LOAD" the SSP/Raytrace program cards. Put the plotting paper on theplotter and set the "GEAPH LIMITS" of the plotter.
2. Press "STOP, END, CONTINUE" (this sequence is used when
a new SSP is to be generated.
Note 1: If you enter an erroneous value:
a. If you have not pressed "CONTINUE", press"CLR X", theienter the correct value.
b. If you have pressed "CONTINUE", you mustre-enter all the points again; press "GO TO,LABEL, A", then continue with Step 3 below.
3. Press "CONTINUE".
4. SSP inputs: ENTER number of BT points (15 maximum)Press "CONTINUE" after each value is entered to advancethe program Output
Input Input Input Speed of SoundPoint Depth (ft) Temp (OF) Salinity (ppt) (ft/sec)
1 0.0
2
10
FIGURE 1
18
for the oceanic area of interest are available to the
operator, then use Section G of the Operator Note Sheets
(Appendix G) to merge the historical and on-scene BT data
for improved accuracy.
C. MODEL
The basic physical concepts of sound transmission are
fairly simple, but computation of the sound speed for the
ocean is rather complex because of the varying physical
properties of sea water. The computation of sound speed from
empirical relations based upon laboratory measurements began
in the early 1950's (Del Grasso, 1952; Wilson, 1960).
Attempts to record accurate hydrographic data while elec-
tronically measuring the sound speed were successful in the
early 1960's (Hays, 1961; Mackenzie, 1961). For these latter
experiments, a computed sound speed was obtained based on
three measured parameters: temperature, salinity, and depth.
The results were then compared with the electronically-
recorded sound speeds. These observations resulted in either
slight modification of the coefficients in existing equations
or the development of new polynomial equations (Wilson, 1960;
Leroy, 1968; Frye and Pugh, 1971; Anderson, 1971; Del Grasso,
1972). From the results obtained by these experimenters, the
variation of sound speed versus temperature, salinity, and
depth can be approximately represented as indicated in Table I.
Approximately 99% of all sea water falls within the
temperature range -30C to +300C and the salinity range 33 to
19
TABLE I
Vari '.tions of sound speed caused by variations in
temperature, salinity, and depth. A variation of one
parameter signifies that the other parameters are held
constant: temperature at OC, zero depth, salinity at
35.00 ppt.
Temperature (°C) Sound Speed Change
0 - 10 4.5 (meters/sec)/*C
10 - 20 3.0 (meters/sec)/0 C
20 - 30 2.0 (meters/sec)/C
Salinity (ppt)
33 - 35 1.55 (meters/sec)/ppt
35 - 37 1.25 (meters/seui/ppt
Depth (meters)
0 - 10,000 0.017 (meters/sec)/meter
20
37 ppt (Montgomery, 1958; Frye and Pugh, 1971). Thus,
thermal gradients are usually much more significant than
salinity gradients in sound speed computations; so that the
temperature-depth relation is a factor which must be
considered in greatest detail in any sound propagation model.
Because the Frye and Pugh equation [1] for sound speed
is dominated by temperature terms and requires relatively
few program steps compared with other speed of sound equations,
it was used in the sound speed profile sub-program. The
equation was modified to use the approximation
ASS ASS AP • ASSAZ A AZ - 0 AP
for the speed of sound SS in meters/sec, the pressure P in
bars (gage pressure), and the depth Z in meters. The
resulting equation is
SS = 1449.3 + 1.5848 x 10-2 Z + 1.572 x 10-7 Z2
- 3.46 x 10-16 Z4 + 4.587T - 5.356 x 10- 2T2
+ 2.604 x 10-T 3 + 1.19(S-35) + 9.6 x 102(S - 352
+ 1.354 x 10 5T2 Z - 7.19 x 10 9TZ210-2Z 0g
1.2 x 10- 2 (S - 35)T
where SS = sound speed in meters/sec
Z = depth in meters
T = temperature in 0C
S = salinity in ppt (parts per thousand).
21
The SSP sub-program converts the input data to MKS units
for use in the above equation and then converts the
resultant sound speeds to feet/sec for use in subsequent
routines.
The above equation is relatively inaccurate in areas
where salinity exceeds 36.6 ppt: Frye and Pugh claim
accuracy only to 36.6 ppt and are presently working to extend
the domain of their equation.
D. OUTPUT
The calculator prints the input data and the corresponding
sound speeds on tape (Fig. 2), makes a plot of sound speed
versus depth (Fig. 3), and refers the operator to Operator
Note 2 for ray trace preparation (see Appendix C).
22
SE S E 1 fgure 2. Sample Speed of SoundSEE NlOTE I Profile generator
printer input/output.[IF:' FTS
15. 00tDEPTH DEPTH DEPTHT.EMP 40T0.EP 1100.00.
TEF TErlFP TEMP5 S.: 6• 08 50. 502 5 ::I.. r 45. 80-SA L I N FI AL I H
351 -',.., C C1 . 0 0 4SF' SPD ,PD4941. 7 48,98.36 4877.9
DEPTH DEPTH DEPTH.. 20* 6,.-..- 1300.00*TEFM P TEiP TEMP• . .60* 4 7 90 5
S D I. N SAL I H 3; SAL I N35.O 35 rt. U*j.. 0*
4943.64 , 4885.12 D 48175.51DEPTH DEPTH DEPTH175. 00- ,-. U11~. 0TEMP TEMP TEMP57. 00- 47..'_-0* 44. SI*S L I N
T''RL!H'=:RLIISAINSAL 1N SALIN.... 00*3""0 .:5. 00*SP;Ft SF'D S-PB4t 49'35.15 I- 4804. SP6 4873. 26
DEPTH DEPTH 'EPY'H200. Firi 900. 00*: 1500. 00-TEMP TEflP TEMF'
SAL. 1FL 47.70AL1 43.10o5. 00* *.,.-,. 00 S,:-- 5. 0 vS;F TI:=Pi SPDt
4929,8. 5 4887. 6 5'.,19
DEPI H DEPTH DEPTHTEHP TEM'P TEHF'54.00* 46.50-* ,EM3.0. ?0-
SAL i H SAL I N 5=AL I I1
Sr-" s ri.' 0
SEE 1lOTE 2
23
iii
0
0."4
N 0
P4 kx U) 0
x C)O4,
v r-i P
I.-
Ul -
I I-AI1
IiN
[01 33H.(
ui24
III. RAY TRACE GENERATOR
A. PURPOSE
A ray trace sub-program included in PEAPS makes the
following tests and decisions:
1. inspect the speed-of-sound profile to determine
whether the characteristics necessary for convergence zone
propagation are present or not;
2. if CZ conditions exist, determine the maximum and
minimum CZ ranges, where minimum CZ range is defined as the
range from the source to the inner limit of the CZ annulus
and maximum CZ range is defined as the range to the outer
limit of the CZ annulus (Fig. 4), and in any event;
3. determine the minimum bottom bounce angle.
B. MODES
The ray trace sub-program has three modes of operation
designated by 0, 1, and 2.
Mode 0 automatically determines and plots the limiting
rays of the convergence-zone ray-family and stores the
corresponding ranges.
Mode 1 is the same as Mode 0, but omits the ray trace
plot.
Mode 2 gives a plot of the operator's input ray-family
followed by a Mode 1 run.
25
- r,.-- =- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
wr Q
00
0
0
V0
$4
0.9=1 il
C. INPUTS
The operator enters the Mode number and source depth
from the ray trace portion of the worksheet. If Mode 2
is selected, he must also enter twice the maximum and
minimum emission angles and twice the desired increment in
emission angle between successive rays (Fig. 5).
D. MODEL
The ray trace generator uses Snell's Law in a small
angle approximation.
Snell's Law for rays can be written as
Ar = R(sin82 - sin~l)
and
AZ = R(cos~l - cose2)
where the geometry is suggested in Fig. 6. Elimination of
02 gives the range-depth equation in terms of the initial
angle of depression,
AZl = RcosOl - R[l - (sin0l + 2) (1)
ISee Section B of Note 2 in the Operator Note Sheets(Appendix C).
27
[
Note 2: Change the plotting paper on the plotter. Enterthe ray trace program MODE indicator.
S= Automatic compute and plotMODE: 1 = Automatic compute, no plot
2 = Manual inputs for plotting, Automaticcompute.
If a ray trace input error is made, press "GOTO,LABEL, B, CONTINUE", then input the MODEL. indicatorand ray trace data again. (This sequence is usedto generate a new trace using the old SSP aata)
Press "CONTINUE"
4. Ray trace inputs:Press "CONTINUE" after each input to advance the program.
Source Depth: (ft)
If Mode 2 is used:
Minimum Ray Angle x 2: (degrees)
Angle Increment x 2: -(degrees)
Maximum Ray Angle x 2: (degrees)
Note 3: If, while in Mode 0 and after the bottom limitingray has been draw0rn, a channelled ray is drawn tothe plot's range limit; see Operator Note sheetsection Note 2E.Change the plotting paper on the plotter. Press"STOP, END". LOAD the TLOSS/PD program cards.Press "STOP,END". (The "STOP, END" sequence isused when a TLOSS/PD input error is made, or a newTLOSS/PD -lot is to be generated based on the oldSSP/Ray trace data.)
5. TLOSS/PD inputs:Press "CONTINUE" after each input to advance the program.
Press "CONTINUE"
Source Frequency: (z)
Figure of Merit (FOM): (dB)
System Sigma: (use 10 if unknown)
Wave Height: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (ft)
Receiver Depth: (ft)
Bottom Type: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
FIGURE 5
20
z-~ z2 z
AZ
(rl, z2)I(r2,z2)
Ar =r2 - ri
Az =-"2- zi
figure 6. Illustration of ray curvature withina water column.
29
rI
Expanding Azi as a MacLaurin series about Ar = 0 gives
AZ2 tan8l(Ar) + 1 - (AX)2 + sinl (Ar) 3
2R(cos~l) 3 2R2 (cosel)5
I 2+1 - 4 (sin1) (Ar) 4 + (2)
SR3 (cos0l)
Substitution of the trigonometric series representations
of tan x and cos x into the first two terms of equation (2)
gives
O2 (2 + 1.581
AZ3 = 01(1 + -)(Ar) + ( . (Ar) (3)3 2R
To conserve program space and reduce the computation
time, PEAPS uses a simplified form of Eq. (3). Use of the
small angle approximations
sinO = 0
and
coso =1 r2
where 6 is in radians, yields the simple approximations
AZ = (01)(Ar) + (Ar) (4)R
and
AO = Ar/R
30
For Eq. (4) to accurately represent Eq. (3), restrictions
must be imposed on Ar and 01. In order that omitting 012
introduces no more than 10% error, 01 must be less than
0.33 radiaas. To determine the limits on Ar, examine the
case of "worst possible" conditions:
1. A maximum gradient of 0.5 sec- ! and a minimum sound
speed of 4703 ft/sec are assumed so that the minimum radius
of curvature is 9400 ft.
2. The maximum allowable angle of depression of 0.35
radians (200) is taken.
To ensure that no layer is missed or poorly represented in
the ray trace, five depth increments are required within any
layer of depth D. Then, the first-order term in Eq. (4)
yields the equation
Ar < 5D - 0.57D (5)501
as an approximate bound on the allowed Ar within a layer
of depth D.
So that the truncation of Eq. (2) to second order in Ar
introduces no greater error, the third term of the equation
must be much less than the second,
2 sin6 (Ar) 3 1 (Ar) 2
2R2 (cosil) 2R(cos0l)3
or lR(cosOl) 2
Ar << sin0l < 2.6R
31
If Ar is required to be at least one order of magnitude
smaller than 2.6R, then
Ar < 0.26R < 2444 ft.
However, since for small 01 the third term becomes
arbitrarily small, it is also necessary to require that the
fourth term of Eq. (2) be much less than the second,
1 + 4(sinel)2 (Ar) 1 (Ar)23 - 7- T
8R (cos8l) 2R(cos0l)
or
Ar << (2R) (cosl)2 [1 + 4(sinl) 2] = 2.1R
If Ar is to be at least one order of magnitude less
than 2.1R, then
Ar < 0.21R < 2012 ft.
To estimate the error in calculating AZ from Eq. (4),
subtract Eq. (4) from Eq. (3):
AZ33-AZ12 2(6
AZ3U- AZ 9- 3 (Ar) + 3012 (Ar) (6)3
32
The fractional error is given by:
AZ3 - AZ _ 0.014 + (9.56 x 10 6)(Ar)AZ3 0.36 + (1.16 x 10- 4) (Ar)
Away from a turining point, for large angles where the
difference defined by Eq. (6) is large, the error is
approximately 4% for small Ar and approximately 8% for large
Ar. If the error is required to be no greater than 5%, then
Ar must be no greater than about 1000 feet (near a turning
point, AZ3 - AZ approaches zero very rapidly, so that errors
in depth are negligible for small angles of elevation or
depression).
Based on these error requirements, the simple equation
Ar = 5(D)
was used for Ar and D in feet. For the ranges of D employed
in PEAPS the restrictions on Ar set forth above are not
seriously violated (Table II).
E. OUTPUT
If convergence zone (CZ) conditions are not present,
"NO CZ" appears on the printer. In all cases "SEE NOTE 3"
and "END" appear, indicating the end of the SSP/Ray Trace
programming sequence, and referring the user to Operator
Note 3 (Appendix C).
33
TABLE II
comparison of PEAPS and theoretical range increment values
D Ar min(0.57D,1OOO) Ar = 5[D1
50 28.5 35.3
100 57.0 50.0
200 114.0 70.7
400 228.0 100.0
800 456.0 141.4
1600 912.0 200.0
3200 1000.0 282.8
6400 1000.0 400.0
34
Graphic outputs depend upon the Mode number chosen.
Figure 7 is an illustration of a Mode 0 run when CZ conditions
are met. Figure 8 shows a Mode 2 run. These pictorial
outputs may serve as training aids in either a classroom
or a shipboard environment to demonstrate the dependence of
ray paths on the vertical sound speed structure. Mode 1
has no graphic ray trace output.
35
0
C14 m
If) 0
o Cii 0
14 0 il zfn~~ to U)WrzQ
n
zuza
100 1 X .JJ Hld3(l
36
- -P
a4)
W0 0L
0
z
U .-- -- F
fy0
COz -1M~
37r
r71
IV. TRANSMISSION LOSS GENERATOR
A. PATH SELECTION
Transmission loss is computed for paths which meet
the following criteria:
1. Surface Duct Path (SDP)
a. The sound speed profile (SSP) contains a sonic
layer. A sonic layer is defined as the layer above the
first negative sound-speed gradient (Fig. 9).
b. The source and receiver are both located within
the sonic layer.
c. Sound remains trapped in the sonic layer. This
trapping fails to occur at very low frequencies, where the
wavelength has become too large to "fit" in the duct. Using
a sound speed of 5170 ft/sec and a sound speed gradient of-i
0.017 sec in the sonic layer, we have from Urick [2]
Hmin = 36.64 0.667
for the minimum duct thickness (H mi n ) in feet which will
trap sound with wavelength X in feet. Urick states that
this expression does not represent a sharp cutoff. To
reduce programming steps for the calculator, the Hmi n
equation was simplified to
Ilin = 32 X
3q
CDI C(z) 0 (Z)
CD2 --
z z
CDI C(Z) yC(Z)
CD2
CD1 = Surf'aceCD2 = Sonic Layer Depth (SLD)
figure 9.Illustrations of~ Sonic Layer Depths (SLD).
39
Table III compares the frequencies and corresponding minimum
duct thickness as determined by PEAPS, Urick, and ASRAP III
correction tables.
2. Reliable Acoustic Path (RAP)
RAP conditions always exist except when the source
and receiver are both located in a sonic layer.
3. Bottom Bounce Path (BBP)
Bottom Bounce Path always exists.
4. Convergence Zone Path (CZP)
CZP is computed if an SSP with a sound speed excess
is present (Fig. 4).
5. Deep Sound Channel Path (DSCP)
The Deep Sound Channel Path exists when the source
and receiver are both located in the deep sound channel and
the sound speed profile can support CZ propagation.
B. INPUTS
The operator loads the TL/PD program and enters (from
the TL/PD portion of the worksheet) (Fig. 5) source frequency
(Mz), Figure of Merit (dB), System Sigma (dB), wave height
(ft), and MGS btttom type. Although the figure of merit
and system sigma are used only in the PD generator, they
are entered at this time to simplify operator procedures.
1he transmission loss sub-program uses the following
values from the ray trace generator: a CZ indicator, the
maximum and minimum CZ ranges where CZ conditions exist,
the minimum bottom bounce angle, and the depths and speeds
40
TABLE III
Comparison of minimum duct thickness
Frequency Minimum Duct Thickness -1 min (ft)
(Hz) (ft) PEAPS Urick ASRAPS III
53 97.5 789.7 776.2 750
104 49.7 492.7 495.3 475
208 24.9 303.7 312.4 300
588 8.8 146.6 156.2 150
1080 4.8 95.9 104.3 100
3055 1.7 46.4 52.2 50
41
of sound at the critical points of the sound speed profile
(sonic layer, deep sound channel axis, etc.).
C. TRANSMISSION LOSS MODELS
The program looks at each path selected and determines
transmission losses according to certain simple models.
Names used in this section are those used in the FORTRAN
version of the PEAPS program (Appendix D).
1. Surface Duct Path (SDP)
Figure 10 illustrates SDP.
TLSD P = 20log(R) + AR + DFL*R for R < RT , R < RS
TLSDP = 10log(R) + AR + DFL*R + 10log(RT)
for RT < R < RS
TLSDP = 10 log(R) + AR + DFL*R + 10log(RT) + SSL*R
for R > RS , R > RT
TLSD P = 20log(R) + AR + DFL*R + SSL*R for RS < R < RT
where R = the horizontal distance from the source to thereceiver in yards
A = the absorption coefficient [3],
: [P F__ + 40F 2~= + 40F 2 ] * 103 (dB/yd),
1+ F 2 4100+ F2
F = frequency in kilohertz (KIz);
42
F I4
00
ciq
s.43
r!DFL diffractive leakage out of the duct based on
LL Normal Mode Theory [4 and 5], given by
744F-' 6 6G 0 3 3 (CD2) 3 * 10 - (dB/yd), and
CS3 - CS2G the below--layer gradient = CD3 - CD2
CD2 = the sonic layer depth (ft);
CD3 the depth below CD2 at which the next positivegradient begins or the bottom depth (ft);
CS2, CS3 = the sound speeds (ft/sec) which correspondto CD2 and CD3, respectively
RT = the transition range (the range at which the ductis considered full and cylindrical spreading begins)
CD2in yards [2] -6arccos(SV/CS2)
SV = the speed of sound at the source (ft/sec).
RS = the skip distance (the range between consecutivesurface reflections of the deepest trapped ray)
in yards (2] = 2arccos (CSI/CS2) (yd)3 (R.DINV) (yd)
RADINV = the inverse of the radius of curvature of a
ray within the surface duct = GD/SD.
SD = the depth of the source of sound (ft).
GD = the effective gradient in the sonic layerCS2 - CSICD2 - CD1
SSL = sea surface loss = 0 S (dB/yd)RS (d/)
B =F*H
i = wave height (ft).
The expression for SSL was developed from a power regression
analysis of data presented in Reference 6, and is valid for
values of B between 0 and 30.
44
2. Reliable Acoustic Path (RAP)
Front Fig. 11,
TLRAP = 20log(K) + A*K
where K is the slant range from the source below the layer
to the surface at range R, in yards.
The maximum RAP range = RL + RS/2, where RL is the
cutoff range, defined as the horizontal distance from the
source to the point at which a ray just grazes the bottom
of the sonic layer (or surface if no sonic layer exists),
and RS is the skip distance (described previously in the
surface duct model).
3. Bottom Bounce Path (BBP)
Four separate bottom-bounce paths are possible between
the source and receiver: two with one surface reflection,
one with two surface reflections, and one with no surface
reflections (Fig. 12). Incoherent superposition of these
rays at the receiver results in a 6 dB reduction in the
transmission loss. For emission angles greater than about
150, the radius of curvature of a ray is usually large enough
to assume straight-line propagation of the rays from the
source to the bottom and back to the surface. A ray from the
source will strike the bottom at an angle of incidence
estimated by
45
114a CH
4-31
4) kJ*
> 4) 0
0) 0
464
0)4
4,)
0 :
4-3 4-
400
'47
THBL = - CD6 -SD]tan XB
where
XB R (CD6 - SD) (yds)S(2--D6 - SD)
is the horizontal distance between the source and the range
of the first bottom bounce, CD6 is the bottom depth (ft),
and N is the number of bottom reflections.
The distance traveled by the four rays which strike
the bottom once can all be approximated by
R
cos(THBL) (yds)
for reasonably small source and receiver depths or large
range. Therefore, an approximate transmission loss can be
written as
R A*RTLBB g cos(THBL) + cos (THBL) + N*BL - 6
where the subtraction of 6 takes into account the 6 dB gain
caused by multiple bottom bounce paths, and BL is a bottom
loss term which'was determined through regression analysis
of bottom loss data presented in Reference 7. Specific values
for BL are determined by a sorting routine which uses the
input frequency and bottom type. TIMBT is the angle at which
the ray strikes the bottom.
48
i
4. Convergence Zone Path (CZP)
See Fig. 4.
TLcz = 20log(R) + A*R
when R is outside the CZ annulus and
TLcz = 20log(R) + A*R - GCZ
when R is bounded by CZSTRT and CZSTOP. The CZ annulus is
defined as the width of the zone, CZSTOP - CZSTRT, in yards.
GCZ is the reduction in transmission loss caused by the
increase in sound pressure level (SPL) which results from ray
focusing within the ray family forming the CZ annulus.
GCZ ELR exp(.-Rp 2 /2G3)
GERANG .RP EM (GB)
0.36 -2GB GCZ _X2 (yd
RANGE = R - CZMLN (yds)
X = CZ annular width (yds)
GCZMAX = 15.4545 - 4.545 * 10- 4 X (yds)
The equations for GCZ and GCZMAX are empirical and were
derived from analysis of numerous transmission loss curves
obtained as output from the FACT model [5]. The analysis
49
established that the gain distribution within a convergence
zone closely resembled a Rayleigh distribution and that the
gain tended to a maximum at approximately 18% of the annular
width. Thus, GCZ was modelled as a Rayleigh distribution
with the peak occurring at a distance from CZSTRT equal to
18% of the annular width (Fig. 13).
5. Deep Sound Channel Path (DSCP)
See Fig. 14.
TLDscP = 10log(R) + A*R + 101og(RTP)
where RTP is the deep sound channel transition range,
RTP CZMIN8 Z
D = CD3 - CD2 in feet,
CD3 = depth of the sound channel axis (ft),
Z = SD - CD2 (ft),
CZMIN is in yards.
The transmission loss term is valid only for R > RTP,
although it is used for all R when this path is present.
D. COMBINED TRANSMISSION LOSS
Since transmission loss caused by bottom bounce is always
present, the total transmission loss (STL) is initialized
with TLBB after each increment of range. Transmission loss
for subsequent propagation paths meeting their respective
50
figure 13. Convergence Zone Gain Model
GCZ
GCZMAX
O.18(CZSTOP -CZSTRT)
GCZIMAX =15.5 - (0.O0045(CZSTOP -CZSTRT))
GB =0.36 /G-ZIVAX 2RANGE =r -CZSTRT
RP (RANGE x \/GB)_(0*18(CZSTOP -CZSTRT))
GCZ IRP exp =RPB2
51
544-7
Cdd I I
P4~5 I~~~ no4~CCJ2 Q Q U2
bl s I It I
542
existence criteria are computed for the same range and
combined with STL as follows: If 0 signifies the combining
of decibels (dB) for independent (phase incoherent) signals,
then
STL 0 TL(i) = STL - A
where TL(i) is the transmission loss for the specific
propagation path (CZ, SDP, DSC, RAP, as they exist).
A = 10!6g(l +100 .1 )
3 =ISTL - TL(i)j.
E. OUTPUT
The program plots the combined transmission loss (STL)
in dB versus range in nautical miles (NM), with a reference
line for the input figure of merit (Fig. 15).
F. SHORTCOMINGS OF THE MODELS
Since the models were developed for use in a relatively
small programmable desk-top calculator, limitations in the
available storage and the number of program steps have
resulted in certain shortcomings:
1. Phase coherence is neglected.
2. Sea surface scattering is not taken into account in
calculating TL for the convergence zone model.
3. If the source is in the sonic layer and the duct
thickness is less than 11 nin' propagation in the layer is
neglec ted,
53
r!
+
E-4+ +
+.0+ ? +
S++>
+ .I-4
G .00+ 0 0 +. .o . a. o
o t
+ +n£ +
z 0E + +
+ +
Iq+ cx +
+ +
ir+ +
+
++
+ N+ Ii
E00] SSOqI 1w0j
54
4. The use of straight-line propagation will induce
some error in the angles computed for bottom bounce
parameters and in the transmission loss computation.
5. Convergence zones are considered when any sound
speed excess is present.
6. The convergence zone gain term, GCZ, is found from
an empirical formula: re is no physical justification
for the use of the Rayleigh distribution.
7. The model for the deep sound-channel overestimates
transmission loss for ranges less than the (deep sound-
channel) transition range.
8. For reliable acoustic path, steep-gradient curvature
is not considered; transmission loss is computed for straight
line distances between the source and receiver.
9. The absorption loss term uses Thorp's formula for
all frequencies. As shown in Fig. 16, the formula is good
for frequencies greater than 20 Hertz.
10. The diffraction loss term, DFL, is the same term used
in FACT [5]. The following is a qubte from Reference 5:
A preliminary analysis of this model (Mabianca, 1972)has shown that the leakage term does not correspond tothe mechanism which dominates duct leakage and, inparticular, has the wrong dependence on the below-layer(thermocline) gradient. An intensive investigation ofall available surface duct models has been completedrecently by NUC (Naval Undersea Center) for LrAPP (LongRange Acoustic Propagation Project) (Morris, 1974). Thisstudy compared several models with each other and theSUDS (Surface Duct Sonar) transmission loss data(Cummins, 1972). Since none of the candidate modelsemerged as clearly superior, AESD (Acoustic EnvironmentalSupport Detachment) is currently studying possiblemodifications to the surface-duct equations. [5]
55
10
I- Range of f'easured Data
10-2 +-Plot of Thoro's Ecq.
- 10 - +F---'- +Uz +
w-'' I0 ,
.4 +
10-
ri~10
< io 0-
.+"
10- 2 0 1 100 1011
Fu.EQUECY IN KIIZ
Measured data taken fro,,. the North Atlantic (Thorn antBernier, 1959 and 1962; Sussm:ian, Nacfonald, and Kantahis,1963), Mediterrdnean (Lal lement and WVaterman, 1963; leroy,1964), and Northern Pacific (Greer and Polam, 1954;Sheehy and Halley, 1957) I3.
Thorp's [.:. Attenuation = -x 3 d[3/yd
Figure 16
SG
F 11. Convergence zone parameters are determined at the
surface. Errors exist when source and/or receiver are at
appreciable depths.
12. When CZ conditions are not present, the model
assumes there is no deep sound channel.
13. Leakage of sound into a shadow zone is not con-
sidered. If thereare no CZ conditions, then the only
illumination of the shadow zone comes from bottom bounce.
If CZ conditions exist the shadow zone is illuminated by
a path having spherical spreading in addition to the bottom
bounce illumination.
57
¥ .....r
V. PROBABILITY OF DETECTION (PD) GENERATOR
A, INPUTS
The sub-program for probability of detection contain~s
values from the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for
a standardized normal random variable, CDF = F(x). Values
of x corresponding to F(x) = 0.5, 0.55, ..., 0.95 are stored.
The figure of merit (FOM) and system sigma are entered
by the operator as part of the transmission loss initializa-
tion procedure. System sigma is defined as the square root
of the sum of the variances of the individual terms in the
passive sonar equation:
2 2 2 2 2 '-System sigma (a2 + 2 2 + a)= SL NL + aDI + DT TL
where a is the deviation.
Rule-of-thumb values for system sigma are included in
Operator Note 3 (Appendix C) for those cases in which variances
of the individual term are unknown.
B. MODEL
The detection variable X is defined as the ratio of the
signal excess,
SE S FOM - TL
to the system sigma:
SESystem Sigma
58
The computed X is compared to the stored values of x
to determine probability of detection at which PD = F(X).
C. OUTPUT
The program plots a probability of detection (PD) versus
range directly below the TL versus range plot (Fig. 15).
The PD routine computes PD in increments of 0.05 so that a
smooth curve does not result.
59
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Advanced development of an on-board environmental
prediction system resulted in the Integrated Command ASW
Prediction System (ICAPS) computer program. ICAPS uses the
FACT transmission loss program so that it requires computer
resources comparable to those available on aircraft carriers.
This development effort is continuing with emphasis upon the
development of a smaller version of FACT. A viable alternative
would be an augmented version of PEAPS.
Fleet introduction of an environmental prediction system
need not be delayed until a foolproof system is available.
With PEAPS available, even in its present limited form,
operational evaluation of an interim system with some known
shortcomings is entirely feasible. A continuing dialogue,
carried on between the developmental agency and the operating
forces, would facilitate implementation of system improvements
based upon fleet experience.
The operating forces have never had a tactical environ-
mental prediction capability available at the individual
platform level. PEAPS provides an inexpensive way to evaluate
the operational utility of such a system.
60
APPENDIX A
PEAPS HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
For this program the Hewlett-Packard Model 9810A
calculator must be configured with the following options:
Option 001: Total of 111 data-storage registers;
Option 003: Total of 2036 program steps;
Option 004: Printer.
Read-only-memory units (ROM's) required are:
Mathematics ROM - hp - 11210A
Printer Alpha ROM - hp -l1211A
Plotter ROM - hp - 11215A.
The Hewlett-Packard Model 9862A Plotter is required to
produce the graphical output.
} 61
APPENDIX B
The following pages are samples of the Operator Worksheet
developed for use with the PEAPS program.
62
PEAPS OPERATOR WORKSHEET
(See PEAPS Operator Note Sheets)
BT InforrMation DTG: Z
Location: N/S , E/W
1. Turn the calculator and plotter on. "LOAD" the SSP/Ravtrace program cards. Put the plotting paper on theplotter and set the "GR-APH LIMITS" of the plotter.
2. Press "STOP, END, CONTINUE" (this sequence is used whena new SSP is to be generated.
Note 1: if you enter an erroneous value:
a. If you have not pressed "CONTINUE", press"CLR X", then enter the correct value.
b. If you have pressed "CONTINUE", you mustre-enter all the points again; press "GO TO,LABEL, A", then continue with Step 3 below.
3. Press "CONTINUE".
4. SSP in'Duts: ENTER number of BT points (15 maxiPress "CONTINUE" after each value is entered to advancethe prograzt Outp. , ut
input Input Input Speed of SoundPoint Depth (ft) Temp (OF) Salinity (ppt) (ft/sec)
1 0.0
2
i6
63
Note 2: Change the plotting paper on the plotter. Enterthe ray trace program MODE indicator.
= Automatic compute and plotMODE: 1 = Automatic compute, no plot
2 = Manual inputs for plotting, Automaticcompute.
If a ray trace input error is made, press "GOTO,LABEL, B, CONTINUE", then input the MODEL indicatorand ray trace data again. (This sequence is usedto generate a new trace using the old SSP data)
Press "CONTINUE"
4. Ray trace inputs:Press "CONTINUE" after each input to advance the program.
Source Depth: (ft)
If Mode 2 is used:
Minimum Ray Angle x 2: (degrees)
Angle increment x 2: (degrees)
Maximum Ray Angle x 2: (degrees)
Note 3: If, while in Mode 0 and after the bottom limitingray ha; hcc. drawn, a chnne!ed ray is drawn tothe plot's range limit; see Operator Note sheetsection Note 2E.Change the plottin. -,per on the plotter. Press"STOP, END". LOAD tne TLOSS/PD program cards.Press "STOP,END". (The "STOP, END" sequence isused when a TLOSS/PD input error is made, or a newTLOSS/PD plot is to be generated based on the oldSSP/Ray trace data.)
5. TLOSS/PD inputs:Press "CONTINUE" after each input to advance the program.
Press "CONTINUE"
Source Frequency: (Hz)
Figure of Merit (FOM): (dB)
System Sigma: (use 10 if unknown)W.avr; ih.fitht: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (ft)
Receiver Depth: (ft)Bottom Type: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
64
A 6,-d
Ncte 4: If a new ray trace is to be generated using the
- old SVP--data after the TLOSS/PD program has been
run, Press "STO-, END". LOAD the SVP/Ray trace
program cards.
Press "GOTO, LABEL, B, CONTINUE", then see Note 2
above.
65
FI
APPENDIX C
I: PEAPS OPERATOR NOTE SHEETS FOR THE HP9810A
[ SSP/RAY TRACE PROGRAI
The SSP/PAY Trace program is recorded on two short
magnetic cards, each card having two sides. The program
is inserted into the calculator as follows (it is assumed
the calculator is turned on and paper has been placed on
the plotter).
1. Press: END, LOAD.
2. Insert the cards starting with side 1 sequentially
through side 4.
3. Press: END, CONTINUE.
After the SSP axes have been drawn the printer will indicate
"SEE NOTE 1", referring the operator ot Note 1.
Note 1
A. The sound speed profile (SSP) generator will accept
up to fifteen (15) points. These points are entered from
the PEAPS Computer Operation Workshect starting with the
first point being the surface (depth = 0) temperature and
salinity. The data are entered as followsi
1. Press: CONTINUE
The printer will request "NO. PTS". Enter the
number of BT points to be entered as indicated on the
worksheet.
66
2. Press: CONTINUE.
The printer will request DEPTH. Enter the depth
in feet of the point for which data are being entered (enter
0 for point 1).
3. Press: CONTINUE.
The printer will print the depth entered and
request TEMP. Enter the temperature in 0F for the point
of interest.
4. Press: CONTINUE.
The printer will print the temperature entered
and request SALIN. Enter the salinity in parts per thousand
for the point of interest.
5. Press: CONTINUE.
The printer will indicate the salinity entered
and the speed of sound in feet per second corresponding to
the depth, temperature, and salinity values immediately
preceding the sound speed value. The plotter will plot the
speed of sound indicated on the printer at the corresponding
depth. If the data entered are from a point less than the
total number of points to be entered, the printer will indi-
cate DEPTH. Enter the depth of -he next point of interest
and ccntinue from step 3 above. If the date entered is for
the last point, the program will discontinue plotting and
the printer will indicate "SEE NOTE 2". This refers to
Operator Note 2 below.
1. If the BT trace does not reach the bottom:
.,7
WNW",
1. Use at least two points from historical data
and enter these as the last two points. The more points
entered, the more accurate the plot if the bottom is con-
[ siderably deeper than the BT trace depth. See Section G
below for merging data.
2. If historical data are not available, enter the
last BT temperature as the bottom temperature, the bottom
depth as measured or approximated, and 35 ppt as salinity.
C. If salinity values are not available from measurements
or historical data, enter 35 ppt.
D. If you enter an erroneous value:
1. If you have not pressed CONTINUE, press "CLR X",
then enter the correct value.
2. If you have pressed CONTINUE, you must reenter
all the points again; press "GO TO, LABEL, A", then continue
from step 2 in Section A above.
E. If you have finished with one sound speed profile
and want to enter a new one, press "END", then go to step 1
in Section A above.
F. Pressing "CONTINUE" after each input advances the
program and enters the input point into storage.
G. If the in-situ and historical data do not match
closely together, merging becomes necessary. There is no
single correct method for merging historical and in-situ
data, Suggested procedures are to fare (draw a smooth curve)
the two profiles toqether, to extrapolate the in-situ trace
68
down to the historical data, or to extend the profiles in
the area of interest until they meet. Fig. 17a shows a plot
of in-situ SSP and historical data on the same axis. It is
suggested that this be done for all SSP plots if historical
data are available. A trace of the historical data need
not start at the surface. A depth 500 feet above the last
BT depth should suffice. Figures 17b and 17c show examples
of extending the two traces to achieve a merge. In any
event, a smooth blending of the traces should be attempted.
In some instances it may be necessary to try more than one
technique in order to achieve a reasonably correct facsimile
of the sound speed structure.
Note 2
This Note deals with procedures for the ray trace
generator.
A. Change the plotting paper.
B. Enter the ray trace program Mode indicator (0, 1,
or 2).
Mode 0 gives an automatic search for and plotting
of convergence zone critical rays. The minimum source
emission angle that will produce a bottom bounce, and the
minimum (inside) and maximum (outside) convergence zone
annulus ranges (if CZ is present) are stored.
Mode 1 gives the same computation as Mode 0 except
that the ray traces are not plotted.
69
Temperature
BT --2HistoricalT
A
500 ftEnd of BT
500 ftB
17b. Speed of Sound
BT SS P-Historical SSP
A End of BT SSPMerge Depth ___L------- -erge point
z Snoed of
~ Sound
Histor- -BT SSPical
A ----- Z-End of BT SSP
figure 17. Illustration A 6-r7.-erge point
of Merging B
M p
techniques forSpeed of SoundProfiles.
z
70
Mode 2: the operator enters twice the minimum and
maximum emission angles to be traced from the source along
with twice the incremental angle between. Doubling the
desired angles and angle increment is necessary since the
program internally halves all input angles prior to conver-
sion to radians and storing. When the manual input plotting
is completed, the program changes to Mode 1 to determine
the critical parameters to be used by follow-on programs.
C. Program Mode 0 is intended to be the primary Mode
for fleet use. Mode 1 is intended for use when a ray trace
is not desired. Mode 2 is intended to be used for ray trace
plots of specific source emission angles as well as for
determination of critical parameters for follow-on programs -
it is foreseen as a training aid.
D. If you have made an incorrect input and entered it
with the CONTINUE, press: GO TO, LABEL, B, CONTINUE.
Re-enter the ray trace input parameters starting with the
Mode indicator.
E. it is possible, under certain sound velocity profile
conditions, for the ray trace program in the automatic modes
to trace a ducted ray to the end of the plot while searching
for the convergence zone critical ranges. If this situation
should occur you must check the stored convergence zone
ranges as follows:
1. Press: X(), 008, 4, 2000, 4.
71
This calls out the minimum convergence zone
range and converts it from yards to nautical miles.
2. Compare the value in the Y-register with the
minimum convergence zone range indicated on the ray trace
plot. If they differ considerably,
a. Enter the minimum convergence zone range
from the ray trace plot;
b. Press: f, 2000, x (multiply), Y- ( ), 008.
This converts the ray trace plot minimum
CZ range from nautical miles to yards and stores it in the
appropriate storage register.
3. Press X-( ), 009, 1, 2000,
This calls out the maximum CZ range and converts
it to nautical miles.
4. Compare the value in the Y-register with the
maximum CZ range off the ray trace plot. If they differ
considerably;
a. Enter the maximum CZ range from the ray
trace plot.
b. Press: 1, 2000, X (multiply), Y- ( ), 009.
This converts the ray trace plot maximum
CZ range from nautical miles to yards and stores it in the
appropriate storage register.
5. Proceed with the transmission loss/probability
of detection program.
72
F. If you want to do another ray trace and plot using
the same sound speed profile but different input parameters:
1. Press: GO TO, LABEL, B, CONTINUE.
2. Enter the new ray trace inputs starting with the
Mode indicator.[G. "SEE NOTE 3" and "END" will be printed on the output
tape and the calculator's X, Y, and Z registers will illuminate
when the ray trace portion of the program is completed.
H. "NO CZ", "SEE NOTE 3", and "END" will be printed on
the output tape to indicate that the program has ended and
there is no convergence zone present.
I. If "NO CZ", "SEE NOTE 3", and "END" is printed out
and you would like a ray trace plot, you will have to use
Mode 2 and manual emission angle parameters to get a plot
(see E above). At the end of the Mode 2 plots "NO CZ",
"SEE NOTE 3", and "END" will be printed on the output tape.
J. If another sound velocity profile is to be entered
for subsequent ray trace plots, press: END, CONTINUE, to
start the entire sequence again.
73
TRANSMISSION LOSS/PROBABILITY OF DETECTION PROGRAM
Note 3
A. Change the plotting paper.
B. The TL/PD magnetic cards are loaded in the same
manner as the SSP/Ray Trace cards.
C. Press: STOP, END to initialize the program function.
This sequence is used when a TLOSS/PD entering error is made,
or a new TLOSS/PD plot is to be generated based on the same
SSP/Ray Trace generated data.
D. Source frequency is to be entered in Hertz (lIz).
E. Figure of Merit: ensure that you use all the same
units of reference (pPa, or Vb). DO NOT add 100 to the
computed FOM.
F. System Sigma
If the variances of the sonar equation terms are
known, enter the square root of the sum of the variances.
If the variances are unknown, choose one of the following:
1. Use 6 dB if ambient noise measurements have been
made, and submarine speed and type are known.
2. Use 8 dB if ambient noise is estimated from a
forecast, submarine speed is known to within 3 kts, and
submarine type is known.
3. Use 10 dB if ambient noise is estimated from
forecasts and submarine speed and type are uncertain.
74
[ G. Wave Height (IWH)
Sea State Term Height of Wave (ft)
[ 1 Calm 0 to 1
2 Wavelets 1 to 2
3 Slight 2 to 4
4 Moderate 4 to 8
5 Rough 8 to 13
6 Very rough 13 to 20
7 High 20 to 30
8 Very high 30 to 45
9 Phenomenal over 45
H. A bottom type indicator (MGS) of 1 indicates little
sound loss; a bottom type indicator of 9 indicates a large
sound loss.
I. If new TLOSS/PD data is to be entered to make
additional plots from the same ray trace data, press STOP,
END. Change the plotting paper, then press CONTINUE. Then
enter the new data.
J. If a new ray trace is to be generated from the old
SSP information after the transmission loss/probability of
detection program has been run: press: STOP, END, LOAD.
Load the SSP/Ray Trace program using the magnetic cards,
change the plotting paper, press: GO TO, LABEL, B, CONTINUE,
then follow the instructions in Note 2.
75kA
APPENDIX D
Flow charts, program listings, and output from the
HP9810A and IBM 360 are included within this Appendix.
76
Speed of Sound Profile / Ray Trace Program
flow charts and sample outputs
77
Speed of' Sound Profile /-RayStart Trace Program
Draw the Sort out andSpeed of store the
(1)n critical Speed
SE NoeA ABEL BSee Nte ISee Note 2
Input the # Input MODEof' SSP pts, indicator
Init iizethe neededparameters
nptDepth for Rayrn-kt U) tTracing
Temperature Input SourceDepth (ft)
MODES:
Output Sound 0 =Auto compute and plotSpeed & plot I = Auto compDute, NO Plot
vs depth2 = Manua). input of' rayfamily for plotting,
(3) then M~ODE 1 Autocompute with no plot
78
iqiq1.r4
- 0
v.0
I- . 0IL
P4
$m I x AUi)1
-7 i
': 'TE 1 (2) Sample Speed of SourAProfile program input /
IIF.: F T: printer output15. b I
JIEP FH uLI"TH iEFTH0.* 40n 011 cI IO.-uO
L:H ,i P 'EHP
S 'lL 118 0 ". ..1 .A L I14 . 0
:0; 3 O 5" 00 35 .0 -, "
EiI[ TE 1Frrl... ,F' 47,:,IOX
4941. -0 4 89" " 6
b H :1EPTH DEPTH12.-.,-Lt+ 65A. fi-w- l3.'- O*
41 . t0± 47..0-t i3;3.ii
PIIT TEHiP .F1F
S'.., 0 U00 -
49:35. 5 4 I 84-A. !i C. 4; 8 7
JE~iII JLW-. ILV!H
2 0 0 e.' 900. L1 0 DE:'
TEM-1P 'rF56 , ;'C* :' 7.. * 0F' ]43.
L 1 9 '- 1:3 118- L2 IIIiL11 4 87 1
*:c. *f I49 29 .4887~ 406E9 .
1225, 0 -I YCt "'EPTH7
flip I TEHF' EIP
54AUO* ,47,.:0 43. 50 ~c ',:t I ""' l 31
3.5. l-0 5 :I. ii 0:35,
:-,9 11 -496c, :, T
.EU lIOTE2
80
200 -.--.-- ' .-'-- - - - _~ - .- .---~ -
Ir4-5
0
4-20
II 0
0
X 0
ILHu 52
I
I V
-I-++++-iI I I I x: IJ H-4+H-F--H++H---+-
81
(4i) SSP critical pointsselection program
Test=Run=$NG Test
store SyNG = NG + 1incrementstorage
Sy= Sx
Sx = the
next S
Run=Run + 1 e h
82A
SSP critical points selection program
b
a
is is
SX < Sy Yes Run 19 > I es
No No
is store Sy
Run incrementYes storage
NG = NG + I
No
store Sy Runincrement Run + 1storageNG NG + 1set the FLAG
have
< haveteste.
all points d13- p 3-nt-hteen ? Yeseen tested
No
store Sx
set the FLAG Sy = SX
Sx = the
next S
83
(j)SSP critical points selection program
c d
clear Sy= Sxstore Sy
Ithe FLAGI S incrementSx= the storage
Yee
store D1 and SI4No in CD1 and CS1
store the last
storeSy D and S in 0D6
increment and CS6
storage
NG NG + 1
r, ee note 2
a
84
A Speed of Sound Profile / Ray Trace
Ssource angle
SInput angle
iuc re inentIOutput i
TOace axes(Modes O&2) Compute
S\ THPP '~k~
NoN
p m(7)
Bsurce le ' -
rnp a n,,r 15
:1-1
13wz0
- 1 1
LE X E4M 11
U8
()Convergence Zone Test
LA
iomput<sV, >TIs Ye
No~1*
B ~
NCZisYe r
8No
F
is__
()Computation of SVO THP6 THPP
M = m+1
SV (SD-Dm-1)X
SDm-I-1
I cEVS2
TI{PP=
IzjUY4
B Speed of Sound Profile /Ray TraceProgram
sset plotting
nindicato
thdiatojus
Traaze the
se lottin
tort
piPtttitinin ictorcto
D~ax-
()Ray Trace Program
Indicator No A Surface Re-flected Ray,
TH Return to Call.
Cal Point
T~ff"90
Ray Trace Program
f
A
RDRRADINV x Dm < Z
DR ? yes 9
I NoR =R+DR
is
FM A X < R YesZ
z+RDR2+THDR No A ChanneledRay, Retfurnto Cal'L Point
isUottingIndicator yes
Clear
NO
Trace theRay
Segment
is
Z < Dm-1 es 9
No
91
0
iip44Fl 0
i~ 5-4
JA tt-l4r4
U9
4.)
+1
Q)
4.3
00
14-
E-4+
Iii
u rz En
hl I
93
D Speed of Sound Profile / Ray Trace
THMIN=ThbMIN+. 10clear plottingindicator I
Trace the
Ray4
4
959
4)Ia00
t~Dto
.e4 0D
$4-
II"I
aI .A 1 Iu i LI
96
M l- - - - --
-- H
Ea
51-
Itr.
R -
Im A ) .Ulm
97
E Speed of~ Sound Profile /Ray TraceProgram
THIi4N=THMIN-. 40clear plottingindicator
Trace the
Ray
T1WljIN=THi1,IN- 1 0.
R>CZ1I4IN. set plottinges indicator
- RTrace the
minimum CZEHMIN='fHIIN+. 1 0range ray
(12
99P
C Speed of Sound Profile/ FRay Trace Program
convert CZMI1N.and UMIAX fror
is feet to yards
set? esset theplotting
No indicator
See Note3
THMIN + DTH
_-A End
is
Yes
set
MODE =I
G
99
I tQ~00
43
rcg
J.~
1000
-,last14
PEAPS HP 9810A
Speed of Sound Profile/Ray Trace
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1 T8 44-- 1 --- 1--1M91 --- 2 1845-- 8 --- 10 1899-- + --- 041792-- 6 ---06 1:46-- 1 ---01 1895)-- 6 ---0617--- UP---37 1847-- 3 --- 0 191-- ,.4 --- 041794- T C--- 2 18 84:- -- x: --- 467 1 90,-- CHT---417'.-- 5T---0:5 1849-- 9 --- 1 1903-- 1T---0119-- - -- 11 1850-- UP --- 27 '--G' -- 44 1851---.FR --- 17 19-, - - -0
1 -- SR---7 *--..---- +~~ 1-3
!71852 --- 06 1;5-- 1 ---01 1906-- 9 --- ,:!71'S--0- - I---, 1.':4-- --- 4 --- 414--T .- 01 1855--,.TO --- :3 1909-- 1@IT---71892--: F ---67 1856-- 9 --- 1 I90-- 9 --- 1
1 8 1 3 - - 6 - 6 1 5 -f C H T 4 71 9 1 0 -1 _ 4 - - 11 8,-- 9 --- 10 1,:5-- UF'---47 191-- 1T---011 91 -- 10- - 1 - :T--- ,- -- ---
11l15.. Ti- -- :3T1 :9 -<T ---2-31 1913-- 8 --- 10.u,- - 06 1 :60-- 8 --- 107 1914-- UP ---2!1807 - 4 --- 1 - - 19'f5-- XF0---4I80*- ..TOt--44 1: 62-- --1809-- ' --- 10 1s -. 4--, --, 1917--:
-- 6 - 1 -. TO--- 191-:-- T- --- 5!oU1-- -5 --- + 1 ' ---33 99
- 12 - 1 -- 1 , 6 --- 1 190-- 9 ---11:'-- FF:---67 1i86- 9 ---4I 191-- 1 -6131 1? - - - C-O15--.IT---23 1ID- - T0--23 192--:i0-- 2 --- 02 170 -- 5 --- 18 1514-- 1-3.1811-- .1, 19- 3-- " 1---19,-+
11 8.--IT ---67 17--- G --- 18 --18 -. ---- - - - - 19 -- L 33-1824-- 4 --- 01 18;'4-- + ---10 1912-- 9 --- 01182 1 -1 1879 -- --i 192-- 5 ---101822 -- '. : --- 1 1 i -- F
1 -18- ---0I! 1932-- 5 -- C O
1827-- UP--- 27 1869--,.'T---23 193-- T0---2
1. 9-- T--- 2 187-- 1 --- 0 1 3 7- T T .- -- 231-. 1805-- 9 --- 1 t 3 4 -1 --- 04 15 - ----45 192-- 6 --- O 0;
1::.19-- 1 ... - 07 1I:0---," --- 1'.4. -- GrI0 -4f1820 -- I ---Of :1,9 4-- C. - -- 0 9 8 - 9 . ..1
- . I - -T --
113
1944-- 9 --- 1i 198 _,,--71945-- 1 ---01 1999-- UP---271946--GTO---44 2000-- 3 ---031947-- 1 ---01 2001--EEX---261948-- 9 --- 11 2002-- 5 ---051949-- 9 ---11 2003--FMT---421950-- 4 ---04 2004-- 1 ---011951--IFG---43 2005-- UP --- 27
1952-- 1 ---01 2006-- 3 ---031953-- 9 ---11 2007--T0---231954-- 9 --- 11 2008--2 51955-- 4 ---04 2009-- :8 - --
1956--GT0---44 2010--XTO---231957--S/R---77 2011--IIV---351958-- 4: ---10 2012-- 9 ---111959-- 9 ---11 2013--CLX---371968-- 1 -.-- 01 2014--XTO --- 231961--$FR---67 2015-- 5 ---051962-- 6 ---06 2016-- 9 ---111963-- 6 --- 6 2017--FIIT---421964-- UP---27 2018--FIT ---- 421965--XFR --- 67 2P0 1 9- -YT 0--- 40
1966-- 6 ---06 2020-- E ---60I1967-- 4 ---04 2021-- E ---6(i1968--XFR---617 2022--CHT---471969-- + ---33 2023-- t1 -Z75-970-- 6 --- of. 2024-- 0 --- 71
1971-- 5 --- 05 2025--XT0---231972--XTO-- "3 2026-- E ---- 601973-- 6 .... 2027--CIT---471974-- 4 ---04 2028-- 3 --- 031975 -- X>Y---53 2029--CLR---201976-- 1 ---01 2030-- E ---60197-- q --- 11 2031-- N ---731978-- 8 --- 10 2032-- D ---631979-- 5 ---05 2033--FIT ---421980--GT0---44 2034 -EtID---461981-- 1 ---01198-- '4 ---1983-- 5 ---051984-- 1 --- 01
Vo:-- I ---011980:1986--XT0 --- 231 9 8 7 -- 6 -.. .0 6
1988-- 0 ---001989--GT0 --- 441990-- 1 ---011991-- 5 ---1992-- ' ---01993-- 3 ---031994-- 1 ... l!995-- T0---23
- 2 --- 02199(-- 4 04
114
Transmission Loss / Probability of Detection Programflow charts and sample outputs
115
TILOSS /PDET Program
Start
/Initilizetheneeprogramdparameters
Input SourceFrequency(Hz)
Input Fof;d(dB
Input SystemtSigma Compute RVNAX
Input Wave based on FOM
Height (ft)--------- (-5)
Ipt (in ft)Receiver Dfptl
Draw theTLOSS/PDET
Input Bottom ae
t
(16)
*II
(15) RMAX Determination
b OM
?o y
"i
kIqAX = (b+l) x20,000
3..17
I....- ~I I I I I I I
0'
0%
0
Al Cd4
4
r 0
ICd
\0
Z~r
. .
r' IS SLrL 0" H
LA
044 E-1E
I 11 I' I'll - - - -
3.3.
V T
TLOSS PDET Program
is isCV2 < CV1 40 SD > CD2 Yes RD > CD2 es
Yes No No
is set IRAPClearIRAP RD > ? CD2 es make RL2
No
learSD
set ISDis
DFL 0 NG I make RS# RT#
Ye SSL, DFL.clear 1R-AP
NoCZSTRT=CZ14IN
ICZ set ...... CZSTOP=OwZfIP-X
? Yes
No
is
is IRAP set
7> CD2 clear Yes ?ISDYes
No
No is
ISD setclear Ye.3IDSC
set IDSC
make RPT o
1 (19)
1.19
(17) Computation of R3., RT , SSTL, DFI,
SRS =arcos ( 01,)
(20(1)/ 3) x
Cs(2 - CS 1)j
RS=
CD (2)sv
6arccos Cs(2)
.8 WH x S) .71
C(3)-CD(2)l
DFil, = 744I x
C 56-SF)0 -5/3 x
G-1 /3 xCD(2,)-3
.120
(18) Computation of RL2
LCSZ(CD3-0D2)CS2-CS3
RL.2 (RD-CD~l R12(SD-CD2)
4.5 4.5
121
(1)computationl of RPT.
M 2 -
W2S < CS.
S D-CD2
8
I TLOSS /PDET Program
Determine theBottom Loss
factor BT
(20)
Determine theBottom Lossfactors BO.B1it BLIA
(21)
C ompute
SBTJN N+I(22) Td ?BL N
sore -theNormal (0,j)
CD? points R
Preset IC7RC,Nv' DRWRA*DR-PERM
Compute TNBB9THi3L
(23)
123
_ (20) Bottom Loss Factor BT Determination
No
5 < BIT BIT =1.411 "
?Yes [
No
4 <BIT - B TY e 1.181 5'"
?/ Yes
No
3 < BT Ys BIT 1. .0
No
BT =.66
1.24
(21) Determination ofBLMA Bottom Loss Factors30* BLMAI BX9 Bl
IsBl = .353500 < SP BO = 7.12Yes
No
is
2000 < SF Bl =.28
? yes Bj = 8. 21
No
BLIlk50*
is1000 < SF BI = .19
Yes Bd = 2.,09 7-*---'fL,
No
is
500 < SP BI = 17Yes BO= i-97
No
100 < SF BI = .18
? Yes BX = 2. j96
No
BI = .2BO = -. 83
I(22) Computation of Absorption Coefficient (.
100 '9isF.tooo-'2 +4o(sF/looo) 2 d,100 Ftp/ 1000jz '4100 (SF/100) 2J Bd
3 26
(23) Preset ICZRC, N, DRWRK, *DRPERMCompute THiBB, THB1.
ICZRC 1
N=
DRWRK =2000
DRPERM =2000
IC e
isN127
T TLMOSS /PDET Programa
STL = thieiBottom~ Bounce ICZ clearedPath MLOSS at?
rang Re11
IF Compute theConvergence
is Zone Path TLOS~cISD cearedat range R- andi
ISD lea e * to STI1
(27)
Compute theSurface DuctPath TLCSS at irange R- and 0 IDSC clearedto STIRYe
(25)(25a) I
Compute theDeep Sound
is Channel PathIRA? cleared YeMTOSS at range
R- and e to STIL
No ~(28)a
fCompute theReliableAcoustjc Path Plot STI,
TOSat rangre vs rangeR n to STL
(9(26)
___j K
128
I (24) Bottom Bounce Path MLOSS at Range R
TIIBIA
BLMk
< MISBL
= BT x Nx((B1xTHBLA), +
T~HBL aretan STIR= 20 x log( !(CD6-SD)/3 ( I/co6(TFIBL)) +
N(2D s)3 k(R/cos(TFZL))2 C D O' -D ) 3L + B L 6 .o
THBLA=ITH8L x(1I0
is
Yes
N o
129
[ (25) Surface Duct Path TLOSS at Range R
TLR(A + DFIJ)
is
TPL TL TL +
I Olog(R) + ISubprogrZaml1OJ.og(RT.) (Bee 25a)
130
(25a) STL = STL TL Subprogram
F
-10
AD = 10 x
log(1+10 )
STL <TL
i isYes
TL=STI,
STL =
TL -AD
Return toCall Point
131
(26) Reliable Acoustio Path MLOSS at Range R
eRAPTES
R2)
PrTL =e20txCZ Indicator
Fl1gTA(3?D4
mar7lwop
(2)Convergence Zone Patb MLOSS at Range R
TL= GC21MAX.20 log(R-) + 15.5 .. (.oo045
-R) (CZSTOP -x R)CZSTRT))
RANGE
? YesR - ZSTRT
DRMWRK RP(CZ7STOP-CZSTRT I RANGE xV\CI
10 f0. i8(CZS3TOP-CZSTRT)j
I~ z R ?L I I 2G B
1133
(27) Convergence Zone Path TLOSS at Range R
TL- GCZ -
r DRWRKICZRC RPM
ICZRC+,
h CZSTRT
CZSTRT +CZMIK
Call -STL = CZSTOP :-
STL 0 TL CZSTOP +1Subprogra CZMAX(see 25a).
1.34
(28) Deep Sound Channel TLOSS at Range R
TL=
10 x log(R)
TL = TL +
10 x log(RPT)
TL = TL +
(AxR)
Call
STL =STL t TL
Subprogram(see 25a)
135
MLOSS /PDET Program
K
Determnine theProbability ofDetection at
range R_____1 (30)
Plot theProbabilityof Detectiovs range
(3)
136G
r7-
(30) Determination of Probability of Detection
PD 0.5SE FOM-STL is
X SE SE > 0.0 YesISYS SIGMAJ ?
No
is
0.0 = x PD --Yes
? Yes 1.0-PD
No
PD =0.95b = 89
Plot PDis vs Range
1.64 > x PD =1.0No
Yes
isXFR
x > INDb Yes
No
PD =PD-.05b = b-1
Is
81 = b
? Yes
137
r7--
-4-4
40 h0
4
+S 4-2,
E-540 ii0
4)r- 0A H%
z
+4P
44± + + 4.
I t-1 IM- -- -
1.38
PEAPS HP 9810A
Transmission Loss/Probability of Detectidon
Program Listing
3 39
0000--GT0---44 0054--CHT---41 0108-- 6 ---06
0001- ----06 N05-- PHI---25 0109-- 208 2- 0 -- N 0 -- ,0q 011 - - . -- HT-45
03 K 0057- -34 --- II--FMT---42
0004-- 4 --- 04 00 5.-- 0--- 40
0005-- UP---27 0059-- 7 ---07 11 1 hD- --31
0006-- 2 --- 02 0060-- 4 ---04 0114 A ---A
0007-- 0 ---?7 06i--. 10 0115--IIT---64
001.1-% --- 4 0062-- o -0I009--SR---77 0063-- -- 01--T---420010-- 1 ---55 0064-- 0 --- 00 011:-- H --- 74
0 -- 4---00 0065-- UP --- 27 04l--4,0 ---
0-- - C 1
lCO6F- --- - -42U --
"27- ---
0017-- "F---E1 0071--F i"--2 0121--STP---41
14-- 0 --- NO 0 6--T -4 0---23
0019-- 4 --- 04 0073-- , ---07 --- 06
001-- .R---. 7 0074-- 9 --- 02 0124-- 0 ---00
0017--XFR---67 001--Fr0T---42 0125--PIT ---45
---07 0126--IU!T---E.4'002-- f---07 0072--F---0! 0126--F .. -
@Oi-- 4 ---04 0073-- 8 --- I1 0 12 F- -F-4 2
0020-- U 4P---27 0074-- 2 --- 02 012s-- a --- 4-002--XFR ---15 0075--F4T ---42 0133-- -6002-- 7 ---07 0076--FHT---42-0023-- 5 -- 00.-- - 013-- E --- 60
0094"--- F- --- 14 013-- IT ---54701025-- G --- 15 0079-- ,k --- 13 0133-.- D -6
0 02 6- - Ht--25 0080-- E - 0!.3*4-- E ---60
0027--CHS---32 008!-- - - It 14 013.5-o--5
0028--- UP---27 0C.92--FIT---42 0136--XT0---23
0029-- 1 --- 1 0082--TP --- 41 0137-- H ---74NA0- 0 ..0 08-10--338--FMT---42
0030-- 0T4------0031--D!V---35 0085-- " ..0 0139--ST.- -
0032-- H --- 74 0036--PI4T---45 0140--PHT-45,,033- UP---27 00E1--F 1f - 2--- 014 1 -- XTO--- 23
0034-- i ---01 0088-- FIT---42 0142-- 6 ---06
035-0- + ---33 0089-- F ---16 0143-- 4 ---04
0036-- DH --- 25 0090-- 0 ---71 @I44--FrIT---42
0037-- K ---55 0091-- |i ---- 70 I45--FIIT---42
0038-- 4 --- 04 B096---F6T .46...
0039-- UP ---2 0093-- STP---41 0147-- 0 ---71
0040-- 1 ---C1 0094--,.,0---2 0148--.T0-- 23
0041-- 0 -- 00 0095-- 6 ---06 0149--C4T---47
0042-- 00 1 ---01 0150--i'-
0043--XFR---67 0097--PIIT --- 45 151- -FR---67
0044-- 1 7, 0098--FIT- 0152-- if ---56
0045-- 5. - 0099--FMT---42 0153-- E --- 6 0
u046-- UP---27 01002-YT7---,0 0154--FMT---42
0047--::FP ---67 0101--- I --- 65 0155--STP---41
0048-- 7 --- 07 0102-- G --- 15 o156--XT0---23
0049-- 4 ---04 010?-- 1'i --- 70 0157-- 6 --- 06
00 "'- K -- 52 A --- 62 01.--0 05--flIT..-42 Ai 59--PtIT---45
5OlOc.--$TF -41 01 0--FMT-. 47
005'3--Cl T---47 01o7--:'[0..2 0161-- 1 --- 01
140
-0 1 ,--, t 21--EE: ----26
016- ---21 - -- 4J-04!t-. .- ,:, 2 1 ' --
0165-- --- 0 0202--- 4 --- -00220-- 6 ---01 0277-- --- 4017-- FI ---01 022_-- S 3---03 0275--FH ---42
016'.:-- --- 0 z 06-- _21 -- 12-- I --- 01
01-- 8--1 C 2- ; " -02.-, - t - -0
177-----0177-- 6 ---,. 0224--:'---1 2-6-7--FC'iS-3420170-- 6 --- 23"'3-- " --- 02 0279-- 4 --- 04017--- 0 2 ,-c. 3 -
.. .- ___--.- 022-- ,',---iM-- 0 --- 00
01 ," .'--,:: 0 "- ... . :E - - 2 - P - 2
01:3-- ,, --. 0226--H-- -3 81-- UP ---.0 -2 022-- -017--- -- 0-- 1 - .- -
0175--Ul-i 024-- ; - -- 02 0204-- ---00 0 --- 13 0230--FHT- -42 02:S-- 3 --- 04
019-- 0,P 5":: 0231-- 1 --- 04 02-FT---621--2 -- 006
01- T. - -- 0 02-0 - 2---: - - -01.=.---.TU--- .0249- -.. _---2 027-- UP---0101"-- " 288--OC, --..T- - 7 0234-- :i - -- :
C T% -: - 0 8
018!--CtT---47023=5-- 0 -00 29-0 ..0
09"- - 01- 2-- UP--- 27 0-290--FMT---42018- 1 --- :2--- 01 0291-- 1 ---0-1018-'-- 0 --- o U--,, -.. ,. 023
2--~---74 02"3.03-- -" . .04 00-- --- 30
01134-- 0 --
0185-- -5 0239-- 5 --- 00 0,3--C, HS---32
. 0261-- " -00 0294-- 3. --- 73
00-- 4---04 0242-- 1 --- 010 036-- Up---70188--CtIT---- --- 04 09-- 2 --- 20189--CtIT --- 47 0243-- S--'--03 09- -2
022--H1---n'II 2 T-- 6
- -, 1 :,---0 2-- 0 --- 034092-- -1 2 .-
011 -U - -='"r24-1- uP ---- 74 li299-- FR--- 13
014-- i ---0! - 0 ---05 0302-- 0 ---4E- --? --- 000 1 'n5-- 2--20249--FLIT---42 0303-- 1--0
0 96--- 0 2 - n', - ; ~4 - ? 7-,
" 0.2.50-- 10i9.--'_' V--So0251-- UP---=,"05-FT-2
""- - -5 7 0 - - --- 01
0198-- 1 - - 1 (I-.C._-F- -- 420199-- 0 --- 2 53- -, E E .. ......j08- Q - -- 74 5--4--- .. ,:--,.
0201 -- :;T0C-- -213 0 ,5. 5.- - FHT . -- - - .-r --, rj o-r10 F6 - i - - 0311-- Gl --- ,.15.j 2 -, - == 0257--- 5 -0531-G -I =
0 204-3 - -- 13 .-.,,,- 1 0 1 0 3 1 :- - CE --- 4O0204- : -1 ::0f5-- UP---27 0t25'72-- 0 --- 00 0314--X 111"--- 52
020- - --0<,2_ _ . 026@--FHlT ....42 r.,4 --.n207-EE.:.---6 02!-- -- 01031. 5-- It--7
,20":'. -04 0262--6 ,--0 6 01- ' -6 2 lg- D " - 3 4l .:- C "- @"'0 1 -- r.S. ---.. 7
02!09 -- -. .--, 02r_----CHS---r2 :' " " I'S - IT .. 4
021 --IH---4 065-- 4 --- 04 01- -00211--14 tP-2 . 2#- 0: --- 0320-- 0 --- 0
0 12,- _ 1. 2-- -P- 2 u - - u 2 -- : C 0 ---
0215 -- -02 26-FH-- 32-,T--
141
2.4-- ,, --- :13 0378-- 0- 0432-- !3 --- 130325-- 4 --- 04 0-- :_1 04:3-
E E.. ---- 2.. --- 04 04334-- ,0,27-- 4 -0381-- 10 --- 1145-- 5 ---"05
0... HS.,-- ---2---64n-b*-4 -- 0 3 ,a _-
0:329- 9 -- 1 03-- '- 04--.- 5 ---030-- " 11 - --- 00 - 2 --033~:1-- UiP--- 27 03.9--XTO --- 23 0 4 9-- !0--:Ji- [email protected] 0:,3-- ! --- 044-- --- 0003-33-- -7-' --- -.7 044--FtT --- 42
:31' 4 -- 2 --- 02 0 3 2 --- 02 0442-- T0---23S. 3 .. ...P 26 0" -.,. -UP --- ! 2. 044--- 8 ---10
-- _ i- ,0444-- 1 -
_ 31 -01 0,1--. 5. --- 05 044 --0328-- - 4 " "--- 05 0446-- U!---271i'
' ' * , ,.I--f-
-.- r--- "c. 9" '9-- - E14 4-- 1" --- 6703 -- '--- 0 4--2 4-- -- 00
0344-- EE---21 0396-- 5 --- 14 0452-- : --- 1
0343- 4 --- 24 0 1,997- -F...-27 0451--fliT-27,-- --.,o34 -:0498-- 1 --- 01 0444 -
034c- It4---04 0401--FM---2 0455--PUT-- 490:3.:.--- ,'---03 0402-- 1 ---13 045-34-. 34 -F45 --- 10340-- Y ---04 0494--F .....P 2 7 0458--:TO---45fl41--,'-.:FF. --- 67 11405-- I --- 1 0f4 9 --0352-- I---! 0406--,H --- !32 0450- --- 1033-- --- 27 U407-- P --- 2 0451-- U .... 23.0o54 -F,-- - 0408-- i --- 04 045-- 0 ---0355-- 1 --- 4 -0409--PHT --- 2 0466--F---42356-- L 4 J1 1 - ----- 0464--- -----0357--T0--- 41 0401-- UP --- 13 045-- i --- 450355--., --- 4 0409-- ,:: ---13 046-- . .----20 .359 -" '1" -- - - 0467 1F ---31
.0.,4..-- F T4-2--.' 04 --- -----0.159--..: ---0 0-41--- FP---42- 0467-- UT---",
0362-- 9 ---11 04-16- 4 --- 01 0479 5 --- 050=:6 3 F - .- 041--F'T---00 0471-- 00 ---00ii .64-:-- 0 418 - -: --- 52 0 472 - -1;-. -- 5 202-'6 -5-- 0419-- 0 ---00 0473-- i ---000266- --- 14 040 -- 3 --- 03 0474-- 4 ---- 0403-:7- F F- -- 0421-- 9T---11 0475-- 4 --- 045 - I:.. 4 1- -:3 --- 11 0476-- . --- 0,,_-- + - -- 3 ±I 04220371- T0T---23 0143-- H S--- i- 4"--%'.HS---30370 ---- I 1 46.... 0 --- 0 040- -8 P---25,- --- 0481-- 2 ---105
1 :-;. --- 14 047 2--,.-" Y:---.. 2:,b.- '' --- J,2, 1 -- - - - - 0473-- :: --- gO
0 :3 -- E, 0 04 "l 4 1-- 2 02
_. - -4- - ---i:'- 04c:4--: ---.. 0
5 L- 4-- 0485-- 0 ---f.
cF7 -1 Y - -2 ' -
.... .' ,- 5 .. .0 0 79 '"i1..42
04:6-- 5 --- 05 0540 ----- 34 u5q4--XFF:---b70487-- 2 ---02 0541-- DH --- .25 L1595 1 -01
0488-- 4 --- 04 0542--:'TO---'. 05.6-- 2 --- 02-48,9o.--,:FR---67 0543-- 3 ---0,3 H.,7-- UP---270490-- 6 --- 06 0544--FMT---42 U598--:.,F -- -6
,0491-- i --- 01 0545-- 1 -01 ,", -- -449 CHS---32 0546-- UP---27. -"Y --- 53--- " H - - 3 2- - --- - - . ,
P'" -- ."0.-493- UP---2 - 0547--FMT---42 0601-- 0 ---- 000494--YTO----4C0 0548-- 1 --- 01 0602-- " --- 070495-- ae. --- i3 0549--FPtT---42 0603-- 7 --- 07
0496-- 0 ---00 0550--':;T0---23 0604-- 0 ---00
0497--FlT---42 0551-- L ---72 0605-F R --- 670498-- 1 --- 0 0552-- 0 ---71 0606-- 6 ---06
0499-- UP---27 0553--YTO --- 4 0 0607-- *; --- 04
0500-- c. --- 13 0554--YT0---40 0608--::- 7,--- 5S0501-- IJP---27 0555--C:HT---47 0609-- 0 --- 00
50-2--':5F R---66 ----- 52 0. i-- " ---" ,"- --- 0l O157-- D --- 63 0. I1-- 2 ---- 020504-- :3 --- 0 0558-- E --- 66 0612-- 6 --- 06050- -FMT --- 42 0559--PSE---57 0513-- --- 010506 - 1 ---01 0560--F1T---42 0614--,,u---2,0507-- D N----..5 0561--CH8 --- 3:- 0615-- 2 --- 02
05_--' .. --- 13 0562-- 2 ---02 0616-- 1': ---03
0509-- UP---27 0563-- 0 ---00 06i7--FR:---6"0510-- 1 ---01 0564-- 0 ---00 061--- , -..- 050511-- + -0565-- IF --- 27 0619 -- :-'FF: -67
0jj~:~ 5~ 12--E t' --- 2606-- --- E-1 0621-- 1V --- 0150513--FT-- '03 "567 "J --- 03 0622-- 1 --- 10
"': 4 -F T -4 0 5% 6: T - - - 4 '0 2
0515-- 1 --- 01 056- 1 1---0 062-- L --- 720516-- UP---17 0;'r@ - P---2.- " 0621-- 1 ---- 3
0518-- 1 -- 572 1 ---012- -- 6
0519--FHT---42 0576--FHT---42 0627-- :--305'20-- F -- 1'- 0571-- if --- 6 0628- --- 010521-- I_ --- 7 057-- I ---..-, 0629-- 2 --- 0;-0522-- M --- 057-- E ---60 0630-- up--- -!7052:3--FMIT-- 42 05 0 ---0524--FHl-T----42 05 8-IT--42 tD 6. 2' - - -D1 3
0525-- 1 --- 01 05579-- FIT---04 06 F--
0526-- 5 --- 11 050-- 1 --- 01 067 ---4-"10527--CH---S2 0581-- 9 ---11 06:35--- i --- C,
0528-- 1 --- 01 05--: .R---67 0636--"FR --- 670529-- 0 --- 00 053-- 1 --- 01 0C,3 -- 1 --- 010- -0 0584-- - ---07 -
Cl j-. 3,- -.. -H ---T-2
0531 P 05-- UP --- 27 055---2- 7,F0 5 32 - P -.t ,FR--67 0 5 ".- F R--- E.7 06E.10ci- p-- 210533-- 2---02 0587-- 1 --- 231 06341--FF --- 060524- FT .. 2 0578-- 8 --- 1, 0642--- 1 .... 3
0535-- --- 21 0589--tV ,---, h,2 064,-- ? --- 10
0536-- 0590-- 0 ---00 -6 4 -1
S, F - 0591-- ---0 5*92- --- 02 ---- 4
05:39 2 --- 02 0593-- 6 --- 06 0C647-- IR ---
1-43
0648-- 4 ---01 0702---.3 0756-- 1 010 , 49 -2 --- 0 2 S--1,-
0650--::FR---6,0651-- - --- 34 0705--- : --- 36 0759--T0---2 00652-- 1 --- 01 0706--,;, --- 06 07-- - -- 070653-- 1 ---01 6707-- H -- 741
0654--DiV---5 0 7 7012--L:--
0655--:FF---67 0709-- F'- ....-2? -"T"--:ET.6 02,, - ,.-
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18-- - 9 --- 11 1872-- UP ---27 1926-- 9 ---111, 19--TO --- 67 I°71 --- 67 1927-- "
1:7- 7 --- 0 7 1920-- 0 -181-- 9---11 1875-,- 7 --- 07 1929- EE --- "61822-- 4 --- 4186--FT --- 4 1930-- -1823--GTO---44 1877-- 1 --- 1 1931- 3 -2:1824--S/R---77 1878-- UP ---27 1932--
1825-.1-01 ' o- -- ~
18:25-- 7 --- 7 98-, F-. T- --- 42 193--GT.--- ItI:D6- 7 --07 08-- 1 --- 0rl1 1934-- 1 --- 01
1 '..27 --- C4 1881-- I ---04 1935-- 9 --- 11t.828-- UP --- 27 1'882-- 5 --- 051 1936--- 7 ---1829---,*FR---67 18'--- 0 --- 00 1937-- 1 --- 0118-..- 2 --- 02 1 8:'4"- - f-0 -2-' 938--XFR----6?1831-- 5 ---- 05 1885-- Q --- 13 1939--D --- 311832-- -- 5 1886-- F R---61 1940-- I --- 1418 27--- 1 ---- 01 1807-- 6 --- 06 1941.-- 9 --- ;2
.. . -.0,- 0 1936il--XF7 --- 67_.. * C, r.,,-_,35.- ,-,F --- -" 1.,.,_--- UP---00? 193-- 1 --- 101
.. ... ._ ,9,4,.,-- 0 --- 0
151
..4' V939 -I - -]
-o1998--FMT---421945-- 1 ---01 1999-- 1 ---011946-- 9 --- 11 2000-- UP---27
1947-- 7 ---07 2001--FMT--.421948-- 1 ---01 2002-- 1 ---011949-- 1 ---01 2003-- 4 --- 04
1950--XT0 --- 23 2004--:FR---6?1951-- ---- 34 2005-- 7 ---071952-- 6. --- 14 2006-- 7 ---07
1953-- 5 ---05 2007-- UP---271954--XTO---23 2008--XFR---671955-- - --- 34 2009-- 6 --- 061956-- ,. --- 13 2010-- 3 --- 031957-- b ---14 2011--X>'-I---531958-- UP---27 2012-- 1 --- AK1959-- 8 --- 10 2013-- 3 ---021960-- 1 ---01 2014-- 4 --- 041961--X=Y---50 2015-- 5 ---05
1962-- 1 ---01 2016--END ---46196,:-- 9 --- 11
1964-- 7 ---071965---1 -0!1966--GTO ---441967-- 1 ---01197-- 9 --- ii1969-- 3 ---031970-- 8 ---101977-- 0 ---001972-- 9P---171973--XFR ---671974-- 7 --- 1071975-- E --- 261976--v"' ---5
1977-- 2 --- 011978-- 9 --- 111979-- 8 --- 101980-- 8 --- 10I1981I--EEX --- 26
1982-- 2 --- 021989-- UP---27194-- o.---131985-- --- 341986--YT --- 401987,-- o; --- 131988--CHS-"; ..32198--,, 2 -- 0
1990-- 4 ---04991-- 0 --- 1:1 9,2-- .UP---2.1993 ':-- .. -- 131994 -- --- 33"
19916-- 7 --- 0'11977 - 7 --- 01'
152
PEAPS
FORTRAN Program Listizig
153
C PEAPS (FORTRAN VERSION)C
DIMENSION HEAD(20), D(15), T(15), SALIN(15), S(15)DIMENSION SGRAD(15), C0(6), CS(61, PR(13), X(8)- DIMENSIUN IH(6)INTEGER - 2 IBUF(6l, 121)DATA X/.J12,.25,.38,.52,.67,.84,1.06,1.28/INTEGER * 2 18/' '/INTEGER * 2 IDOT/'. I/INTEGER * 2 ISTAR/'* '/PI = 3.141592RAD = PI / 180.0
90 DO 91 1 = It 6CD(I) = 0.0
91 CS(I) = 0.0CC READ AND PRINT HEADING CARD (80 COLUMNS MAX)C
READ (5, 900, END = 9999) HEAD900 FORMAT (20A4)
WRITE (6, 901) HEAD901 FORMAT (1H1, 20A4)
CC READ AND PRIMT INPUT DATA CARDSC
READ (5, 902) NPTS, MODE, IBT, IWH, ISS, IFOM, SD, RD,* SF
902 FORMAT (615, 3F10.2)FOM = FLOAT(IFOM)SS = FLOAT(iSS)WRITE (6, 903) NPTS, MODE, 18T, IWH, ISS, IFOM, SD,
* RD, SF903 FORMAT (1HO, 22HNUMBER OF SSP POINTS =, 15//
• 19H RAY PLOTTER MODE =, 15 //14A BOTTOM TYPE =,1 15 //14H WAVE HEIGHT =, 15, 3H F) /1
* 15H SYSTEM SIGMA =, 15 //6H FOM =, 15 /1* 1311 SOURCE DEPTH , FIO.2, 3H FT //* 15H RECEIVER DEPTH , FIG.2, 3H FT /• 17H SOURCE FREQUENCY , FIO.2, 3H HZWRITE (6, 901) HEADWRITE (6, 904)
904 FORMAT (IHO,5X,5HPOINT,IX,5HDEPTH,4X, I1HTEMPERATURE;* IX, 8HSALINITY, IX, IIHSOUND SPEED, IX,• 8HGRADIENT)
CC SPEED OF SOUND PROGRAMC
DO 102 1 = 1, NPTSREAD (5, 905) D(l), T(1), SALIN(Il
905 FORMAT (3F10.2)WRITE (6, 906) It DI), T(I), SALIN(I)
906 FORMAT (1H0, 110, 3FI0.2)T(I) = (T(1) - 32.0) * 5.0 / 9.0D(I) = D(I) * 0.3048D2 = D(I) * D(I)D4 = D2 * 02T2 = T(I) * T(I)T3 = T2 * T(I)S1 = SALIN(I) - 35.0S2 = S * SlSM) = 1449.3 1 I.5848E-2 * D(1) + 1.572E-7 * D2
• - 3.46E-16 * D4 + 4.587 € T(I) - 5.356E-2 T2* + 2.604E-4 * T3 + 1.19 * SI + 9.6E-2 * S2
+ 1.534E-4 ' T2 * D(I) - 7.19E-9 * T() i 02* - 1.2E-2 * SI * T(2)S(I) = S(1) / 0.3048D(l) = D(1) / 0.3048WRITE (6, 907) S(I)
907 FORMAT (Ii-, 4OX, F10.2)IF (I .GT. 1) SO TO 100SGRAD(l) = 0.0
154
GO TO 101100 J = I - 1
SGRAD(I) = (S(I) - S(J)) / (D(I) -D(J))101 WRITE (6, 908) SGRAD(I)908 FORMAT (1HO, 50X, F1O.4)102 CCNTINUE
C SPEED OF SOUND PROFILE CRITICAL POINTS PROGRAMC[~ 1=0
IFLAG = 0IRUN = -1J IK =2NG= 0NTEST = -1
103 1 G + 1J=J + INTEST = NTEST I
104 IRUN = 1IF (J ,GT. NPTS) GO TO 113IF (S(J) .EQ. S(J)) GO TO 103IF (NTEST .EQ. 0) GO TO 105NTEST = 0CS(K) = S(I)COK) = D(I)K =K + ING = NG + IIF (S(J) .LT. S(1)) GO TO 105
IFLAG = I105 IF (IFLAG EQ. 1 GO TO 110106 IF (S(J) 4LT. S{I)) GO TO 108
IF (IRUN .EQ. 0) GO TO 107CS(K) = S(l)CD(K) = 0(1)K=K + ING = NG +IIFLAG = IGO TO 104
107 IFLAG = IGO TO 104108 IF (IRUN gGT. ) GO TO 109
CS(K) = S(I)CD(K) = D(I)
K=K4- 1
NG = NG +I-09 IRUN = IRUN + 1AI = I + 1
J = J + 1
IF (J .GT. NPTS) GO TO 112GO TO 1 06110O I FLAG = 0
IF (S(J) ,GT. S(1)) GO TO Ill
CS(K) = S(I)CD(K) = D(I)K =K + I
NG = NG - IGO TO 104
113 CS=1I + I
CJl = 01)
IRUN = IRUN + 1IF (J .LE. NPTS) GO TO 110
112 CS{K) = S(ITCD(K) = D(I)NG = NG + 1
113 CS(1) = S(1)CD(I) = D(I)CS(6) = S(NPTS)CD(6) = D(NPTS)
CC SCUND SPEED PROFILE PROGRAMC
155
------ ,-- -
WRITE (6, 901) HEADWRITE (6 909)
909 FORMAT (IHO, 35HSOUND SPEED PROFILE CRITICAL POINTS /1* 5X, 611 DEPTH, 4X, 14HSPEED OF SOUNDDO 114 1 = I, 6
114 WRITE (6, 910) CD(I), CS(I)910 FORMAT (IHO, 2FI0.2)
DO 115 I = 1, 61DO 115 J = 1, 121
115 IBUF(I, J) = 18WRITE (6, 901) HEADWRITE (69 9L1)
911 FORMAT (IHO, 37HSPEED OF SOUND (FT/SEC) VS DEPTH (FT))SMIN = CS(l)
SMAX = CS(6)DO 116 I = I, 6IF (CS(IJ .EQ. 0.0) GO ro 116IF (CS(I) .LT. SMIN) SMIN = CS(I)IF (CS(IJ .GT. SMAX) SMAX = CS(I)
116 CONTINUEPRI = (SMAX - SMIN) / 12.0PR(1) = SMINV = PR(l)DO 117 1 = 2, 13V = V + PRI
117 PR(I) = VWRITE (6, 912) (PR(I), I = 1, 13)
912 FORMAT (F8.1, 12F0.1)DO 121 1 = 1, 61IF (MOD '(!-), 101 .EQ. 01 GO TO 119DO 118 J = 1, 121, 10
118 IBUF(I, J) = IDOTGO TO 121
119 DO 120 J = 1, 121120 IBUF(I, J) = IOOT121 CONTINUE
WRITE (6, 913) (lBUFf(3 J, J 1, 121)913 FORMAT (IH I 5X, 121At)
PRI = (PR(1i) - PR(1)) / 12u.0PPDI = D(4PTS) / 60.0J = NPTS - IDO 123 I= 1, JPPD = D(l)PPR = S(I)PPRI = SGRAD(1 + 1) * PPDI
122 IPPD = (PPD / PPDI) + 1.5iPPR = (PPR - PR(1)) / PRIIBUF(IPPD, IPPR) = ISTARPPD = PPD + PPDIIF (PPD .GT. D(I +I) GO TO 123PPR = PPR + PPR!GO TO 122
123 CONTINUEMND = D(NPTS) / 6.0MNDP 0DO 126 1 = 1, 61IF (I .EQ. 1) GO TO 125IF (MOD((I-1) 10) .EQ. 0) GO TO 124WRITE (6, 9131 ( I BUF(It J), J = I, 121)GO TO 126
124 MNDP = MNDP + MND125 WRITE (6, 914) MNOP, (IBUF(I,J), J = 1, 121)914 FORMAT (IH , 15, 121AI)126 CONTINUEC
C RAY TRACE PROGRAMC
IFLAG = 0IF (MODE .NE. 2) GO TO 127
CC READ IN MODE 2 RAY TRACE EMI.SSi rCN AN'LESC
1.56
READ (5, 905) THMIN, DTHi THMAX127 IF (MODE .EQ. 1) GO TO 134
DO 128 1 = 1, 61DO 128 J = 121
128 IBUF (1, J) = IBRITE (6: 901) HEAD
WRITE (6, 915)915 FORMAT (IHO, 24HRANGE (NM) VS DEPTH (FT)
PRI = 5.0V = -5.0DO 129 I = 1, 13V = V + PRI
129 PR(I) = VWRITE (6, 912) (PR(1), I = 1, 133DO 133 1 = 1, 61IF (MOD ((I -1), 10) .EQ. 0) GO TO 131DO 130 J = I, 121, 10
130 IBUF(I, J) = IDOTGO TO 133
131 DO I32 J = I, 121132 IBUF(Is J) = IDOT133 CONTINUE
PRI 3000.0RMAX = 360000.0WRITE (6, 913) (IBUF(3, J), J = It 121)C
C CONVERGENCE ZONE TESTCIF (MODE .EQ. 2) GO TO 219
134 IF (CS(6) .GT. CS(2)) GO TO 136135 4RITE (6, 916)916 FORMAT (iHO, I9HNO CONVERGENCE ZONE
ICZ= 0GO TO 139
136 M = 2137 M = M + 1
IF (CS(M) .EQ. 0.01 G2 ro 135IF (CS(2) .GT. CS(M)) GO TO 138IF (M .EQ. 6) GO TO 135GO TO 137
138 ICZ = I139 M = 0200 M = M + I
IF ( SD .GE. D()) GO TO 200SV = ((SD - D(M - 1)) * SGRAD(4)) + S(M - 1THP = (2.0 - (2.0 _ SV / CS(2))) ** 0.5THPP = (A3S (2.0 - (2.0 * SV / CS(6)))) ** 0.5IF (ICZ .EQ. 0) GO TO 227THMIN = THPPIFLOT = IISR = I
201 IF (MODE .EQ, 1) IPLOT = 0TH = THMINZ =SD
R = 0.0202 M 0203 M = M + I
IF (D(A-) .GT. Z) GO TO 204IF (M .EO. NPTS) GO TO 208GO TO 203
204 IF (Z .LT 0.0) GO TO 208205 RADIUS = (-SGRAD(M) * (1.0 - ((TH * TH) / 2.0))) I
((SGRAD(M) * (Z - D(M - 1)) + S(M - I))DR = 5.0 ((D(() D(M - 1)) ** 0.5)
206 RD. = DR RADIUSR =R + DRZ = Z + ((RADIUS ' (DR * DR)) / 2.0) + (TH * DR)TH TH + RDRIF (IPLOT -EQ. 0) GO TO 207IPPD = (. / VP' ) ( 1.5IF (IPPO .uT. 61) GO TO 207I PPR = R / PRI
157
IF (IPPR .GT. 121) GO TO 207IBUF(IPPD, IPPR) = ISTAR
207 IF (Z .LT. D(M - 1)) GO TO 202IF (D(M) .LT. Z) GO TO 202IF (RMAX .GE. R) GO TO 206
208 GO TO (209, 212, 213, 2161 217, 2221 220), ISR209 IF (D(NPTS) .LT. Z) GO TO 210
lF (IFLAG .EQ. I.) GO TO 211THMIN = THMIN + (0.5 * RAD)IPLOT = IISR = IGO TO 201
210 THMIN = THMIN- (0.1 * RAD)IPLOT = 0IFLAG = 1ISR = 1GO TO 201
211 THBB = THMINIFLAG, 0ICZ = 1!PLOT = 1CZMAX = RISR = 2GO TO 201
212 THMIN = THPIPLOT = IISR = 3GO TO 201
213 IF (R .GT. (CZMAX / 2.0)) GO TO 214THMIN = THMIN + (0.1 * RAD)IPLOT = 0ISR = 3GO TO 201
214 U- (R .GT. CZMAX) CZMAX = R2i5 CZMIN = R
T,-a.IN = THMIN + (0.5 * RAD),JPLOT = 1ISR = 4GO TO 201
216 iF (R .LT. CZMIN) GO TO 215THM1 N = THMIN - (0.4 * RAD)IPLOT = 0ISR = 5GO TO 201
217 IF (R .GT. CZMIN) GO TO 218CZMIN = kTHMIN = THMIN (01 * RAD)ISR = 5GO TO 201
218 THNI;N = THMIN - (0.1 * RAD)IPLOT = IISR oGO TO 201
219 IF (IFLAG .EQ. 1) GO TO 222Isp = 7GO TO 201
220 TIIMIN = t!.IN + DTHIF (THMIN .LL. THMAX) GO TO 219ISR = IGO TO 223
221 MODE : IGO TO 134
222 IBB = 1UiMEN = CZMIN / 3.0CZMAX = CZMAX / 3.0IFLOT = ITSR = 2
223 MNOP = 0DO 226 1 .1 61IF (I .EQ. 1 GO TO 225.F (MuD(UI-1), lO) .Eo. 0) GO TO 2241RITE (6, 9 13) IUF(I , J), J = 1, 121)
.158
F GO TO 226224 MNDP =MNDP + MNO225 WRITE (6, 914) MNOP, (I5UF(IJ), J It1. 121)226 CONTINUE
GO TO (2211 227), ISR227 CONTINUE
IF(80.GE.IFOM) B = 80.0IF(100.LE.IFOM) 6 = 100.0
B = B +15.0) / 20.0B = 10.0**BIR = B/20000.0RMAX = (JR + 1) * 20000WRITE (6, 901) HEADWRITE (69 917)
91.7 FORMAT (1.HO, 10HRANGE (NM) ,lX, 5HTLOSS , 4X, 4HPDET)DO 228 I 1, 61DO Z28 J =1I 121
228 IBUF(I, J) = BPRI = RMAX /24000.0PR(1) = 0.0V = 0.0DO 229 I 2, 13V = V +PRI
229 PR(I) = VI PFOM = (I IFOM - 40) / 2)DO 233 1 = It 61IF (MODUI(-i)t 10) .EQ. 0) GO TO 231DO 230 J 1,I 121, 1.0IBUF(I, J) = lOOTIF~ (I .EQ. IPFGM) IBUF(I, J) ISTAR
230 CONTIN4UEGO TO 233
231 DC 232 J It1 121IBIJF( I J) =lOTIF (I SEQ. IPFOM) IBUF(I, J) ISTAR
232 CONTINUE233 CONTINUE
PRI =RMAX / 120.0PPDI =2.0IF(CS(2).LT.CS(1.)) GO TO 304IF(SO.GT.CD(2)) GO TO 303IF(KO.GT.CDt2)) GO TO 301ISO IIRAP =0RS = ARCOS(CS(1)/CS(2))*(2.O/3.O)*(CS(1)* (CO(2)-CD( Ifl
* )/(CS(2) - CS(11)RT = Ci(2)/(6.O4)ARCOS(SV/ CS(2)))SSL (3.8/RS)'-1(WH*SF/100C,.0)**0.71)G = ABSU(CS(3)-CS(2) )/(CO(3)-CO(2)))DFL = 744.0*( (SF/1000.O)* *(-5.O/3.0) )*(G**(-1.013.0) )'
* (CO(2) ** (-3.0))GO TO 306
301 IRAP 1RL2 = CS(2)*(CD(3)-CD(2) )/(CS(2)-CS(3))IF(SD).GT.CD(2)) GO TO 302RL2 = RL,2*(RD-CD(2))/4.5GO TO 305
302 RL2 = RL2*(SD-CD(2))/4.5GO TO 305
303 IF(RO.GT.CO(2)) GO TO 304GO TO 301
304 IRAP 0305 ISO 0
GO TO 307306 IF(NG.EQ.1) DFL =0.03071 IP(ICZ.CtQ.1) GO TO 308
GO TO) 310308 CLSTRT =CZMI'N
159
W
CZSTOP = CZMAXIF(IRAP.EQ.1) GO TO 310IF(ISD.EQI) GO TO 310IDSC = IM= I
309 M= M + 1IF(CS(M+I).LT.CS(M)) GO TO 309RPT = (CZMIN/ 8.0)*((CD()-CD(2))/(SD-CD(2)))**O,5GO TO 313
310 FTEST = 32.0 * ((SV / SF) ** 0.7)IF(FTEST.GT.CD(2)) GO TO 311GO TO 312
311 ISD = 0312 ICSC = 0313 IF(6.LT.IBT) GO TO 314
IF(5.LT.IBT) GO TO 315IF(4.LT.IBT) GO TO 316IF(3.LT.IBT) GO TO 317IF(2.LT.IBT) GO TO 318BT = 0.66GO TO 319
314 BT = 2.0GO TO 319
315 BT = 1.41GO TO 319
316 BT = 1.18GO TO 319
317 BT = 1.0GO TO 319
318 BT = 0.85319 BLMA = 30.0
IF(3500.0.LT.SF) GO TO 320IF(2000.0.LT.SF) GO TO 321BLMA = 50.0IF(1003.O.LT.SF) GO TO 322IF(500.0.LT.SF) GO TO 323IF(100O.LT.SF) GO TO 324B1 = 0.2BO = -0.83GO TO 325
320 B = 0.35BO = 7.12GO TO 325
321 B1 = 0.28BO = 8.21GO TO 325
322 BI = 0.19BO = 2.09GO TO 325
323 B1 = 0.17BO = 1.97GO TO 325
324 BI = 0.18BO = 2.06
325 SFKHZ = SF/1000.0SFKHZ2 = SFKHZ*SFKHZA = ((O.I*SFKHZ2)/(1.OeSFKHZ2)) + ((40*SFKHZ2I/(4100.0
+ SFKHZ2))A = A 1000.0ICZRC = 1H = 1.0DRWIRK = 2000.0DRPERM = 2000.0IF (ICZ .EQ. 1) GO TO 3251IF (CS(6) .GT. SV) GO TO j250THP = ARCOS(SV / CS(6))
3250 THBB THP3251 R = 0.0
THBL = PI / 2.0326 IF(THB3.GT.TIBL) i = H + 1.0
R = R + DRW[RKTHBL = ATAN((R*((CD(6)-S,)/3.0))/
160
[ * (H*((2.O*CD(6)-SD)/3.0f)TfIBLA = THBL * (180.0 / PI)IF (BLMA .LT. UHBLA) THBLA = BLMABL =H * BT * ((THOLA * 81) +80)SIL =(20.O*ALOGIO(RfCOS(THBL)) f-
(A*(R/COS(TH-BL))) +8L - 6.0)IF( ISD.EQ.Oi GO7 TO 330ISR =1TL (A + DFL) * RIF (RT .LT. R) GO TO 327TL = TL +4 20@0*ALOGIO(R)GO TO -128
32? TL = TL +10.0*ALOGIO(R) + 10.0*ALOG1O(RT)328 IF (RS .GT. R) GO TO 329
TL = TL +(SSL * R)329 F =(ABS(STL - TMJ' / (-10.0)
AD = 10.0 * (ALOGIO(1.0 +4 (10.0 ** M)IF(STL*LT.TL) TL = STLSri = TL - ADGO TO (330, 334, 3381 339), ISR
330 IF(IRAP.EQ.0) GO TO 334ISR = 2RAPTES = (RL2 ** 0.5) +4 (RS /1 2.0)IF(R.LT.RAPTES) GO TO 331IRAP = 0
331 IF 33T03333 F(D..)GO TO 33
TL =20.0*ALO(GIO((SJ*SD +R*R)**O.5) A4-((SD*SD +-R * ) **0.5)
GO T 332TL = 20.O4ALOG1O((RD*RD +. R*R)**0.5) A*((RO*RD+
R * R) ** 0.5)33GO TO 329
334 IF(ICZ.EQ.0) GO TO 338ISR =3TL 20.0-ALOGIO(R) f- A*RIF(R.LT.CZSTRT) GO TO 337IF(R.GT.CZSTOP) GO TO 336IF(ICZRC.EQ.2) GO TO 335DRWRK = (CZSTOP - CZSTR)/10.0R = CZSTRT - DRWRKICZRC=2GO TO 326
335 RANGE =R - CZSTRTGCZM-AX =15.5 - 0.0005*(CZSTOP -CZSTRT)
GB = 0.36 / (GCZMAX*GCZM4X)RP = RANGE(GB .5) / (O.184(CZSTOP - CZSTRT))GCZ = (RP/GB) r-EXP(-(RP*RP) /(2.0*4GB))TL = TL - GCZGO TO 337
336 CZSTRT =CZSTRT + CZMINI CZSTOP = CZSTOP +- CZMAXDRVIRK = DRPIER.1i-ICZRC = 1
337 GC TO 329338 41F(IOSC.EQ.0) GO TO 339
ISR =4Ti 1O.0*ALOG1O(R) + 10.0*ALOG1OMPPT) 1-A*RGO TO 329
339 PPD = STLPPR = RIPPD = ((PPD - 40.0) / PPDI) + 1.5Li IF (IPPD tGT. 61) IPPO = 61IPPR = (PPR / PRI) + 1.0IF (IPPR .GT. 121) IPPR = 11IF (IPPO .GT. 60) IPPO = 60
c IBUF(IVPD, IPPR) = ISTAR
C PROBABILITY OF DETECTION PROGRAMC
PD = 0.5SE = FOM - STL
161
XX = ABS(SE/SS)IF(XX.EQ.O.0) GO TO 343PD = 0.95I=8IF(I.64.LE.XX) GO TO 341
340 IF(XX.GT.X(I)) GO TO 342PD PD - 0.05
IF(I.EQ.O) GO TO 34=2GO TO 340
341 PD = 1.0
342 IF(SE.GT.O.0) GO TO 343PD =1.0 - PD343 PPD =61.0 - (PD *. 10.0)IPPD =PPD + 0.5IF (IPPD .GT. 61) IPPD = 61IBUF(IPPD, IPPR) = ISTARRF = R / 2000.0WRITE (61 918) RP, STLi PD
918 FORMAT (IHO, 3F10.2)IF(,.MAX.GT.R) GO TO 326WRITE (6, 901) HEADWRITE (6t 919)
919 FORMAT (IHO, a5HTLOSS (OB) ABOVE PDET (PERCENT) VS ,*OHRANGE (NM) )
WRITE (6, 912) (PR(I), I = 1, 13)WRITE (6, 913) (IBUF(3, J), J = I, 1211MNDP = 40MND = 20DO 347 I = 1, 61IF (I .EQ. 1) GO TO 346IF (MOD(I-1}, 10) .EQ. 0) GO TO 345IF (I .GT. 50) GO TO 344-ZkWRITE (6, 913) (LBUI(I, J) J = I 121)GO TO 347
144 IF (I .GT. 52) GO TO 345MNDP = 100MND = -10
345 11NDP = MNDP + MND346 YRITE (6, 914) MNOP, (IBUF(I1J.i J = I, 121)347 CONTINUE
GO TO 909999 STOP
END
162
APPENDIX E
PEAPS STORAGE LOCATIONS IN THE HP9810A CALCULATOR
A. The operator enters all angles in degrees. The zero
degrees direction for all angles is horizontal to the right.
Clockwise angles (down) from the horizontal are to be entered
as positive (+) angles. Counter-clockwise angles (up) from
the horizontal are to be entered as negative (-) angles.
B. All angles are stored and used in radians. Entered angles
are automatically converted from degrees to radians for
storage by the program:
degrees = A * radians180
radians = 1 *0 * degrees'IT
C. Enter all temperatures in degrees fahrenheit (OF).
Temperatures are automaticrlly converted to degrees
centigrade (*C) for use in the SSP program:
°C = v( 0 - 32)9
OF = 32 + ( * )
163
-- I
D. Enter depths in feet (ft). Depths are stored in feet
and are converted to the required units as needed in the
programs:
[meters ='0.3048 * feetfeet = meters/0.3048
yards = feet/3.0
nautical miles (NM) = yards/2000 = meters/1852.
E. Ranges are in feet in the ray trace progrem and are
automatically converted to units of yards for use in the
transmission loss/probability of detection program.
F. The following pages of program forms indicate the
parameter storage locations used in the PEAPS model. The
terms listed are defined in the Table of Symbols and
throughout the body of the text.
164
PEAPS (General Storge A1
PINTERiA/ 0LQR
-~
- -- A
-. W tr
Ga.-- -- .-.----- ,-.-. CA
c1
'S'
___f SO ! 2 ~ i ~J*,* **2
D36.2I a _ S3
*~~ 4
- ~- -J*-..* *-* I . .
b (, :I, ' I -i c O
165z
FBAFS S -Z i-GE T/1L
- -I
R9 -1,~~ 7a'~~I
ir ~ ~ ~ ~ I re13cFSa
]1 J11M.
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LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Frye, H.W. and Pugh, J.D., "A New Equation for theSpeed of Sound in Sea Water," The Journal of theAcoustical Society of America (JASA), v. 50, pp. 384-386,June, 1971.
2. Urick, R.J., Principles of Underwater Sound for Engineers,McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1967.
3. Thorp, W.H., "Deep Ocean Sound Attenuation in theSub- and Low-Kilocycle-per-second Region," JASA, vol. 38,p. 648, 1965.
4. Honhart, D.C., Principles of Sound Sonar Range PredictionOceanography, p. 131, prepared at the Naval PostgraduateSchool, Monterey, California, Revised May, 1.974.
5. Spofford, C.W., The FACT Model, Vols. I and II, AcousticEnvironment Support Detachment (AESD), Maury Center forOcean Science, Washington, D.C., Nov. .974.
6. Marsh, H.W., Schulkin, M., and Kneale, S.G., "Scatteringof Underwater Sound by the Sea Surface," JASA, vol. 33,p. 334, 1961. Also, Marsh, H.W., "Sot.nd Rcilections andScattering from the Sea Surface," JASA, vol. 35, p. 240,1963.
7. Deleted.
8. Deleted.
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