16°n red sea gulf of aden hannish sill - woods hole ... (km) depth (m) 36 7 36.5 36 36 36 36 36 36....
TRANSCRIPT
42°E 44°E 46°E 48°E 50°E 52°E10°N
12°N
14°N
16°N
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
Red Sea
Hannish sill
Bab−al−Mandeb
Gulf of Aden
(a)
42°E 43°E 44°E 45°E11°N
12°N
13°N
100
100
200
200
300
300
3
400
400
500
500
500
600
600
800
800
1000
1000
100012
00
1200
Perim Narrows
mainchannel
northernchannel
Tadjuraspur
Tadjurarift
(b)
FIGURE 1“Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
54°E 56°E 58°E 60°E
24°N
26°N
28°N
1000
10002000
Strait of Hormuz
Gulf ofOman
Persian Gulf
(a)
55°E 56°E 57°E 58°E25°N
26°N
27°N
50
50
100
150
(b)
FIGURE 2 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
43°E 44°E 12°N
13°N
(a)
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
salin
ity
(b)
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
thet
a (o C
)
(c)
J F M A M J J A S O N D24
25
26
27
28
29
sigm
a−th
eta
month
(d)
36 38 4014
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
salinity
thet
a 25
26
26 27
27
28 29
s
w
(f)
36 38 40
0
100
200
300
400
salinity
dept
h (m
)
(e)
FIGURE 3“Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
43°E 45°E 47°E 49°E 10°N
12°N
14°N
16°N
(a) Node locations
0
500
1000
1500
Dep
th (m
)
8
10
12
12
14
14 14
16
16 16
16
18 18 182020
27 27
27.227.2
27.2
27.427.4
27.4
27.6 27.6
(b) Theta
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
500
1000
1500
Distance (km)
Dep
th (m
)
36
36
36
36
36 36 36
36.5
36.5
36.5
37
37 27 27
27
27.227.2
27.2
27.4
27.4
27.6
(c) Salinity
FIGURE 4 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
5
10
15
2025
26
26
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
29
29
30
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.2
a) Winter
35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.55
10
15
20 2526
26
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
29
29
30
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.2
b) Summer
FIGURE 5 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Fall
a) Oct 92
Dep
th (m
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Winter
b) Feb/Mar 93
Dep
th (m
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Spring
c) Jun 93
Dep
th (m
)
10 15 20 25
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Summer
d) Aug 93
Dep
th (m
)
Temperature ( oC)
0 2 4 6 8 10# observations
FIGURE 6“Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 4910
11
12
13
14
a) Salinity on σ0 = 27.00
35.435.535.635.735.835.93636.136.236.336.436.536.636.736.836.93737.1
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 4910
11
12
13
14
b) Salinity on σ0 = 27.20
35.435.535.635.735.835.93636.136.236.336.436.536.636.736.836.93737.1
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 4910
11
12
13
14
c) Salinity on σ0 = 27.60
35.435.535.635.735.835.93636.136.236.336.436.536.636.736.836.93737.1
FIGURE 7 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
43°E 45°E 47°E 49°E
10°N
12°N
14°N
16°N
350
mOct 92
1214
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
16
16
16
18
(a)
10°N
12°N
14°N
16°N
600
m
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
14
16
16 16
16
(e)
43°E 45°E 47°E 49°E 10°N
12°N
14°N
16°N
800
m
8
8 8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
18
18
18
20
20
20
22
22
24
24
(i)
43°E 45°E 47°E 49°E
Mar 93
14
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
18
18
20
20
22
24
(b)
101214
14
14
14
16
16
16
16
18
18
18
20
20
22
22
22 24
(f)
43°E 45°E 47°E 49°E
10
10 10
12 12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
1414
14
16
16
16
18
18
(j)
43°E 45°E 47°E 49°E
Jun 93
12
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
16
18
18
1820
202224
(c)
12
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
16
16
18
18
18
20
20
22
2224
24
(g)
43°E 45°E 47°E 49°E
8
1010
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
18
(k)
43°E 45°E 47°E 49°E
10°N
12°N
14°N
16°N
Aug 93
14
1414
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
16
18 18
20
(d)
10°N
12°N
14°N
16°N
10
1010
12
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
1416
16
18(h)
43°E 45°E 47°E 49°E 10°N
12°N
14°N
16°N
10
12 12
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
14
14
16
16
18
(l)
FIG
URE
8 “C
har
acte
r an
d D
ynam
ics
of t
he
Red
Sea
an
d P
ersi
an G
ulf
Ou
tflo
w” J
GR
2000
Bo
wer
et
al.
55°E 56°E 57°E 58°E 25°N
26°N
27°N
60
60
(a)
36 38 4019
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
salinity
thet
a
27
w
ss
w(f)
36 38 40 42
0
50
100
150
salinity
dept
h (m
)
(e)
36
37
38
39
40
41
salin
ity
(b)
18
20
22
24
26
thet
a (o C
)
(c)
J F M A M J J A S O N D24
25
26
27
28
29
sim
ga−
thet
a
month
(d)
FIGURE 9“Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
56°E 57°E 58°E 59°E 60°E 23°N
24°N
25°N
26°N
27°N
1000
1000
1000
10001000
3000
3000
(a)
0
200
400
600
800
Dep
th (m
)
12
14
16161818
20
2020
2222
2424 26
26 26
26.526.5
27
(b) Theta
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
200
400
600
800
Distance (km)
Dep
th (m
)
36 36
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.5
37
37
37.5
26 26
26.5
27 27
(c) Salinity
FIGURE 10“Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
0
100
200
300
400(a) Mar 93
Winter
0
100
200
300
400(b) Jun 93
Spring
0
100
200
300
400(c) Aug 93
Summer
0 5 1015 20 25
0
100
200
300
400(d) Nov 93
Fall
(e) Mar 94
Winter
(f) May 94
Spring
(g) Dec 94
Fall
0 5 1015 20 25
(h) Oct 92
Fall
FIGURE 11 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
56 57 58 59 6023
24
25
26
Salinity on σ0 = 26.50
36.236.336.436.536.636.736.836.93737.137.237.337.437.537.637.737.837.93838.1
FIGURE 12 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
56°E 57°E 58°E 59°E 60°E
24°N
25°N
16
18 18
18 18
18
18
18
18
2020
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
250
250
250
(a) Mar 93
Winter
56°E 57°E 58°E 59°E 60°E
24°N
25°N
18
18
18
18
20
20
20
20
20
2
20
22
22
22
22
24
24
24
2424
26
26
26
26
28
30
250
250
250
(e) Mar 94
Winter
24°N
25°N
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
250
250
(b) Jun 93
Spring
24°N
25°N
8 8
10
10
12
12
141416
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22 22
22
22
25025
0
250
(f) May 94
Spring
24°N
25°N 8
8
10
10
12
12
14
14
14
14 14
14
16
16
1616 16
16
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
250
250
250
(c) Aug 93
Summer
24°N
25°N
8 10
12
14
16
16
18
18
18
18
1818
18
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
250
250
250
(g) Dec 94
Fall
56°E 57°E 58°E 59°E 60°E
24°N
25°N
810
12
12
14
14
16
16
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
20
20
20
20
20
22
2
250
250
(d) Nov 93
Fall
56°E 57°E 58°E 59°E 60°E
24°N
25°N
14
16
16
16
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
1818
18
20
20
20
20
20
2222
22
24
24
250
250
2
(h) Oct 92
Fall
FIGURE 13 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
0
5
10
15
20
25
Salinity
Pote
ntia
l tem
pera
ture
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Denmark St
Filchner Dep
Faroe Bank Ch
Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea
Persian Gulf PGocn
RSocn
FIGURE 14 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 43.7 43.8 43.912
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
longitude
latit
ude
Bab al Mandeb
1400200−1100−900−800
−600
−500
−400
−300
−300
−200
−200−100
−1
0
0
a)
summer
winter
23 24 25 26 27 28−600
−500
−400
−300
−200
−100
0
dept
h (m
eter
s)
σθ (kg/m3)
b)
σθ versus depth
15
20
25
c) temperature (°C)36
38
40
d) salinity (ppt)
00.30.60.91.2
e) speed (m/s)0
0.01
0.02
0.03f) bottom slope
0
0.5
1
1.5
g) δρB
(kg/m3)26.5
27
27.5
28
h) σθ (kg/m3)
0
0.5
1
i) source water fraction0
0.40.81.21.6
j) transport (Sv)
0 10 20 30 400
2
4
distance (km)
k) Ekman Number
0 10 20 30 400
1
2
distance (km)
l) Froude Number
FIGURE 15 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
23 24 25 26 27 28−1000
−800
−600
−400
−200
0
dept
h (m
eter
s)
σθ (kg/m3)
a)
σθ versus depth
20
22
24
b) temperature (°C)38
39
40c) salinity (ppt)
00.30.60.91.2
d) speed (m/s)0
0.020.040.060.08
e) bottom slope
0
0.5
1
1.5f) δρ
B (kg/m3)
27
27.5
28
g) σθ (kg/m3)
0.6
0.8
1h) source water fraction
0.25
0.35
0.45
i) transport (Sv)
0 50 100 150 2000
1
2
distance (km)
j) Ekman Number
0 50 100 150 2000
1
2
distance (km)
k) Froude Number
FIGURE 16 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
56.2 56.4 56.6 56.8 57 57.2 57.425
25.2
25.4
25.6
25.8
26
longitude
latit
ude
Strait of Hormuz
−1300
−120
0
1000
−900−−
−500−4
00
−200
−20
−100
−100
a)
summer
winter
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29−500
−400
−300
−200
−100
0
dept
h (m
eter
s)
σθ (kg/m3)
b)
σθ versus depth
202122232425
c) temperature (°C)
36
38
40
42
d) salinity (ppt)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6e) speed (m/s)
0
0.01
0.02f) bottom slope
01234
g) δρB
(kg/m3)26
27
28
29
h) σθ (kg/m3)
0
0.5
1
i) source water fraction0
0.4
0.8
1.2j) transport (Sv)
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
2
4
distance (km)
k) Ekman Number
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
0.5
1
1.5
distance (km)
l) Froude Number
FIGURE 17 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.