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Weed Management 2008 Hot Topics in the Tropics

Editors: R.D. van Klinken, V.A. Osten, F.D. Panetta and J.C. Scanlan

16thth AUSTRALIAN AUSTRALIAN WEEDS WEEDS CONFERENCECONFERENCE

PROCEEDINGSPROCEEDINGS

18——22 May 2008, Cairns Convention Centre, North Queensland

Weed Management 2008 Hot Topics in the Tropics

Editors: R.D. van Klinken, V.A. Osten, F.D. Panetta and J.C. Scanlan

18—22 May 2008, Cairns Convention Centre, North Queensland

16th AUSTRALIAN AUSTRALIAN WEEDS WEEDS CONFERENCECONFERENCE

PROCEEDINGSPROCEEDINGS

Copyright © Queensland Weeds Society 2008

This publication is copyright. Except as permitted under the Australian Copyright Act 1968 (Com-

monwealth) and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, without the specifi c written

permission of the copyright owner.

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry

Australian Weeds Conference (16th : 2008)

Title: 16th Australian Weeds Conference proceedings:

Weed management 2008 – hot topics in the tropics /

editors R.D. van Klinken… [et al.] Publisher: Brisbane: Queensland Weeds Society, 2008

ISBN: 9780646488196 (pbk)

Notes: Includes index

Bibliography

Subjects: Weeds – Control – Australia – Congresses

Weeds – Australia – Congresses

Contributors: van Klinken, Rieks

Dewey No: 632.50994

Citation

Please cite this publication as: Proceedings of the 16th Australian Weeds Conference, eds R.D. van Klinken, V.A. Osten,

F.D. Panetta and J.C. Scanlan. (Queensland Weeds Society, Brisbane).

Designed and typeset by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Meredith, Victoria

Disclaimer

The advice provided in this publication is intended as a source of information only. The publish-

ers do not guarantee that the publication is without fl aw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for

your particular purposes and therefore accepts no responsibility for any person acting or relying

on the information contained in this publication and disclaims all liability for any error, omission,

loss or other consequence which may arise from any person relying on anything contained in this

publication. Always read the label before using any of the products mentioned.

ReviewersRobin AdairSteve AdkinsNigel AinsworthFaiz BebawiAlice BeilbyKate BloodGraeme BourdotSimon BrooksYvonne BuckleyMoya CalvertShane CampbellAik CheamCeline Clech-GoodsShaun CouttsNeville CrossmanSteve CsurhesMike DayKunjithapatham DhileepanArt DiggleJonathon DoddAlexandra DouglasFiona EdeEmilie-Jane Ens

SponsorshipKevin Melmeth Nick BloorJohn WhiteheadMichael Widderick

ProceedingsRieks van KlinkenVikki OstenDane PanettaJoe Scanlan

MediaKelly Murphy

Chairperson Michael Widderick Finance Chris Love Sponsorship Kevin Melmeth Program Steve Walker Proceedings Rieks van Klinken Field Tours Simon Brooks Event Managers Amanda Wheildon (Eventcorp Pty Ltd) Susan Hobbs (Eventcorp Pty Ltd)

ProgramSteve WalkerYvonne BuckleyShane CampbellAndrew ClarkKathryn GaleaJohn HodgonChris LoveJane MortonVikki OstenDane PanettaShon SchoolerDavid Thornby

Field ToursSimon BrooksRosalie AndersonShane CampbellJohn ClarksonKendrick CoxAnn Doak Kim ErbacherIan Holloway Helen MurphyStephen SetterBarbara Waterhouse

Keith FerdinandsDavid FerrisGlen FisherMarg FriedelGurjeet GillTony GriceLalith GunaskeraAbul HashemTim HeardMic JulienDarren KriticosRae KwongRoger LawesBen LawsonDeirdre LemerleChris LoveAndrew LoweNeil MacLeodPhil MaherPeter MartinKate McAlpineDavid McClarenRachel McFadyen

John McKenzieDavid MinkeyJohn MooreLouise MorinHelen MurphyVikki OstenSegun OsunkoyaBill PalmerDane PanettaSally PeltzerAndrew PetroeschevskyPaul PheloungJean-Baptiste PichancourtPeter PrenticeChris PrestonDavid PullarMatt PurcellSathyamurthy RaghuRod RandallNatalie RossiterJoe ScanlanShon SchoolerJohn Scott

Andy SheppardBrian SindelKate StokesAndrew StorrieDi TaylorDavid ThornbyRuey TohPeter TurnerRieks van KlinkenJohn VirtueJoe VitelliSalvo VitelliGabrielle Vivian-SmithWayne VoglerSteve WalkerCraig WaltonJeff WerthEve WhiteMichael WidderickBruce WilsonHanwen WuChengyuan XuAlice Yeates

Organising Committee

This is a refereed conference proceedings and all published papers have been peer reviewed.

Sponsors

Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries

Dow AgroSciencesTM

Platinum sponsors:

Gold sponsors:

Silver sponsors:

Conference satchel supplier:

Bronze sponsors:

v

Sixteenth Australian Weeds Conference

On behalf of the Council of Australasian Weed Societies (Inc.), CAWS, and the Weed Society of Queensland (Inc.), WSQ, we proudly present to you the proceedings from the 16th Australian Weeds Conference.

The biennial Australian Weeds Conference is the premier weeds event in Australasia. The conference enables the weed community to share advances in weed science and management, and strengthens the united front in the battle against weeds. We thank you for your commitment to weed management and are confi dent that the 222 papers contained in these proceedings will sustain your knowledge and interest.

CAWS provides an important linkage and combined voice for Australian and New Zealand weed societies and enables collaboration in the advancement of weed management. A principal activity of CAWS is the convening of the Australian Weeds Conference, which is rotated between member societies. In this regard, CAWS thanks and congratulates WSQ in its excellent organisation of the 16th Australian Weeds Conference. CAWS continues to maintain activities in weed awareness, informa-tion, education and advocacy. Since the 15th Australian Weeds Conference, CAWS has been active in lobbying for successors to the Weeds CRC and the Defeating the Weeds Menace Programme. The ‘Most Weed-Wise Nursery’ award has been won by Zanthorrea Nursery (Western Australia) in 2006 and Bulleen Art & Garden (Victoria) in 2007. CAWS has supported the Lord of the Weeds schools competition and travel awards for students and early career weed scientists. CAWS has revised its strategic plan and will continue to play a vital role in Australasia as an independent, trans-national, representative voice for weed management.

The WSQ, since its inauguration in 1975, has grown in size to have over 270 members. With strength in numbers and on-going support from its members, the WSQ are proud to have been given the opportunity and rewarding challenge of organising the 16th Australian Weeds Conference. It is our hope that all who attend the conference gain inspiration and skills to better enable them to improve weed management in Australasia.

Many thanks to all who played a part in the organisation of the 16th Australian Weeds Confer-ence. Your support, hard work and dedication are greatly appreciated.

“The secret of success is constancy to purpose.” Benjamin Disraeli

John VirtuePresident

Council of Australasian Weed Societies (Inc.)

Michael WidderickConference Chair

Secretary, Weed Society of Queensland (Inc.)

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Contents

KEYNOTE

Global changes: impacts on weeds in cropping systemsTimothy G. Reeves 1

Cross pollination or cross-contamination? Directions for informing the management of invasives with market-economy conceptsPaul Martin 6

Invasions and impacts of exotic plants in the Pacifi c islandsJulie S. Denslow 14

Investing in weed research in northern Australia: a livestock industry perspectiveRodd Dyer 17

BIODIVERSITY SYMPOSIUM

Determination and management of the impacts of weeds on biodiversityPaul O. Downey and Anthony C. Grice 23

Do weed managers need to know about weed impacts?Susan M. Timmins and Kate G. McAlpine 26

Managing complexity: the example of invasive wetland forage grassesAnthony C. Grice, Justin J. Perry, D. Mike Nicholas and Paul R. Williams 27

The role of native birds in weed invasion, species decline, revegetation and reinvasion: consequences for lantana managementPeter J. Turner and Paul O. Downey 30

Altering weed management priorities to ensure conservation outcomes are achieved: lessons from the Bitou Bush Threat Abatement PlanNicole Strehling, Paul O. Downey, Neil Rendell, Scott A. King and Alana L. Burley 33

Research on the environmental impact of weeds in AustraliaJohn K. Scott and Anthony C. Grice 36

NEW THREATS: PREDICTION AND RISK ASSESSMENT

Predicting weediness – what has the Weeds CRC achieved?John G. Virtue, F. Dane Panetta and Jason Emms 39

Weeds in a warmer climate: a tool for assessing tolerance to changing temperaturesRachael V. Gallagher, Linda Beaumont, Paul O. Downey, Lesley Hughes and Michelle R. Leishman 42

Using geospatial intelligence to assess the invasive threat of Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana) David Pullar, Jamie Tan and Julian Fox 43

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Future spread of lippia in the Murray-Darling Basin under climate changeKate E. Stokes, Steve I. Barry, R. Hickson and Saul A. Cunningham 44

The continuing spread of fi reweed (Senecio madagascariensis) – the hottest of topicsBrian M. Sindel, P.W. Michael, Rachel E. McFadyen and J. Carthew 47

Weed spread pathways risk assessment in VictoriaCatriona King, Nigel Thomas, Jackie Steel, Trevor Hunt and John Weiss 50

Which WRA works for Western Australia? A comparison of weed risk assessment systems available in Australia using species of varying growth habit, life form and weedinessLynley M. Stone, Margaret Byrne and John. G. Virtue 53

Spatial modelling of new weed incursions in cropping systemsRohan T. Jayasuriya, Remy van de Ven and Randall Jones 54

NEW THREATS: NEW INCURSIONS

‘Sleeper weed’: caution, use only as directedJohn Dwyer 57

Eradication of three-horned bedstraw (Galium tricornutum) in Western AustraliaJohn H. Moore and Jonathon Dodd 60

Turf weeds across north AustraliaPeter G. Harrison 63

Response to Victorian Alert WeedsRichard J. Plant 64

Preventing the spread of telegraph weed in South East QueenslandLyn Willsher, Paul Mason and Barry Whyte 67

NEW THREATS: HERBICIDE RESISTANCE THREATS

International survey of herbicide-resistant weeds – survey results and criteria to add casesIan Heap 68

2,2-DPA resistance in giant Parramatta grass (Sporobolus fertilis)Sethu Ramasamy, David A. McLaren, Graeme Pritchard, David Offi cer, Julio Bonilla, Christopher Preston and Ann C. Lawrie 71

Glyphosate resistance in awnless barnyard grass (Echinochloa colona (L.) Link) and its implications for Australian farming systemsAndrew Storrie, Tony Cook, Peter Boutsalis, Drew Penberthy and Paul Moylan 74

Understanding, predicting and managing weed seedbanks in agricultural systems with the Weed Seed WizardMichael Renton, Art Diggle and Sally Peltzer 77

Impact of management on glyphosate-resistant Lolium rigidum populations on farmAngela M. Wakelin and Christopher Preston 80

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Current levels of herbicide resistance in broadacre farming across southern AustraliaPeter Boutsalis, Christopher Preston and Gurjeet Gill 83

Incidence of herbicide resistance in relation to cropping practices of south-eastern AustraliaJohn C. Broster and James E. Pratley 84

psbA mutation (Ala251 to Val) in Chenopodium album resistant to triazinonesEls Mechant, Tania De Marez, Olivier Hermann, Robert Olsson and Robert Bulcke 87

Flaxleaf fl eabane – the next glyphosate resistant weed?Steven R. Walker and Geoffrey R. Robinson 88

Risks associated with inter-row weed control in row croppingSally C. Peltzer, Abul Hashem and Vikki A. Osten 91

Resistance to hormone mimic herbicides and acetohydroxyacid synthase-inhibiting herbicides in Sisymbrium orientaleMohammed Khiar Mohamed Aman, Peter Boutsalis and Christopher Preston 92

Field testing of glyphosate-resistant awnless barnyard grass (Echinochloa colona) in northern NSWTony Cook, Andrew Storrie, Paul Moylan and Bill Adams 93

Evaluating the extent of serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma) resistance to the herbicide, fl upropanate in AustraliaDavid A. McLaren, Ethan Merton, Graeme Pritchard, Sethu Ramasamy, Charles Grech and Julio Bonilla 94

Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides in crops and pasture seed in northern New South WalesSandeep Narwal, Brian M. Sindel and Robin S. Jessop 97

Field survey of fl upropanate-resistant Nassella trichotoma in VictoriaSethu Ramasamy, Graeme Pritchard, David A. McLaren, Julio Bonilla, Christopher Preston and Ann C. Lawrie 98

UNDERSTANDING THE INVADER: EXPLAINING INVASIVENESS

Not all disturbances are equal: synthesising the effects of plant demography, natural disturbance and control methods on weed invasionsYvonne M. Buckley 101

Bitou bush invasion is facilitated by soil chemistry changes which inhibit the growth of native plantsEmilie-Jane Ens, Kristine French and J.B. Bremner 104

Does plant response to the limiting resource explain invasibility? An experimental test using two invasive weeds and their non-invasive native congenersCéline Clech-Goods, Shon Schooler, Catherine Lovelock and Susanne Schmidt 107

Invasion of aquatic macrophytes in peri-urban waterways of south-east QueenslandLauren D. Quinn, Shon Schooler and Rieks D. van Klinken 108

Management of invasive plants in relation to life historySatu Ramula and Yvonne M. Buckley 109

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UNDERSTANDING THE INVADER: UNDERSTANDING HERBICIDE RESISTANCE

The infl uence of pollen competition on gene fl ow in small patches of Lolium rigidum Gaud. (annual ryegrass)Jeanine Baker and Christopher Preston 110

Gene movement in herbicide resistant sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.)Robin S. St. John-Sweeting, Christopher Preston, Jeanine Baker, Steve Walker and Michael Widderick 113

Characterising glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeriR. Douglas Sammons, Amanda Herr, David Gustafson and Michelle Starke 116

Incidence of the endophyte Neotyphodium occultans in annual ryegrass in southern New South WalesKaren A. Kirkby, James Pratley, David E. Hume, M. McCully, Alexa Seal and M. An 117

Investigation into the mechanisms of resistance of trifl uralin-resistant Lolium rigidumBenjamin J. Fleet, Gurjeet S. Gill and Christopher Preston 120

Barnyard grass responses to glyphosate – the importance of morphological traitsMichelle D. Keenan, Steve Walker, Michael Widderick, Brian Sindel and Ian Taylor 121

UNDERSTANDING THE INVADER: SEED DISPERSAL AND SPREAD

Exotic invasions of the Burdekin catchment, North QueenslandRoger Lawes and Anthony Grice 122

Weed recruitment following cyclonic disturbance of rainforest in Queensland’s Wet TropicsDaniel J. Metcalfe, Matthew G. Bradford, Andrew J. Ford, Helen T. Murphy, Gabrielle Vivian-Smith and David A. Westcott 125

Dispersal and establishment of bird-dispersed weed and native species in early successional subtropical habitatsEve White, Anna Barnes and Gabrielle Vivian-Smith 126

Towards an understanding of interactions between serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma) and soil fungal communitiesAnnemieke Schneider, Brian M. Sindel, David Backhouse and Kathy King 129

The dynamics of invasion as a function of landscape connectivityRic Colasanti, Rieks D. van Klinken, Shaun Coutts and Yvonne Buckley 130

Dispersal of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) by ants in Shark Bay, Western AustraliaPenelope Goldsmith, Helen Spafford and Greg J. Keighery 133

Recruitment and growth dynamics of Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae) in tropical forest impacted by Cyclone LarryHelen T. Murphy, Simon J. Brooks, Matthew G. Bradford, Daniel J. Metcalfe and David A. Westcott 137

Buoyancy and germination of pond apple (Annona glabra L.) propagules in fresh and salt waterStephen D. Setter, Melissa J. Setter, Michael F. Graham and Joseph S. Vitelli 140

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UNDERSTANDING THE INVADER: WEED DISTRIBUTIONS

Modelling climatic change impacts on sleeper and alert weedsJohn K. Scott, Kathryn L. Batchelor and Paul B. Yeoh 143

The evolutionary consequences of hybridisation between a native and invasive SenecioEleanor E. Dormontt 146

Interregional comparison of the size-structure of populations of Melaleuca quinquenervia in its native and exotic range, with and without biocontrol agentsLucero Sevillano, Paul D. Pratt, Steven Franks and Carol C. Horvitz 147

Worldwide phylogeography of the globally invasive plant: Jatropha gossypiifoliaPeter J. Prentis, Sathyamurthy Raghu, Kunjithapatham Dhileepan and Andrew J. Lowe 150

Genetic variability of wheel cactus (Opuntia robusta Wendl.) in southern Australia: implications for weed spread and biological controlJeanine Baker, Mike Keller and Christopher Preston 153

The distribution of grey sallow willow (Salix cinerea) and pussy willow (Salix reichardtii) in the Mount Lofty Ranges of South AustraliaRobin B. Coles and Phil Cramond 154

Mapping the distribution of weeds and ferals in the Wet Tropics BioregionDaniel J. Metcalfe, Tina Lawson and James Butler 155

The Far North Queensland Regional Organisation of Councils (FNQROC) is made up of membership of Councils from Ingham in the South to Cooktown in the North. An area which covers 193,000 km² and includes two of the world’s greatest natural world heritage listed treasures – the reef and the rainforest.

FNQROC IS FOSTERING COOPERATION AND RESOURCE SHARING BETWEEN COUNCILS AND IMPROVING REGIONAL PARTNERSHIPS IN WEED AND PEST ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

The FNQ Regional Pest Management Officer (RMPO) has ensured liaison between councils and encouraged a closer partner relationship with agency and industry including Terrain NRM, Biosecurity Queensland, Wet Tropics Management Authority, Sunwater and Powerlink to name but a few. Improved partnerships have ensured real outcomes are achieved which include:

Regional plans and strategies: Weed Spread Prevention Strategy Code of Practice

Regionally shared assets: Mapping hardware Clean down facilities Weed control equipment

Regional education material: FNQ Local Council WEEDeck Priority Weeds CD Engaging Schools in Pest Management Education

Regional training: Weed identification Photography Mapping Community engagement

Regional project facilitation: Hymenachne and Pond Apple control Feral rabbit and

deer management Weed spread prevention practices For more information contact Kirby Doak, RPMO on (07) 40443518 or visit www.fnqroc.qld.gov.au

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UNDERSTANDING THE INVADER: SPECIES ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Modelling the population dynamics of multi-species woody weed infestationsAndrew F. Zull, Oscar J. Cacho and Roger A. Lawes 156

Prevalence of biological control agents on groundsel bush in relation to plant size and survey siteNikki M. Sims, Yvonne M. Buckley, Adele M. Reid and Myron P. Zalucki 159

Phenotypic variation within contrasting environments: a study of the invasive macrophyte, Hymenachne amplexicaulis across AustraliaLynise J. Wearne, Anthony C. Grice and Mike Nicholas 162

A unique weed problem — the control of fairy grass Lachnagrostis fi liformis seedheads on Lake Learmonth in western VictoriaAndrew D. Warnock, Singarayer K. Florentine, F. Patrick Graz and Martin E. Westbrooke 165

Can effective weed management be obtained by grouping species by life cycle? Case studies from the cotton industry IIStephen B. Johnson 168

A review of the ecology of fl eabane (Conyza spp.)Todd D. Green, Brian M. Sindel, Graham Charles and Jeff Werth 171

Seed dynamics of the invasive geophyte Lilium formosanum on Lord Howe Island – lots of seeds but they don’t live longSusie Warner, Anthony C. Grice, John A. Duggin and Caroline L. Gross 174

Interactions between butterfl y pea (Clitoria ternatea) and rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandifl ora)Faiz F. Bebawi and Joseph S. Vitelli 177

Seed production and maturation of Limnocharis fl ava (L.) Buchenau in the fi eld and glasshouseSimon J. Brooks, Jason M. Weber, Stephen D. Setter and Brodie A. Akacich 180

Germination biology of Portulaca oleracea L.Bhagirath S. Chauhan and David E. Johnson 183

Movement of dieback through a stand of parkinsonia – a time series studyNaomi Diplock, Victor Galea and Rieks D. van Klinken 186

Acaciella angustissima: a soil seed bank studyChris Gardiner, Noemie Chanclud, Bree Clouten and Kendrick Cox 187

Growth of Koster’s curse (Clidemia hirta) from seedlings to reproductive maturity and following mechanical damage Michael F. Graham, Katie A. Patane and Stephen D. Setter 189

Neem – a new threat to northern riversDick Pasfi eld 192

Cytisus scoparius plants infected by the native parasitic plant Cassytha pubescens have reduced growth and reproductive outputJane Prider, José M. Facelli, Jennifer Watling and John Virtue 193

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UNDERSTANDING THE INVADER: IMPACTS

Using spatial models and a Bayesian belief network to predict risk of parkinsonia invasion at a landscape scale in northern AustraliaRieks D. van Klinken, Leonie Seabrook, Carl Smith, Justin Ryan and Clive McAlpine 194

Impact of biological control of Salvinia molesta on native plant species biodiversity in temperate climatesBertie R. Hennecke and Kristine French 195

Ecosystem impacts of an exotic grass in northern Australia: effects on structure and carbon stocksSamantha Setterfi eld, Michael Douglas, Lindsay Hutley, Keith Ferdinands, Emilie-Jane Ens, Kristine Brooks and Natalie Rossiter 198

GRDC RUSTLINKS

IS YOUR CEREAL VARIETYSUSCEPTIBLE TO RUST?

IF SO, YOU NEED TO MANAGE IT!FOR OPTIONS ON MANAGING RUST INYOUR CEREAL CROP GO TO …www.grdc.com.au/rustlinksKey messages to reducethe risk of rust are:■ Choose best-adapted cereal varieties

for your region with good levels of rustresistance (leaf, stripe and stem rust);

■ Close monitoring of your crop willassist with early detection andmanagement; and

■ Plan a rust management strategy(including cultural and chemicalelements) at the time the varietalchoice is made.

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Competitive effects of wireweed (Polygonum aviculare L.) in fi eld and glasshouse studiesViv F. Burnett, Ken R. Young, David McLaren, Sorn Norng, Rob Norton, Deirdre Lemerle and Roger Cousens 199

An investigation of the effects of disturbance on the establishment of Nassella neesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth (Poaceae) in an Australian native grasslandIan Faithfull, Colin Hocking and David McLaren 202

Do tissue chemical components and the effect of vegetation on soil properties contribute to the invasiveness of lippia (Phyla canescens)? – indications from soil moisture and plant calcium concentrationCheng-Yuan Xu and Rieks D. van Klinken 205

A preliminary assessment of the composition and cover of vascular plants associated with patches of Nassella neesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth (Poaceae) in an Australian native grasslandIan Faithfull, Colin Hocking and David McLaren 206

Ecology and herbicide tolerance of the native weeds that cause pimelea poisoningRichard G. Silcock, Michael B. Mann and Kerrin A. Morrissy 209

Native Rumex spp. (Polygonaceae) and their utilisation by the dock moth Pyropteron doryliformis (Ochsenheimer) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in AustraliaDianne B.J. Taylor, Helen Spafford and Tim A. Heard 212

Grader grass (Themeda quadrivalvis): changing savannah ecosystemsWayne D. Vogler and Nikki A. Owen 213

NEW TECHNOLOGIES: NEW TECHNOLOGY AND TOOLS

Low herbicide rates can lead to faster development of herbicide resistanceMichael Renton, Art Diggle and Stephen Powles 215

A spatio-temporal modelling framework for assessing the impact of weed management technologies on the spread of herbicide resistanceFiona H. Evans and Art J. Diggle 218

Mapping lantana using Landsat to further the National Weeds StrategyAndrew J. Stewart, Grant W. Hodgins, Tim J. Danaher and Andrew Clark 221

Precision guided mechanical weed controlMadan L. Gupta, Doug L. George and Leigh Norton 222

The Irvin Boom – adapting proven sugar cane industry weed management technology for dryland broadacre agricultureVikki Osten and Gavin Lotz 223

Simulating the spread of Miconia calvescens in Queensland’s Wet TropicsCameron S. Fletcher, David A. Westcott, B. Denise Hardesty, Helen T. Murphy and Dan J. Metcalfe 226

Breeding for improvement in weed competitive ability in bread wheatMichael C. Zerner, Gurjeet S. Gill and Greg J. Rebetzke 227

Soil amendments enhance soil solarisation effi ciency in controlling weeds under the environment of the United Arab EmeritesAli El-Keblawy and Fatima Al-Hammadi 228

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NEW TECHNOLOGIES: BIOCONTROL

Winning the lottery: return on investment from weed biocontrol programsRachel McFadyen 231

Applications of CLIMEX modelling leading to improved biological controlK.A.D. Wilmot Senaratne, William A. Palmer and Robert W. Sutherst 234

An update on progress towards biological control of Nassella neesiana in Australia and New ZealandFreda E. Anderson, Andrea C. Flemmer, Paula V. Hansen, David A. McLaren and Jane Barton 237

Factors infl uencing the release and establishment of weed biological control agentsHelen Spafford, Michael Day, Louise Morin and John Ireson 240

Progress on the biological control of two invasive aquatic plants, cabomba (Cabomba caroliniana) and alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)Shon Schooler and Mic Julien 243

Chondrostereum purpureum reduces the regeneration of gorse (Ulex europaeus) following application to cut stumpsGraeme W. Bourdôt and Geoff A. Hurrell 244

Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries - Biosecurity Queensland

DPI

&F_

3353

2

Biosecurity Queensland was formed as a business group of the Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI&F) on 1 March 2007. The Invasive Plants and Animals Unit within Biosecurity Queensland is primarily the former Land Protection plus a unit covering marine pests.

Invasive Plants and Animals provides leadership and supports weed and pest animal management throughout Queensland. We are dedicated to minimising the environmental, social and economic impacts of declared weeds and pest animals on the profitability of industry, maintenance of natural resources, management of biodiversity, and our way of life.

On behalf of the Queensland Government, Invasive Plants and Animals provides services relating to the management of weeds and pest animals to local government, industry groups, community groups, landholders and other State Government departments. The unit provides:

Excellence in biosecurity practice and scienceVisit our new website at www.dpi.qld.gov.au and go to weeds and pest animals.

information

planning support

practices

priority new incursions

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Phyla canescens: multiple introductions into Australia as revealed by ISSR markers and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) Mohammad Fatemi, Caroline Gross, Mic Julien and John A. Duggin 247

The salvinia weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae controls salvinia in temperate SydneyPaul R. Sullivan, Lesley A. Postle and Royce H. Holtkamp 250

Infection process of Septocyta ruborum, a coelomycetous fungus with potential for biological control of European blackberry in AustraliaJanita Baguant, Robin J. Adair and Ann C. Lawrie 251

Defoliation of Cirsium vulgare and Cirsium arvense rosettes by goatsKerry C. Harrington, Wagner B. Beskow and John Hodgson 254

Prospects for Hudson pear biological control in AustraliaRoyce H. Holtkamp 255

Feasibility of biological control of silverleaf nightshade in AustraliaRaelene M. Kwong, Jean Louis Sagliocco, John Weiss, Trevor Hunt and Tereso Morfe 256

Two biological control options for Sonchus oleraceus in AustraliaKathryn L. McCarren and John K. Scott 259

Boneseed rust: a highly promising candidate for biological controlLouise Morin and Alan Wood 262

Additional strains of the Noogoora burr rust fungus to enhance biocontrol in Northern AustraliaLouise Morin, Melissa Piper, Raelene M. Kwong, Rieks D. van Klinken and Blair Grace 263

Prospects for the biological control of the weedy sporobolus grasses in AustraliaWilliam A. Palmer, Kwasi S. Yobo and Arne B.R. Witt 264

Impact evaluation of bridal creeper biological control in southern NSWAdele Reid, Louise Morin and Michael Neave 267

Prairie ground cherry: what should be done before it is too late?Jean-Louis Sagliocco, Raelene M. Kwong, David McLaren, John Weiss, Tereso Morfe and Trevor Hunt 268

Parthenium weed: management prospects in PakistanAsad Shabbir and Steve W. Adkins 271

Survival of dock moth larvae, Pyropteron doryliformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), in tubers of fi ddle dock (Rumex pulcher)Helen Spafford, Jodie Hawley and Geoff Strickland 272

Interactions between three weed biological control agents of Paterson’s curse, Echium plantagineumHelen Spafford, Jodie Hawley, Paul Wilson and Geoff Strickland 275

The establishment and spread of the latest biocontrol agents released against Lantana camara in AustraliaDianne B.J. Taylor, Natasha Riding, Annerose Chamberlain, Andrew Clark and Michael D. Day 279

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NEW TECHNOLOGIES: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOHERBICIDES

Molecular control of sexual reproduction in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)Andrew Young, Michael Groszmann, Susan Hoebee, Joshua Koh, Ed Newbigin and Steve Swain 280

Towards a bioherbicide for alligator weedRoss L. Gilbert, Geoff M. Gurr, Michael J. Priest and Andrew Mitchell 283

Evaluation of fungal isolates for potential use as mycoherbicides for seed bank reduction of Parkinsonia aculeataRuey Toh, Victor J. Galea, Naomi Diplock and Rieks D. van Klinken 284

Glyphosate displays disease control activity in glyphosate resistant cropsPaul C.C. Feng, Frank C. Kohn, R. Douglas Sammons and Keith A. Kretzmer 287

NEW TECHNOLOGIES: HERBICIDE CONTROL

Prolonging glyphosate effectiveness on diffi cult to control summer weedsJeff Werth, Michael Widderick, Vikki Osten and Steve Walker 288

BOXER® GOLD, a fl exible new pre-emergent herbicide alternative for the control of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) and toad rush (Juncus bufonius L.) in wheat and barleyCraig A. Ruchs 291

“ The most effective weed killer is not found in a bottle...”

...it’s found in strong and supportive partnerships.

Partnerships that enable an efficient and long-term alignment of effort, the sharing of knowledge and resources and the development and implementation of innovative pest management programs.

Partnerships that deliver results!

Terrain NRM is proud to join with Local Governments in supporting pest management initiatives through:

· Attracting funding for strategic regional programs suchas Blueprint for the Bush - Pond Apple & Weed Spreadand Defeating the Weed Menace - Pond Apple &Hymenachne Control.

· Facilitating negotiations for priority setting of on-groundcontrol sites across the region and the monitoring andreporting of weed incursions.

· Collaboration with other weed management partnersand associated projects such as Weed Watchers andCatchment Groups.

· Circulation of regional weed management informationand the promotion of weed management initiatives.

· Establishment of work crews and the fostering ofstrategic partnerships for on-ground delivery of pestmanagement programs.

For more information contact Kathryn Dryden on: (07) 4043 8037 or visit: www.terrain.org.au

xix


The effi cacy of Spray Seed® and Axial® herbicides on the narrow-leaved targets annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) and oats (Avena spp.) when applied with a range of nozzle types and water volumesJason W.G. Sabeeney and Garth R. Wickson 294

Pyroxsulam for broad-spectrum weed control in wheatGreg S. Wells 297

Florasulam + MCPA for broad spectrum broadleaf weed control in winter cereals in southern AustraliaPeter Nott 300

Control of Lantana camara following monthly applications of herbicides at Tarong, QueenslandChristopher O. Love and Ian D. Corr 303

Annual ryegrass control affected by choice of management systemRex Stanton, James Pratley and David Hudson 306

Seedbank management of Orobanche ramosa in South AustraliaJohn M. Matthews, Daryl Miegel, Dorothy Hayton and S. Lamey 309

Controlling seed set of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) with herbicide application during reproduction Aik Cheam and Siew Lee 312

Effects of isoxafl utole on the growth and nodulation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under different soil nitrogen ratesAvishek Datta, Brian M. Sindel, Robin S. Jessop and Warwick L. Felton 313

Rainfastness of phenoxy herbicide formulations on four pasture weedsTrevor K. James, Anis Rahman and Alan Cliffe 316

Herbicide tolerance in pasture legumes and herbsPeter Lockley and Hanwen Wu 319

An assessment of native tree susceptibility to the simulated aerial application of the herbicide fl upropanate, for management of exotic unpalatable grassesDavid A. McLaren, Kelly Snell and Kym Butler 323

The tolerance of grapevines to herbicidesJohn H. Moore and Colin L. McDonald 326

The performance of AXIAL® in the control of aryloxyphenoxy propionate resistant wild oats (Avena spp.) in wheat and barleyCraig A. Ruchs 329

Home among the gum trees – not necessarily so for silverleaf nightshadeRex Stanton, Hanwen Wu, Min An and Diedre Lemerle 330

Florasulam + clopyralid for broad spectrum broadleaf weed control in winter cereals in southern AustraliaGreg S. Wells 333

Florasulam + isoxaben for management of herbicide resistant wild radish in Western AustraliaGreg S. Wells 336

Understanding the behaviour of dazomet in dryland broad acre fi eld situationsAnna M. Williams, Nick M. Secomb and John G. Virtue 339

xx


INNOVATIVE PRACTICES AND APPROACHES: COMMUNITY PROCESSES

A review of the National Weed Detection ProjectS. Jane Morton 340

Bush For Life: a successful model for community participation Mark F. Ellis, Andrew Allanson and Peter Watton 343

National blackberry biological control program in partnership with the communityLouise Morin, Robin Adair, Ruth Aveyard, Kathy Evans, Don Gomez, John Lester and Paul Yeoh 344

Sessile joyweed (Alternanthera sessilis): a popular leafy vegetable in South East Asia but federal noxious weed in USALalith Gunasekera 347

The Cape York Weeds and Feral Animals Program: undertaking pest management on Cape YorkTrent Cini 349

When do we need to incorporate human behaviour into models of weed control, and how do we do it?Shaun Coutts, Yvonne Buckley and Hiroyuki Yokomizo 352

xxi


Social aspects associated with the continual spread of Sagittaria platyphyllaLauren Forrest 353

What does your garden grow? - educating the home gardenerAnnette Beer, Birgitte Verbeek and Rita Reitano 357

Alligator weed: from backyards to nature in VictoriaLalith Gunasekera and Julio Bonilla 358

Developing and implementing a regional weed management strategy through a community engagement and education processSusan King, Alice Beilby and Alison Derry 360

Engaging the Victorian fodder industry for improved weed managementClaire Norris 362

Understanding the invaderClare Raven and Kym Johnson 365

Educate to eradicate: incorporating weed issues into primary educationAlyssa Schembri, Hillary Cherry, Julie Haeusler, Jane West and Birgitte Verbeek 368

INNOVATIVE PRACTICES AND APPROACHES: PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION

Defeating the Weed Menace R&D: facilitating innovation and adoptionJudy Lambert 369

Guidelines for improving impact evaluation of weed biocontrolAdele M. Reid, Louise Morin and Royce H. Holtkamp 372

Evaluation: providing better weed awareness outcomes for NSWAlyssa Schembri, Annette McCaffery and Birgitte Verbeek 375

A strategic framework for managing the environmental impacts of weeds on public land in Victoria, AustraliaStephen J. Platt, Robin Adair, Matt White, David Cheal and Nigel Ainsworth 376

INNOVATIVE PRACTICES AND APPROACHES: BIODIVERSITY

Optimising weed control by considering disturbance Jennifer Firn, Tracy Rout, Hugh Possingham and Yvonne Buckley 379

The NSW Bitou Bush Threat Abatement Plan: the fi rst two yearsAlana L. Burley, Scott A. King and Paul O. Downey 383

The weed control paradox: effect of management disturbance on the composition and structure of invaded communitiesAlice Yeates 386

Determining sites for weed control and biodiversity conservationPaul O. Downey 387

Weed management guides: managing weeds for biodiversityMargaret A. Robertson 389

xxii


Implications of successful biological control of bridal creeper (Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce) in south-west AustraliaPeter J. Turner, John K. Scott and Helen Spafford 390

The triage approach to conserving biodiversity from lantana invasionPeter J. Turner, Mark A. Hamilton and Paul O. Downey 393

INNOVATIVE PRACTICES AND APPROACHES: POLICY AND STRATEGY

Developing a national incursion response plan for high priority weedsPhilip E. Maher, Mike Cole and S. Jane Morton 394

A national approach to weed categorisation and managementMartin Hannan-Jones and Steve Csurhes 395

Nursery and Garden Industry and invasive plantsRobert Chin 398

Preventing further introduction and spread of aquatic weeds through the ornamental plant tradeAndrew Petroeschevsky and Paul Champion 399

Strategic weed communications to meet client needsAnnette McCaffery, Alyssa Schembri and Birgitte Verbeek 403

xxiii


A cooperative model for tackling weeds across a regional landscapePaul Devine, Kirby T. Doak, Matt Hyde and Darlene Irvine 404

‘Green bulldozers’ and ‘fl ammable triffi ds’: responding to the threats posed by invasive grasses in tropical northern AustraliaKeith Ferdinands and Samantha Setterfi eld 407

Prioritising weed management for biodiversity conservation at the NRM levelMoira C. Williams, Bruce Auld, Clare M. O’Brien, Neil Rendell and Paul O. Downey 408

Reducing the risk of new weed introductions through strategic engagementMark Farrer and Stephen Young 411

Can noxious weed legislation be used to deliver biodiversity conservation? Examination of the New South Wales Noxious Weeds Act 1993Stephen. B. Johnson and Paul O. Downey 414

Optimal frequency for woody weed management for North Queensland grazing properties: an economic perspectiveAndrew F. Zull, Roger A. Lawes and Oscar J. Cacho 415

INNOVATIVE PRACTICES AND APPROACHES: PREVENTION AND ERADICATION

Evaluating progress in weed eradication programsF. Dane Panetta and Simon J. Brooks 418

Working towards eradication of Miconia calvescens and M. nervosa in a tropical rainforest: history, current status and future challengesTravis A. Sydes and Kylie E. Galway 421

Processes leading to the detection of tropical weed infestations during an eradication programSimon J. Brooks and Kylie E. Galway 424

Eradication versus long-term surveillance and removal: contrasting approaches to Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norlindh management in AustraliaHillary Cherry 427

The National Four Tropical Weeds Eradication Program: a case study for future weed eradication projects in the wet tropicsKimberley Erbacher, Travis A. Sydes, Kylie E. Galway and Simon J. Brooks 430

Is eradication of the invasive tree miconia feasible? Lessons from 15 years of active management in French Polynesia (Pacifi c Islands)Jean-Yves Meyer 433

Gorse control in Western AustraliaJohn H. Moore and P. Williams 434

Hygrophila costata demonstration and pilot eradication projectPhillip L. Moran and Vanessa Moscato 437

Stemming the spread – the lantana containment zone projectMichele Rogers and Kym Johnson 441

xxiv


INNOVATIVE PRACTICES AND APPROACHES: APPLICATION

Innovative methods of water hyacinth removal in tropical coastal wetlands – cutting the costsVern Veitch, Damien Burrows and David Hudson 444

Infl uence of tillage on patterns of weed seedling emergence in riceBhagirath S. Chauhan and David E. Johnson 448

The control of bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypifolia) monocultures – properties of a bellyache bush burnAcacio da Costa Guterres, Penny Wurm, John Janes and Tania Paul 451

Weedy fi re regimes: incorporating weed issues into fi re programsPaul Williams 454

Lantana best practice management – the decision support toolDaniel Stock, Kym Johnson and Andrew Clark 457

The utility of molecular marker approaches to understanding plant invasionsBritta Denise Hardesty and David Westcott 460

Weed spread prevention: simple activities for fi eld operationsJodie Bocking, Kylie E. Galway and Simon J. Brooks 461

Using land manager workshops to develop serrated tussock best management practicesPeter Fullerton, David A. McLaren, Michael Moerkerk, Charles Grech and Bronwen Wicks 464

Celebrating 20 years of innovation

Vegetation Solutions

› Urban Vegetation Specialists

› Declared & Environmental Weed Management

› Road Network Weed Management

› Spor tsfield & Turf Management

› Revegetation Projects

www.technigro.com.au

xxv


A rapid mapping method for Themeda quadrivalvis (grader grass) and other roadside weedsAndrew Colvill 467

Tactics for the control and possible eradication of terrestrial alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)Tony Cook and Andrew Storrie 469

Developing a one-stop shop for the biological control of Paterson’s curse in AustraliaRaelene Kwong and Greg Lefoe 472

Three steps to successful management of Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana)Kelly Snell and Charles Grech 473

INNOVATIVE PRACTICES AND APPROACHES: INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT

Weed seed removal by ants in the crop growing areas of Western AustraliaDavid M. Minkey and Helen Spafford 474

Depleting weed seed banks within non-crop phases for the benefi t of subsequent cropsDavid G. Ferris 477

Control and seed production of annual ryegrass in wide row lupins in the Western Australian wheatbeltAbul Hashem, Alex Douglas, Shahab Pathan, Glen Riethmuller and Sally Peltzer 480

Competitive effects of sorghum cultivars and densities on weed suppressionHanwen Wu, Steven R. Walker, Vikki A. Osten and Geoff Robinson 483

Chilean needle grass – three years of best practice managementCharles J. Grech, David A. McLaren and Brian M. Sindel 487

The effect of fi re and herbicide on rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandifl ora) in Bowling Green Bay National Park, QueenslandEleanor M. Collins, Anthony J. Contarino, Jeffrey Hasted and Paul R. Williams 488

Lion’s tail control at Boodjamulla National ParkCarly Greig 491

PR08

-349

6

Visit the WoNS display or website:www.weeds.org.au/WoNS

Weeds of National Significance... destroying Australia’s landscapes

The WoNS program ... coordinating the effort against 20 of Australia’s worst invasive plants.

xxvi


Managing herbicide resistance in wide row lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) in Western AustraliaAbul Hashem, Mike Collin, David Bowran and Paul Blackwell 494

AAco winning the war on weeds: research, trial and innovationSuzanne Kearins and Claire Dyason 495

Inter- and intra-row herbicide application strategies for the control of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in wide-row faba beans (Vicia faba)Samuel G.L. Kleemann and Gurjeet S. Gill 496

An economic evaluation of weed management options for cotton-based farming systems in MuzarabaniZira Mavunganidze, Arnold B. Mashingaidze, O.A. Chivinge, Jim Ellis-Jones, M. Mutenje and Richard Foti 497

Integrated management of blackberry in Western AustraliaJohn Moore, Andrew Reeves and Simon Merewether 500

Managing perennial summer weeds with competitive pasturesRex Stanton, Hanwen Wu, Brian Dear and Deirdre Lemerle 503

Cover cropping as a weed management tool in southern Australian farming systemsHanwen Wu, Eric Koetz, De Li Liu, Min An, Deirdre Lemerle and Jim Pratley 504

INNOVATIVE PRACTICES AND APPROACHES: MODELLING

Weeds getting steamed-up in the tropics: climate change effects on ecosystem water use effi ciency and woody plant rangeDarren J. Kriticos 506

Improving the agent selection, release and evaluation process: the role of bioclimatic modellingBen E. Lawson, Rieks D. van Klinken, Michael D. Day, Tim A. Heard and Myron P. Zalucki 510

Modelling to estimate glyphosate resistance risk in barnyard grass in the northern Australian grain regionDavid Thornby, Steven R. Walker and Jeremy P.M. Whish 513

The potential impact of Scotch broom on softwood forestry in AustraliaKarina J.B. Potter, Darren J. Kriticos and Michael S. Watt 516

Ocean dispersal modelling for propagules of pond apple (Annona glabra L.)Luciano B. Mason, Melissa J. Setter, Stephen D. Setter, Thomas Hardy and Michael F. Graham 519

Climate change impacts on Scotch broom in AustraliaKarina J.B. Potter, Darren J. Kriticos and Agathe Leriche 522

AUTHORS’ INDEX 525

KEYWORD INDEX 528

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