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Page 1: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,
Page 2: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy

Georgirene D. VladutiuDepartments of Pediatrics, Neurology,and Pathology & Anatomical SciencesSchool of Medicine & Biomedical SciencesUniversity at Buffalo & Kaleida Health Laboratories, Buffalo, N.Y. USA

Page 3: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Disclosure Statement

There are no conflicts of interest to disclose.Research Support: ◊ The John R. Oishei Foundation◊ NHLBI

Page 4: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

The Robert Guthrie Biochemical& Molecular Genetics Laboratory

Biochemical testing for metabolic disorders Primarily metabolic muscle diseases 

Molecular testing for triggerable myopathies Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) II deficiency

McArdle disease (myophosphorylase deficiency)

Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency

Very long‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Caveolin‐3 deficiency

www.rgbmgl.org

Page 5: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Increasing Referral of Statin Myopathy Cases

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1998-2000

2001-03 2004-06

No# of biopsies

Page 6: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Hypothesis

A higher proportion of individuals with statin myopathy will have underlying heritable metabolic muscle disorders than expected in the general population or in statin‐tolerant controls. 

Page 7: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Genetic Risk for Underlying Muscle Disease

10% of severe statin myopathy patients had disease‐causing mutations (3 disorders) 3% of statin‐tolerant controls had mutations

Carriers for CPT II deficiency and McArdledisease increased 12‐ and 20‐fold, respectively, over general population 

Homozygotes for myoadenylate deaminasedeficiency increased 3.25‐fold

Vladutiu GD et al. Muscle Nerve 2006; 34:153

Page 8: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Severe vs. Mild Statin Myopathy

Page 9: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Definitions Severe Statin Myopathy (0.5%; ~200,000)

Incapacitating muscle pain and/or weakness; rhabdomyolysis Persistent symptoms post-therapy; progressive worsening;

CK>4XULN Can no longer tolerate lower doses of statins 11% report unsolicited “foggy thinking”; memory loss; few

transient global amnesia

Mild Statin Myopathy (10-15%; 4-6 million) Mild aches and pains Change in dose or “drug holidays” eliminates symptoms 2% report “foggy/fuzzy thinking” & memory problems

`

Page 10: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Statin Myopathy Study Recruitment  2003‐12

TOTAL 875

CAUCASIAN 784

MILD MYOPATHY 362

SEVERE MYOPATHY 302

STATIN TOLERANT 120

Page 11: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

72% of Caucasians on statin therapy reported that CK was measured

38% reported values for CK

Page 12: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Plasma Creatine Kinase  

CK value known?38%

(n=216)

SevereCases65%

(n=145)

MildCases31%(n=67)

Tolerant Controls

2%(n=4)

Normal CK 40 (28%) 23 (34%) 3 (75%)

>2XULN 91 (63%) 44 (66%) 1 (25%)

> 2XULN <5XULN 23 (25%) 31 (70%) 1

> 5XULN <10XULN 22 (24%) 4 (9%) 0

> 10XULN 46 (51%) 9 (21%) 0

Page 13: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Among those with known CK values, 78% had persistent symptoms post‐therapy 

of varying durations

Page 14: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Persistent Symptoms in Severe &     Mild Cases with CK Measured

Persistent Symptoms Any Duration?78% (n=168)

Severe Cases89% (n=129)

Mild Cases58% (n=39)

Persistent Symptoms > 6 months

Normal CK 74% 60%

> 2XULN <5XULN 91% 50%

> 5XULN <10XULN 75% 0

> 10XULN 79% 75%

Page 15: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Comprehensive Genotyping for Susceptibility to Metabolic Muscle Disease Microarray analysis for pathogenic mutations causing muscle diseases with overlapping symptoms 345 mutations (2 variants*) 15 genes Screened 396 statin takers; 167 non‐statin rhabdomyolysis

*SLCO1B1  & EYS gene variants

Page 16: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Categories of DiseaseIncluded on Microarray

• Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders• Glycogen Storage Diseases • Dystrophies• Myoadenylate Deaminase Def.• Malignant Hyperthermia 

Page 17: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Molecular Analysis of Severe Statin Myopathy 2010‐12

Disease‐Causing Mutations & Variants

Severe Statin Myopathy (%)

n=282

Non‐Statin‐Induced Rhabdo

n=167

Statin‐Tolerant Controls (%)

n=114

Total Disease Allele Frequencies

(13 genes)16.3 17.4 4.4

PYGM,CPT2,ACADACADVL,LPIN,

AMPD17.5 12.0 4.4

MalignantHyperthermia

(RYR1 & CACNA1S)

4.2 2.4 0

Vladutiu et al. Molec Genet Metab 2011; 104:167

Page 18: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Frequency of Mutant Alleles in  Severe Statin Myopathy

Major GenesUnderlying 

Statin Myopathy

General Population  

Allele Frequency

Severe Statin 

Myopathy

Non‐Statin Rhabdo.

Statin‐Tolerant Controls 

RYR1 1 in 2000 1 in 35 1 in 42 0

CACNA1S Unknown 1 in 70 0 0

CPT2 1 in 270 1 in 47 1 in 21 1 in 114

PYGM 1 in 170 1 in 57 1 in 21 0

ACADVL Unknown 1 in 56 1 in 167 1 in 114

Page 19: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Statin Use by Test GroupsAll Races

StatinSevere Statin Myopathy (%)

n=306

Mild Statin Myopathy (%)

n=383

Statin ‐Tolerant (%)

n=117

Atorvastatin 52 54 71

Simvastatin 23 22 8.5

Rosuvastatin 13 11 5

Pravastatin 6 7 8

Page 20: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

CONCLUSIONS Genetic risk for heritable muscle diseases in 13 disease genes underlies >16% of severe statin myopathy cases.

Plasma CK ranges from normal to >10XULN in severe & mild cases.

Persistent symptoms post‐therapy occur in 78% of cases.

Persistent symptoms > 6 mos present in >¾ of severe cases in each CK range.

Page 21: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Risk Groups Eligible for Metabolic Muscle Disease Testing

Page 22: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Planned Future Research (2014)

Next Generation Targeted Sequencing of genes implicated in triggerable muscle diseases

Whole Exome Sequencing to identify new target genes and pathogenic variants causing muscle disease

Page 23: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Statin MyopathyProject CollaboratorsCedars‐Sinai Medical Center, Los AngelesRobert Davidson, M.D.Dani Hackner, M.D.Prediman Shah, M.D.Michael Weisman, M.D.

Columbia University Medical Center – New YorkAlfred Slonim, M.D.

Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center – Lebanon, NHRobert Wortmann, M.D.

Page 24: 16- VLADUTIU NEW TALK-JUNE 1ST - National Lipid Association · 2017-01-04 · Genetic Risk Underlying Statin‐Induced Myopathy Georgirene D. Vladutiu Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology,

Henry Ford Hospital – DetroitNiganand Sripathi, M.D.

Johns Hopkins University Myositis Center ‐ BaltimoreAlan Baer, M.D.Lisa Christopher‐Stine, M.D.Andrew Mammen, M.D.

McMaster Children’s Hospital/Hamilton Health Sciences FoundationSteven Baker, M.D.Mark Tarnopolsky, M.D., Ph.D.

Medical College of Wisconsin ‐MilwaukeeAlexandru Barboi, M.D.Wendy Peltier, M.D.

University at BuffaloPaul J. Isackson, Ph.D.Edward Fine, M.D.