16 h45 27.07 johannes ruwwe evonik - 2011-07-27 (noticias)

Beyond B5 -

A technology view

on EU and Brazil

Johannes Ruwwe

July 27, 2011

Biodiesel Congress - Beyond B5

2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 2

Our positioning

Evonik is the

creative industrial Group

from Germany.


An attractive company

• One of the global

leaders in its core

specialty chemicals

business

• Investments in the

energy and real

estate sectors


Who makes lightweight

construction light?

We do.

placeholder visual


Who drives 5.000 km

without any gasoline?

We do.

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Who proves that biodiesel

can power vehicles other

than tractors?

We do.


Key Figures

Sales 2010 €13,3 billion

Chemicals €12,9 billion

Real Estate €0,4 billion

EBITDA €2,365 billion

Profitability (EBITDA margin) 17,8%

Return on capital employed (ROCE) 15,0%

Employees 2010 34.407


A presence in over 100 countries


1. A quick view on EU mandates / blends

2. Feedstock / raw materials

3. Quality issues

4. Specifications

5. Engine operability

6. Conclusion


Biofuels mandates: parts of Europe

require blends higher than B5

source: Kingsman report

EU member states

address

Renewable Energy

Directive (RED 2009/28)

and

Fuels Quality Directive

(FQD 2009/30)

by National Action Plans

(nREAP’s).

These imply:

Blending obligations,

some higher than B5.


Mandates, blends and

EU fuel standards:

Germany (largest EU market):

B4.4 minimum obligation, B7 widely in place;

in the past, Germany had a B100 market (in 2007: 1,8 mio t);

France (2nd largest EU market):

B7 minimum obligation and B7 in place;

many other member states have similar obligations and blends in place:

B7 is a reality in Europe !

Diesel norm EN590: allows up to 7% (v/v) FAME in fossil diesel

(since 2009, up from 5% after revision);

CEN has mandates to evaluate B10 and also B30.




3. Quality issues

4. Specifications


6. Conclusion


EU Biodiesel -

production-consumption-feedstock

10

2020

19 ?

2010

12

consumption [mio t/a]

production [mio t/a] Major local feedstock:

- Rapeseed oil

- Sunflower oil (very little)

- Used oils and animal fats

allow double counting for the quota

in some member states (UK, NL, D).

Europe is short in feedstock,

the gap will become larger with higher

biodiesel volumes for mandates.

The shortage is and will be overcome by

feedstock and/or biodiesel imports:

mainly soybean oil and palm oil based.


EU Biodiesel –

a view on other raw materials

Catalyst:

- most processes in the EU run on Alkoxide catalysts

(mainly sodium methylate, some potassium methylate),

- Evonik used to be the market leader for biodiesel catalysts

right from the start of the industry;

Methanol:

- commodity type product, usually there are no issues in the EU,

- some attempts on bio-methanol;

Chemicals:

- Sulfuric, hydrochloric acid, caustic, …

commodity type products, usually no issues.


Comparison of the EU and Brazil

supply situation

Brazil EU

Feedstock

Feedstock / crushing

availability allows easily

for

B7 or even B10

Feedstock is short,

growth will rely on imports

Catalyst

Catalyst is available;

Evonik has started to

build its South America

plant

Readily available

Methanol and

chemicals

Availability not a problem,

logistics may be lengthy Readily available

Brazil has really favorable conditions to go beyond B5 !




3. Quality issues

4. Specifications


6. Conclusion


A good Biodiesel Quality is of utmost importance for

- the products acceptance,

- trouble-free vehicle operation;

Not only true for the EU; make sure to have:

- lowest possible content of impurities / contaminants:

- (saturated) Mono-Glycerides,

- Sterol Glucosides;

- the right feedstock in the right climate;

- proper Oxidation stability;

- proper drying and storage in order to avoid microbial attack;

- an efficient and reliable quality system.

Biodiesel Quality (I)


Impurities / contaminants:

In the EU (mainly Scandinavia)

- saturated Mono-Glycerides (MGs):

were identified as one of the species

responsible for filter blocking issues;

saturated MGs should be removed,

e.g. by a process optimization.

- Sterol Glucosides:

were identified as potential species to cause

delayed precipitation and filter blocking, too;

rapeseed oil does not contain as much

sterol glucosides as soybean oil,

however, they should be removed.

Biodiesel Quality (II)

source: The Swedish

Petroleum Institute


Oxidation Stability:

very important parameter to avoid problems in

the fuel injection system;

Same test in Brazil and EU (Rancimat, 6h min.).

- FAME / diesel norms (for B7) very strongly

recommend the use of antioxidants;

- some EU markets have a

mandatory addition of Antioxidants,

e.g. France: 1000ppm BHT;

- Antioxidants are the only type of additives that

are often required and generally accepted

at the refinery / terminal blender level;

- a no-harm list for Antioxidants (32 products)

is in place in the EU.

Biodiesel Quality (III)

source: Bosch

corrosion

deposit formation

resin formation

filter clogging, injector coking, …


Microbial attack on biodiesel and blends:

Microbes are a minor problem in:

- Biodiesel: water is dissolved

- fossil diesel: water separates;

however, in biodiesel blends:

water forms small droplets and becomes

accessible to microorganisms (bacteria, fungi),

Bio-fouling / bio-sludge may become an issue:

solution: - good housekeeping,

- low water content (200ppm),

- nitrogen blanketing,

- if need be: Biocides.

Biodiesel Quality (IV)

source: Schülke&Mayr

filter clogging

corrosion


Comparison of the EU and Brazil

quality prerequisites

Brazil EU

Quality

management

system

ANP;

producers; distributors

AGQM, since 1999;

producers and traders

Cold flow

properties

Soy: reasonable

Tallow, Palm: bad

Rapeseed: good

Imported feedstock: depends

Filterability /

contamination

Sterol glucosides:

high in Soybean oil

mono-glycerides:

process related

Sterol glucosides:

low in Rapeseed oil

mono-glycerides:

process related

Oxidation

stability

Soy: low

Tallow, Palm: high

Rapeseed: medium to good

distilled FAME: bad (UCOME)

Microbial attack not related to feedstock or process

Brazil feedstock and quality prerequisites are good to go beyond B5 !




3. Quality issues

4. Specifications


6. Conclusion


B100 specifications – EN 14214

FAME for blends

200ppm water

often required

Under review: 8h,

sometimes already spec

SME would fail 120g iodine/100g,

however, reasonably accepted

Parts of Scandinavia require

0.5 or 0.3% mono-glycerides

Alkaline and earth alkaline

metals under review: 2ppm ?

Phosphorus: already stricter

(10 -> 4ppm), under review: 2ppm

Table from: The Biodiesel Handbook, 2nd ed.

cfpp requirements: -20 – 0°C

regionally and seasonally;

No cold soak filter test


B100 specifications – NBR 15512

MG, DG, TG required to

calculate total glycerin;

Keep an eye on MGs !

cfpp under review: 12°C;

too relaxed, esp. South Brazil

Consider to do better

than Rancimat 6h: 8h

Table from: The Biodiesel Handbook, 2nd ed.

Consider to do better:

200ppm internal spec


Comparison of some parameters of

the EU and Brazil specification

Brazil EU

Mono-glycerides Not specifically listed MGs listed, however,

not totally satisfying

Oxidation

stability Should be more strict Should be more strict

Cold flow / cfpp

filterability

Tallow ME may create

problems in the field;

cfpp of 19°C or 12°C:

too relaxed

cfpp requirement by

season and region;

CFIs required

Both Brazil and EU spec require ongoing review.




3. Quality issues

4. Specifications


6. Conclusion


Engine operability (1)

Biodiesel and Biodiesel blends in the EU are used in

- passenger cars,

- trucks and heavy duty engines.

Passenger cars:

For some carmakers’ technologies difficulties with blends >B7 were reported:

- engine oil dilution (with fuel),

- reduced oil viscosity, potentially resulting in engine problems.

Findings: the effect is due to the post injection strategy

for diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration;

it is limited to short distance operation.


Trucks and heavy duty engines:

Many producers have released large parts of their fleets of

trucks, buses, and heavy duty engines for B10 or higher blends, even B100:

Engine operability (2)

Some amendments of the EU Biodiesel norm (EN14214) are implemented

to cope with the diesel particulate filter requirements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P).

An extensive list of approvals is available:

source: UFOP http://www.ufop.de/downloads/201006_Biodiesel_approvals_B100.pdf


Comparison of operability issues

Brazil EU

Passenger

cars

No issues;

virtually no diesel engine

in passenger car fleet

Some carmaker see

upper limit at 7% FAME

Trucks and

heavy duty

Major part of engines

approved for B0 – B100

Major part of engines

approved for B0 – B100

Introduction of blends beyond B5 appears to be easier in Brazil;

bio-fraction used in private car fleet is ethanol.




3. Quality issues

4. Specifications


6. Conclusion


Conclusion

Brazil EU

Feedstock ?

Catalyst / chemicals

Quality prerequisites

Specification ?

Biodiesel acceptance

- B7 is well introduced in the EU, despite some

technical drawbacks and quality issues in the early days;

- Major issue in EU is the feedstock situation;

- From a technical point-of-view:

going beyond B5 seems to be easy for Brazil !


Biodiesel in Motorsports

No matter how you do it –

Quality Biodiesel is a

Performance product

16 h45 27.07 johannes ruwwe evonik - 2011-07-27 (noticias)

Technology

eu biodiesel production

eu mandates blends2

eu run

eu rancimat

germany largest eu market

eu fuel standards

biodiesel catalysts

quality issues4