16 - adolescence: psychosocial development
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16 - Adolescence: Psychosocial Development. Ages 11 to 18. Identity. Erikson Identity vs. role confusion “Who am I”. Identity Not Yet Achieved. Role confusion (Identity diffusion ) Don’t know, don’t care Few commitments to goals or values Apathy Foreclosure - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
16 - ADOLESCENCE: PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAges 11 to 18
IDENTITY Erikson
Identity vs. role confusion “Who am I”
IDENTITY NOT YET ACHIEVED Role confusion (Identity diffusion)
Don’t know, don’t care Few commitments to goals or values Apathy
Foreclosure Premature identity formation Adopting parents’ or society’s roles and values
rather than exploring their own Moratorium
Postponing identity achievement decisions College may be one way
FOUR AREAS OF IDENTITY FORMATION Religious identity
Often similar to parents Political identity– Often similar to parents
Vocational identity Sometimes similar to parents Adults often change vocations
Sexual (Gender) identity Accepting socially approved roles and behavior
of their gender Gender identity disorder
Does not identify with their biological sex
RELATIONSHIPS WITH ADULTS Conflicts with parents
Peaks in early adolescence More a sign of attachment rather than distance
Distant relationships ignore the other Neglect
Can be destructive for teenagers (Even though they want to feel independent)
CLOSENESS WITHIN THE FAMILY Four aspects of closeness
Communication Can both talk openly?
Support Do they rely on each other?
Connectedness Emotional closeness
Control How do parents exercise control?
Encourage or limit adolescent autonomy
CLOSENESS WITHIN THE FAMILY (CONT.) Parental monitoring
Monitoring of peers, friends, websites Positive – When warm, supportive Negative - When overly restrictive and
controlling
PEER POWER (PRESSURE)
SELECTING FRIENDS Selection
Choosing friends with common values and interests E.g. Academics, music, athletics
Facilitation Friends encourage behavior similar to the peer
group Positive
Studying together, church, sports Destructive
Skipping school, drinking, drugs
LEARNING ABOUT SEX Peers
Strongly influence sexual behavior Only half U.S. adolescents discuss pregnancy or
STD’s before being sexually active Parents
Underestimate need for information Wait too long before talking about sex
School Preferred by most parents Sex education varies dramatically by nation Abstinence-only programs
No significant impact on sexual activity Does education change behavior?
Depends more on family, peers, and culture than classes
SADNESS AND ANGER
SUICIDE Suicidal ideas (Ideation)
Ideas are common – completed suicides are not Adolescents are less likely to kill themselves than
adults are Gender differences
More girls attempt suicide than boys Boys are 4 times as successful Methods
Males shoot themselves Females use pills and hanging
DRUG USE AND ABUSE Age
Widespread ages 10-25 then decreases Drug use before 18 = best predictor of later drug
use 20% of adolescents never use drugs
Gender Boys use more drugs more often than girls
“If I don’t smoke, I am not a man.”
HARM FROM DRUGS
TOBACCO Slows down growth Damages heart, lungs, brains, and
reproductive systems
ALCOHOL Heavy drinking may permanently impair memory
Damaged hippocampus May impair self control
Damaged prefrontal cortex Denial of problems
Problems get worse
MARIJUANA People who regularly smoke marijuana are
more likely to: Drop out of school Become teenage parents Be unemployed
Affects: Memory Language Motivation
PREVENTING DRUG ABUSE Focus on friends and peers
First use is social Delay first use
Younger when starting = more likely addiction Massive ad campaigns
E.g. Smoking Generational forgetting
Each generation forgets what previous generations learned
Drug users tend to be more emotional & less reflective Interference with prefrontal cortex
SCARE TACTICS May increase drug use
Drugs seem exciting Adolescents recognize exaggeration Show a way to show defiance