150409 dr gil lisbon congress citizen participation smart cities

A model for innovation? Cities and the quest for citizen participationShanghai, Japan, Iskandar, New York, Amsterdam and Tarragona

Olga Gil Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND URBAN GOVERNANCE:

International Conference CITIZEN RESPONSIVE INNOVATIONS IN EUROPE AND IN AFRICA

Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, Portugal

International Geographical Union – Commission ‘Geography of Governance’Lisbon, 9-10 April 2015. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon.Thursday, April 9th, 16:30 – 18:30, Amphitheatre B

Director Carlos Nunes Silva

Anna Trono (University of Salento, Italy), Chair. Jan Bucek (Comenius University, Slovakia) Abderrahmane- Azzouz- Diafat(Université F. A. Sétif 1, Algeria), Discussants.

Using ideas and/or graphics from this presentation? Please quote as follows:

Gil, O. 2015. “A model for innovation? Cities and the quest for citizen participation: Shanghai, Japan, Iskandar, New York,Amsterdam and Tarragona.” International conference on Local Governance and Urban planning, Citizen Responsive

Innovations in Europe and Africa. Organized by the Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon,

Portugal and the International Geographical Union – Commission ‘Geography of Governance’ Lisbon, 9-10 April 2015

Scientific paper associated to this presentation is forthcoming in Academia and ResearchGate for free download in May 2015

https://uam.academia.edu/OlgaGil

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olga_Gil2

Presentations by Dr. Gil may be downloaded from http://www.slideshare.net/olga.gil

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https://uam.academia.edu/OlgaGil

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Understanding

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Vision, Strategy and

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management Academia @UAM_Madrid

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Citizen participation in cities Olga Gil @OlgaG3

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On the scientific side The Smart Local Team

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Olga Gil, PhD Carmen Navarro, PhD

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Citizen participation in cities Olga Gil @OlgaG

How do we apply the team work to “Smart” Cities?

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LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND URBAN GOVERNANCE:

International Conference CITIZEN RESPONSIVE INNOVATIONS IN EUROPE AND IN AFRICA

Scope

Definitions

Theory &

Framework

HipothesisModel

Amsterdam

Findings

Challenges

Annex I, II.

Index


ScopeDefinitions

Theory & framework

Hipothesys

Model

Amsterdam

Findings

Challenges

Citizen participation in cities Olga Gil @OlgaG 5

Theory Definitions of smart cities under three traditions:

1) human capital 2) technology [and 3) digital literacy]

Empirically What makes a city smart?

Differences in actual definition of smart in cities are

important. They are translated into differences in citizen

participation locally as we founded.More on definitions: www.slideshare.net/olga.gil/smart-cities-euraconference2013/6

Scope

DefinitionsTheory & framework

Hipothesys

Model

Amsterdam

Findings

Challenges


http://www.slideshare.net/olga.gil/smart-cities-euraconference2013/6

Theoretically

Differences among those three approaches: 1) human capital, 2)

technological progress, 3) the normative question: What are the skills

that people and citizens shall have to be digitally literate in the XXI

century?

TestingPeople and communities variable from 2)

Whether –digital literacy- is present or absent in the eight cities, from

3)

Scope

Definitions

Theory & frameworkHipothesys

Model

Amsterdam

Findings

Challenges


Model and the variables Scope

Definitions

Theory & frameworkHipothesys

Model

Amsterdam

Findings

Challenges


Unwraping the variable in the study


Hypothesis Factors to advance the smart plans are key to differentiate models of urban governance

Comparison includes non European cases. Why? Choice of cases driven by an interest to learn from innovation practices in different world institutional settings. Plus, an interest to get close to the industry and citizen participation

In previous work presented in Baltimore and Twente eight factors in five cities covered: management and organization, technology, governance, policy context, people and communities, economy, built infrastructure, and natural environment

Scope

Definitions

Theory & framework

HypothesisModel

Amsterdam

Findings

Challenges


Urban Annual Growth Rate % shows converging trend


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Results

Global Picture

Scope

Definitions

Theory & framework

Hipothesis

Model

Amsterdam

Findings

Challenges


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Scope

Definitions

Theory & framework

Hipothesys

Model

AmsterdamFindings

Challenges


13


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• Amsterdam most deviant case in

citizen participation, scoring the highest

• Confirmation of hypothesis: smart plans

are key to diferenciate cases

• Small size favors experiments, however

Scope

Definitions

Theory & framework

Hipothesys

Model

Amsterdam

FindingsChallenges

Concluding remarks


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People and Communities

• Have a bigger say in the case of New York, where we find windows of opportunity for citizen developers and firms, as well as Amsterdam.

• Citizens participate mainly as users in the case of Santander, Tarragona and Japan -residents are those specifically addressed to contribute in Japan.

• In the case of Iskandar, city dwellers would participate in security issues according to the drafted plans.

• In Shanghai top participants are members of the party.

Findings in the other cases


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● Wide gap among the language of policy makers,

firms and citizens/communities. The challenge to

incorporate people and communities into

participatory projects

● The stress on what smarts entails is very different

and open to policy conceptualization --in some

cases, open to society engagement

● Evaluation is key, and we find Shanghai and Japan doing it

Scope

Definitions

Theory & framework

Hipothesis

Model

Amsterdam

FindingsChallenges

Concluding remarks


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Findings’ headline“smartness as a vision to respond to local governance challenges”

Generally: Significant role that local governments play in cities

Shanghai: Giant developing infrastructure and global influence

Malaysia: Getting a place in the geo-regional area

Japan and Amsterdam: Facing energy constraints with innovation

New York: Innovation for civic engagement

Spain: Opportunities for economic reactivation?

Scope

Definitions

Theory & framework

Hipothesis

Model

Amsterdam

FindingsChallenges


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Can we conceive of a smaller scale citizenship

that provides rights and responsibilities to

denizens of a local región?

Scope

Definitions

Theory & framework

Hipothesis

Model

Amsterdam

Findings

Challenges


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(1) “stakeholders” determined by functional effect would replace citizens grouped in territorial

constituencies as the principal agents of participation

(2) political parties would have no recognized (and certainly no privileged) access to

participation in governance arrangements and would be replaced by individual or collective

stakeholders

(3) consensus formation among representatives with unequal functional capacities would

replace various forms of voting by individuals or deputies with equal political rights as the usual

decision-making mechanism

(4) executive or administrative authorities would normally take over the role of “chartering”

such arrangements – delegating their scope and determining their composition – rather than the

competitively and popularly elected representatives of the legislature

(5) the ‘liberal’ distinction between public and private actors would be deliberately blurred in

terms of responsibility for making but also for implementing publicly binding decisions

(6) the substantive compromises that underly the process of consensus formation would have to be

reached confidentially through opaque combinations of negotiation and deliberation between

stakeholders – and only subsequently be legitimated publicly in terms of their (presumably beneficial)

functional impact

(7) Elections would increasingly become “civic rituals” with less and less impact upon the

substance of public policy and, presumably, less and less popular participation.

Serious challenges to the legitimating principles of contemporary REDs

Scope

Definitions

Theory & framework

Hipothesis

Model

Amsterdam

Findings

Challenges


For further research

(Schmitter et al.

suggestions 2015)

Evolution of

Democracy

Concept

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• Lotteries to be attached to elections

• Specialized elected councils for various minority group’s

• Democracy kiosks for voting electronically and conducting normal business with state agencies

• Voting rights for resident foreigners (denizens)

• Incompatibility of electoral or administrative mandates

• Electronic support for candidates and parliament (“smart voting”)

• Electronic monitoring and online systems for deliberation

• Discretionary voting systems

• Universal citizenship from birth

• Shared legislative mandates

• Citizenship mentors for foreign residents

• Inserting a “Right to Information” into the usual list of equal citizen rights

• Participatory budgeting

• Legislative guardians to monitor the regulatory guardians

• A “yellow card” provision for legislatures in multi-layered systems

• Variable thresholds for election to reduce incumbency advantage

• Vouchers for financing political parties

• Vouchers for funding organizations in civil society

• Extended recourse to referendums & citizen initiatives

• Extensive, even exclusive, use of postal and electronic voting

• Financial incentives for intra-party democracy

• A Citizen’s Assembly with randomly selected deputies to accept or reject specific pieces of legislation.

For further

research

(Schmitter et al.

suggestions

2015)

Evolution of

Democracy

Concept22

Many thanks for your

attention, and comments !

[email protected] for download at:

Slideshare Olga Gil


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mailto:[email protected]

IndexAnnex I

Previous work

Annex II

Variables in detail


Index

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Annex I

Previous work

Comparative research on

smart citizens and

smart cities


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Analysis and Findings

1. Management and organization: • Cases in which the central government fosters an investment lead

model, such as the case of China and municipalities;

• A case such as Iskandar, in which the regional development agency furthers the goals set up by the government;

• A case such as the four smart pilots in Japan, where localities and regions work together with the industry to develop solutions with global application;

• The New York city model, in which NY university and the city council cooperate in smart data projects

• Málaga (ICT centre), Santander (National and International network) Tarragona case, where a Foundation has been set up to advance the defined smart goals.


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2. Technology concerns vary a lot among the selected cases:

• Shanghai and Japan focus on the smart grid and the development of a local and global industry.

• In cases of both China and Japan the smart cities discourse is also linked to defending urban design and optimized services -based on distributed power. Iskandar is concerned with traffic and CO2 emissions. New York is focusing on big data management.

• Amsterdam is concerned with new energy models, Santander focuses on sensors and eficiency and Tarragona is concerned with the chemical industry and transport efficiency.

The search for solutions and the partnerships to attained them is widely varied in the eight cases examined.



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2. Technology (II)

• In China, Japan, Iskandar in Malaysia, New York in the United States and Tarragona, Spain, smart has to do with technologies that allow us to incorporate intelligence into systems to achieve efficiencies, reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions.

• In most cases incorporating new technology is linked to a discourse pledging for smart devices to curve energy consumption in buildings -providing a near-zero energy consumption.



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3. Governance Models: different in the cases explored.

• Shanghai partners with universities, firms, foreign firms as well as banks. Users are not part of the equation as developers.

• In Japan local governments partner with firms in different industry sectors including the university, technological firms, power –including gas- as well as real estate firms

• In Iskandar governance depends on the Regional Authority appointed for the development of the conceived smart city.

• In New York we find the leadership of the city government, the university as well as a general call to citizens developers through open technologies.

• Tarragona steering committee is a Foundation.

Governance models are affected by 4. the policy context. We find a mayor leap of the central government in the cases of China, Iskandar and Japan, while New York, Amsterdam, Malaga, Santander and Tarragona respond to autonomous local policies.



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5. People and Communities

• Have a bigger say in the case of New York, where we find windows of opportunity for citizen developers and firms, as well as Amsterdam.

• Citizens participate mainly as users in the case of Santander, Tarragona and Japan -residents are those specifically addressed to contribute in Japan.

• In the case of Iskandar, city dwellers would participate in security issues according to the drafted plans.

• In Shanghai top participants are members of the party.



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6. Economy• An intended economy boost underlines all the plans of the smart

projects explored. Constraints are different in each case: • Shanghai has been in better condition to fund smart projects, and

has poured funds to this strategic area, as it defines it. Banks are also willing to ease funds for.

• Japan, Europe and the United States are all affected by fiscal cliffs and economic downturn.

• Malaysia is in better shape, and is trying to gain momentum promoting Iskandar as an important trade hub in Asia, looking forward foreign capital as a main driver of Iskandar.



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7. Built infrastructureHas different scope in the cases we have explored. Following Hollands (2008) ‘undergird’ the social capital is critical to embed the required the informational and communicative qualities of smart cities. From this perspective:

– New York would be the city rating higher.

– However, the focus that Shanghai and Japan are putting in the smart grid should not be downrated. Smart grids could represent an interesting and disrupting way to fuel energy thirsty cities.

– Conceptually the possibilities for users and citizen engagement in built infrastructure might be linked to the concept of Internet with Things, suggested by Russell Davies. This is an evolved concept from the Internet of Things, with scope for citizen empowerment. It refers to developments driven by citizens in a distributed way, using programming based on Arduino open architecture



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http://russelldavies.typepad.com/planning/2011/09/what-i-meant-to-say-the-internet-with-things.html

http://www.arduino.cc/

8. Natural environment• Concerns present in all the cases explored.

• Japan did set up the smart pilots in the aftermath of the nuclear accidents.

• China faces severe environmental concerns. Malaysia is also aware in Iskandar.

• New York has suffered severe impact of climate change in november 2012.

• Málaga, Santander and Tarragona are also concerned.

This field poses the biggest challenges at a global level.



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ANNEX II

ALL THE EIGHT VARIABLES IN DETAIL


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Variables in the study


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Policy context:

– “Political components represent various political elements (city council, city government and city mayor) and external pressures such as policy agendas and politics that may affect the outcomes of initiatives” Chourabi

– Federal systems present additional challenges derived from the particularities of the relationships (intergovernmental relationships) Chourabi

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Smart citizens, smart cities? and ideas for the future. Gil is chief executive for applied research. Most recent international presentations include

Baltimore, Tweente (Holland), and Warsawa where work was discussed with world class experts on

city development and public policy

Education Ph.D. in Social and Political Sciences. European University Institute, Florence. 2000. Thesis: The Politics of Telecommunications in the

United States and Spain (1875-2000). Florence, Italy. Published by CIS (Madrid). AECPA Best Book Award 2003. M.A. in Political Science, University

of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. Thesis: “Structuring Telecommunications Markets from the Brazilian and the United States

Perspectives (1875-1994)”. Postgraduate Certificate in Latin American Studies. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 1994.Bachelor Degree in

Political Science (1987-1992) and Bachelor Degree in Journalism (1985-1990), Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

She also joined INSEAD (strategy), IESE (future finance) and IE (project management) for spezialization courses


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