15 technical ee

8/12/2019 15 Technical Ee

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15Technical reference

Cutting tools

Appendix

Turning tools........................................................................................ 152

Chipbreakers....................................................................................... 158

Milling tools....................................................................................... 1510

Solid Carbide Endmills............................................................... 1515

Drilling tools

Solid drills ......................................................................................1519 TAC drills ........................................................................................1520

Gun drills ........................................................................................1529

Dimensional standards relating to tools

Standards on tapers............................................................... 1532

International tolerance and JIS fit tolerance............ 1534

Bolt hole dimensions

.............................................................. 1536

Comparison tables of material designation................... 1537

Conversion table of hardness................................................ 1543

Surface roughness........................................................................ 1544

Grade comparison charts......................................................... 1545

Chipbreaker comparison charts........................................... 1551


2/52


3/52


4/52154

5(m)

T(min)

(min)T

R

f n

R

R

f

h

r

n

n

D

D

Vc = D n

1000

n =Vc 1000

D

Technic

alReference

Calculation formulas for turning

Calculation of power consumption (kW)

Theoretical surface finish

Cutting time on face turning

When calculating cutting speed from number of revolutions:Cutting speed

Cutting time on external and internal turning

h : Surface finish (m)

f : Feed (mm/rev)

r: Nose radius (mm)

Vc : Cutting speed (m/min)

f : Feed (mm/rev)

T : Cutting Time (min)

T: Cutting time (min)

R: Cutting length (mm) f : Feed (mm/rev)

n: Number of revolution (min-1)

Example : Calculating the cutting

speed when turning a 150 mm-

diameter workpiece at 250 min-1

Vc =3.14 150 250

= 117 m/min

1000

Vc : Cutting speed (m/min)n : Number of revolution (min

-1)

D

:Diameter of workpiece (mm)

3.14

Pc: Power requirement (kW)

F : Cutting force (N)

Vc : Cutting speed (m/min)

When calculating required numberof revolutions from cutting speed:

Turning

Boring

Externalturning

Internalturning

Turning ToolsTechnical Reference


5/52155

15

Ds

c

( MPa)

( MPa)

( mm)

( mm)

390

590

785

980

1765 ( 56HRC )

( 160HB )

( 200HB )

( 89HB )

100

170

230

300

56HRC

160

200

89

3430

4220

4900

5390

8390

2550

3330

1350

1050

390

1080

2840

3490

4020

4410

6870

1960

2550

1130

870

390

1080

2450

2940

3430

3780

5880

1630

2110

950

740

390

1080

2080

2500

2940

3240

5000

1340

1750

810

640

390

1080

1700

2080

2400

2650

4120

1030

1340

670

520

390

1080

TechnicalReference


kc: Specific cutting force (N/mm2)

[Refer to the Table below]

ap: Depth of cut (mm)f : Feed (mm/rev)

Example :

Calculating the cutting force when

cutting a high carbon steel (JIS S55C)

at f= 0.2 mm/rev andap = 3 mm.

F = 3430 3 0.2 = 2058N

Cutting forces(1) Finding from the diagram based on experimental data.(2) In case determining by simplified equation:

Pc: Net power requirement (kW)

kc : Specific cutting force (N/mm2)


vc: Cutting speed (m/min)

ap: Depth of cutting (mm)

f : Feed (mm/rev)

Calculating power requirement

Value of specific cutting force (kc)

Principal force

Cutting force in turning

Feed force

Turning Tools

Bending stress and tool deflection

0.04 (mm/rev) 0.1 (mm/rev) 0.2 (mm/rev) 0.4 (mm/rev) 1.0 (mm/rev)Tensile strength (Mpa)

SS400, S15C

S35C, S40C

S50C, SCr430

SCM440, SNCM439

SDK

FC200

FCD600

Aluminium alloy

Aluminium

Magnesium alloy

Brass

Work material Hardness (HB)Value of specific cutting force on feedkc(N/mm2)

Bending stress

(1) Square shank

(2) Round shank

Tool defection (mm)

(1) Square shank

(2) Round shank

S : Bending stress in shank (MPa)


L : Overhang length of tool (mm)

b : Shank width (mm)

h : Shank height (mm)

Ds: Shank diameter (mm)

E : Modulus of elasticity of shank

material (MPa)

Square shank

Round shank

(Ref.) Values of E

Material MPa (N/mm2) {kgf/mm2}

Steel 210,000 21,000

560,000~620,000 56,000~62,000

Technical Reference

CementedCarbide

Resultant cutting force

Back force


6/52156

5

Technic

alReference

Flaking

Flan

kwear

Cra

terwear

Notc

hwear

Frac

ture

Chipp

ing

Plas

tic

de

forma

tion

Chipwe

lding

Therma

l

crac

kin

g

Bu

ilt-upe

dge

Countermeasures

Tool grade Cutting conditions Tool geometryTypical tool failure

Troubleshooting in turning

Change to more wear resistant

grades.

P, M, K30/20/10

Reduce cutting speed.

Change to appropriate feed. Change to wet cutting.

Decrease honing width.

Increase relief angle.

Increase end cutting edge angle.

Increase corner radius.

Select free-cutting chipbreaker.

Increase rake angle.


grades.

P, M, K30/20/10


Reduce feed.

Reduce depth of cut.

Change to wet cutting.


Select an appropriate chipbreaker.

Increase side cutting edge angle.



grades.

P, M, K30/20/10


Reduce feed.



Change to tougher grades.

Change to thermal-shock

resistant grades.

P, M, K10/20/30

Reduce feed. Reduce depth of cut Improve holding rigidity of work

and tool. Reduce overhang length of

toolholder. Improve looseness in machine.

Reduce rake angle

Select a chipbreaker with high edge strength.

Increase honing width.


Select larger shank size


Reduce cutting speed Reduce feed. Reduce depth of cut. Improve holding rigidity of work

and tool. Reduce overhang length of

toolholder.

Improve looseness in machine.

Reduce rake angle

Select a chipbreaker with high edge

strength.



Select larger shank size

Reduce cutting speed

Reduce feed.

Reduce rake angle

Increase corner radius



grade.

P, M, K30/20/10


Change to appropriate feed.

Reduce depth of cut.

Supply cutting fluid in adequate

volume.

Increase relief angle.


Reduce corner radius.

Reduce side cutting edge angle.

Select a free-cutting chipbreaker.

Use a grade which has a low

tendency to adhere to work

material.

Cemented carbide/

Coated carbide or

cermet

Increase cutting speed.

Increase feed

Change to water-insoluble

cutting fluid.

Change to wet cutting.

Increase rake angle

Select a free-cutting chipbreaker.

Decrease honing width.


Change to thermal-shockresistant grades.

P, M, K10/20/30

Reduce cutting speed. Reduce feed.

Change to dry cutting. Supply cutting fluid in adequatevolume.

Reduce depth of cut. Change to water-insoluble

cutting fluid.

Increase rake angle

Select a free-cutting chipbreaker. Decrease honing width.


P, M, K10/20/30


P, M, K10/20/30



7/52157

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TechnicalReference

ProblemCountermeasures

ToolCause

Cutting conditions and others

Deteriora

tedsurfaceroug

hness

De

teriora

ted

dimens

iona

l

accuracy

Burroccurrence

Edge

brea

kout

Fuzzysurface

fin

ish

Select a more wear resistant grade.

Use an insert with a larger rake angle.

Use an insert with a larger nose radius.

Use a more lightly honed insert.

Use an insert of closer tolerance. (from M class to G class)

Increased tool wear Select a proper feed.

Decrease the cutting speed.

Select a freer-cutting chipbreaker type.

Use a cutting fluid.

Use a tougher grade.

Select a chipbreaker with strong cutting edges.

Use a largely honed insert.

Increase the side cutting edge angle.

Use a larger shank size.

Edge chipping Decrease the depth of cut.

Decrease the feed.

Use a more rigid machine.

Improve the holding rigidity of the tool and workpiece.

Shorten the overhang of the toolholder.

Improve the machine looseness.

Select a grade with less affinity with the work material.




Use an insert of closer tolerance. (from M class to G class)

Chip welding

Built-up-edge

Increase the cutting speed.

Increase the feed.

Use a water-insoluble cutting fluid.


Use a tougher grade.



Use an insert with a smaller nose radius.

Decrease the side cutting edge angle.



Vibration and chatter Use a proper cutting speed.

Decrease the feed.

Decrease the depth of cut.




Use an insert of closer tolerance.

(from M class to G class)

Improper insert accuracy





Incomplete engagement of

tool and workpiece




Decrease the cutting speed.

Increase the feed.


Unsuitable cutting speed

Use a harder grade.



Increase the relief angle.


Decrease the side cutting edge angle.


Worn tool or improper

cutting edge geometry

Decrease the feed.

Decrease the depth of cut.

Improper cutting speed

Use a harder grade.



Increase the side cutting edge angle.

Use an insert with a larger nose radius.








Increase the cutting speed.

Select a proper feed.

Use a water-insoluble cutting fluid.


Improper cutting

conditions

Use a harder grade.

Select a grade with less affinity with the work material.








8/52158

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Technic

alReference

Chip shape

Depth of cut: small Depth of cut: large

Description of

chip shapeAcceptability Effect

Class

i-

fica

tion

ShapeA

ShapeB

ShapeC

ShapeD

Shape

E

Chips irregularlyentangled

Wrapping around the tool or workpiece oraccumulation around the cutting point,

hindering cutting

Possible damage to the machined surface

Long continuous

spiral chips

R 50 mm

Short spiral chips

R 50 mm

"C" or "9" shaped

chips (Around one

coiling)

Excessively broken

chips. Thin pieces or

connected in a form

of wave as shown in

the figure left

Bulky during transport in the automatic

line

May be preferred when one operator

handles one machine

Smooth chip flow

Difficult to scatter Favorable shape

Favorable shape if not scattering

Not bulky and easy to transport

Readily scattering. If scattering is the only

trouble, it may be acceptable because the

chip cover, etc. may be used.

Tend to cause chatter, causing harm on the

finished surface roughness or tool life.

Acceptable

Not acceptable

Not acceptable

ChipbreakerTechnical Reference

Chip controllability

Necessity of chip control

Why is chip control needed?

Effect of improper chip control

Why is chip control needed?

What is chip?

For making a product from a workpiece, removed

objects produced by a tool which i s set to cut to aspecified depth with the relative motion of the tooland the workpiece.

Problems when chipsare not properly

controlled

Necessity of chip control (Problems and effects)

Problems Effects

1. Scattering of chips and coolant.

2. Wrapping around the workpiece and the tool.3. Accumulation on the tool, jig, and machining facilities.

1. Disturbs unmanned and automated machining.2. Disturbs high-speed and high-efficiency machining.

3. Degrades finished surface.4. Threatens operators safety.5. Reduced operation rate.

Additional problems whenchips are not properly

controlled

Effects on quality

Effects on operation

Effect on safetyand health.

Defective work. Defective surface finish Chip entangling

Increased number of man-hours for handling. Increased tool costs. Troublesome chip handling. Machine stoppage and reduced operation rate.

Stain and damage on machine caused from improper carrying-out of chips. Dangerous effects on the human body. (Injury and burns on hand, etc.)

Effective measures Chipbreaker

Effect of improper chip control


9/52


10/521510

5

(+)

(-)

(+)

(+)

(-)

(-)

+

+

+

+

-

+

-

-

-

TGN4200

DoPent

TAW13

TME4400

TMD4400

THF4000

THE4000

A.R. A.R. A.R.

R.R. R.R. R.R.Technic

alReference

p (A.R.)

f (R.R.)

o

Carbon steels, alloy steels( 300HB)

Stainless steels ( 300HB)

Die steels ( 300HB)

Cast irons Ductile cast irons

Aluminium alloys

Copper and its alloys

Titanium and its alloys

Hardened steels (40 ~ 55HRC)

Highercutting edgestrength Manyusablecorners ofinserts

Excellentchip removal Highercutting edgestrength andFreer cuttingaction

Mostexcellentcuttingaction

Shapesof

cuttingedge

Workmaterial

Features

Typical examples of TAC mills

Nomenclature for face milling cutter

Cutter geometry and applications

Rake angle combination and applicabilityConditions

Relations of various rake angles are according to the following equations.

Milling ToolsTechnical Reference

Cutter height

Peripheralcuttingedge angle ()

Peripheralrelief angleTrue rake

angle (0)

Cutting edge inclination ()

Effectivecutterdia.(Dc)

Mounting

holedia.(d)

Peripheral cutting edge(Main cutting edge)

Chamferingcorner

Workpiece

Face cutting edge(Wiping flat)

Inserts

Axial rake angle (p) (A.R. on catalogue)

Face reliefangle

Radial rake angle (f) (R.R. on catalogue)

Axialrake

angle

Axialrake

angle

Axialrake

angle

Radialrake

angle

Radialrake

angle

Radialrake

angle

Negative type(Negative-Negative) Negative-Positive type

Positive type(Positive-Positive)

Rake angle combination

tan0= tan fcos + tan psin

tan= tan pcos - tan f sin

Nomenclature for face milling cutter


Positive-PositiveNegative-PositiveNegative-Negative


11/521511

15

f

fz

Rp

f

n

aeap

vf

~ 53 ~ 40

~ 42 ~ 30

TechnicalReference

Work Appropriate Cutter dia. material E andae

Work Appropriate Cutter dia. material E andae

Steel Steel

Cast iron Cast iron

Cutting speed

Cutting time on face milling

Calculation formulas for milling

Depth of cut and width of cut

(Feed per tooth)(Feed per revolution)

vc : Cutting speed (m/min)

Dc: Effective diameter (mm)n : Number of revolutions (min-1)

3.14

Cutting speed (Calculated from number of revolutions)

Number of revolution (Calculated from cutting speed)

Feed speed and feed per tooth

vf: Feed speed (mm/min)

fz : Feed per tooth (mm/t)

z : No. of teeth of the cuttern : Number of revolutions (min-1)

Feed speed is relative speed of cutter and work material and in thenormal milling machine, it is the table speed.In milling, the feed per tooth is very important. The recommended cuttingcondition is expressed by vc and fz and using the above equationcalculatenand vfand input in the machine.

T : Cutting time (min)

L : Total table feed length.

(R: Workpieces length (mm) + Dc:

Effective cutter diameter (mm))vf : Feed speed (mm/min)


2ae Dc 3

3ae Dc 5

4ae Dc

5 3ae Dc

4

Depth of cut

Determine by required allowance formachining and capacity of the machine.In case of TAC mill, there are cutting

limits according to shape and size of theinsert. Please see spec on the catalogue.

Width of cut and engagement angle

There is an appropriate engage angledepending on the cutter diameter, cuttingposit ion, work material, etc., andordinarily the values in the table beloware used as a guide.

Dc: Cutter diameter (mm)

E: Engage angle

ae: Width of cut (mm)

ap: Depth of cut (mm)

Center cutting Shoulder cutting

Centercutting

Shouldercutting


12/521512

5

r

Rp

Rth

fz

r

Rth

fz

fz

SPCN42ZFR

0.03 ~ 0.08

Technic

alReference

Roughness of finished surface

Improving surface roughness

(1) Theoretical surface roughness

Theoretical roughness as shown below, is the same as for single point turning

Rth: Theoretical roughness (m)

fz: Feed per tooth (mm/t)

r: Corner radius (mm)

: Corner angle

: Face cutting edge angle

With corner radiusr Without corner radiusr

(Feed per tooth)

(Feed)

(2) Practical surface roughness

In case of practical milling, there are many teeth and natural differences in levels

of edges occur. The maximum difference is called run out. (Rp)

In the actual face milling, finished surface roughness, as shown left, is

worse than the single point cutting. If only one tooth is projecting, it will be

similar to the single point shown above but of a large value substituting

f (mm/rev) forfz (mm/t).

Face run out must be minimized and a low feed and high speed should be used.

Also, in order to attain good finished surface at high efficiency, there are the

following methods:

(1) In case of ordinary TAC mill

Use wiper insert as shown in the figure at left.

(2) Use of TAC super finish mill for finishing.

Use of combination TAC mills with finishing insert such as TFD4400-A and

TFP40001A (ap < 1.0 mm). Use of TAC supe finish mill for finishing such as NMS cutters and

SFP4000 etc.

Body

Insert

Locator


f


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Dc 10 30 50 100 125 150 200 300 500 800 1,000 2,000 4,00010 318 955 1,592 3,184 3,980 4,777 6,369 9,554 15,923 25,477 31,847 63,694 127,388

12 265 796 1,326 2,653 3,317 3,980 5,307 7,961 13,269 21,231 26,539 53,078 106,15716 199 597 995 1,990 2,488 2,985 3,980 5,971 9,952 15,923 19,904 39,808 79,617

20 159 477 796 1,592 1,990 2,388 3,184 4,777 7,961 12,738 15,923 31,847 63,694

25 127 382 636 1,273 1,592 1,910 2,547 3,821 6,369 10,191 12,738 25,477 50,955

30 106 318 530 1,061 1,326 1,592 2,123 3,184 5,307 8,492 10,615 21,231 42,462

32 99 298 497 995 1,244 1,492 1,990 2,985 4,976 7,961 9,952 19,904 39,808

35 90 272 454 909 1,137 1,364 1,819 2,729 4,549 7,279 9,099 18,198 36,396

40 79 238 398 796 995 1,194 1,592 2,388 3,980 6,369 7,961 15,923 31,847

50 63 191 318 636 796 955 1,273 1,910 3,184 5,095 6,369 12,738 25,477

63 50 151 252 505 631 758 1,011 1,516 2,527 4,044 5,055 10,110 20,220

80 39 119 199 398 497 597 796 1,194 1,990 3,184 3,980 7,961 15,923

100 31 95 159 318 398 477 636 955 1,592 2,547 3,184 6,369 12,738

125 25 76 127 254 318 382 509 764 1,273 2,038 2,547 5,095 10,191160 19 59 99 199 248 298 398 597 995 1,592 1,990 3,980 7,961

200 15 47 79 159 199 238 318 477 796 1,273 1,592 3,184 6,369

250 12 38 63 127 159 191 254 382 636 1,019 1,273 2,547 5,095315 10 30 50 101 126 151 202 303 505 808 1,011 2,022 4,044

fx fy

vf

fz

SS400 520 2150 2000 1900 1750 1650

S55C 770 1970 1860 1800 1760 1620

SCM3 730 2450 2350 2200 1980 1710

SKT4 (HB352) 2030 2010 1810 1680 1590

SC450 520 2710 2530 2410 2240 2120

FC250 (HB200) 1660 1450 1320 1150 1030

AR(Si) 200 660 580 522 460 410

500 1090 960 877 760 680

( mm )

THF440

0

TGP41

00

TGP42

00

TSP400

0

TGD44

00

TSE400

0

TGN42

00

TRD600

0

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

-200

0

TechnicalReference

MPa 0.1 (mm/t) 0.15 (mm/t) 0.2 (mm/t) 0.3 (mm/t) 0.4 (mm/t)

Tensile strength Value of specific cutting force on feed per toothkc(N/mm2)

Work material

Conversion from cutting speed to number of revolutions (unit : min-1)

Pc: Net power requirement (kW)

kc : Specific cutting force (N/mm2)


ap : Depth of cut (mm)

ae : Width of cut (mm)

vf : Feed speed (mm/min)

Because practical power requirements depend on the type of TAC mill(proportional to the true rake angle) and the motor efficiency of themachine used, the result calculated from the above formula should beconsidered as a rough guide.

Values of specific cutting force (kc)

Values of cutting force (kc)

Note: In this table, the effects of centrifugal force on the rotating balance of the tool and the toolholder, flying risk of cutter parts, and limited value of toolholderdestruction are not considered. Therefore, when using the tool at high speeds, be sure to observe the specified condition range.

Calculating power requirement


Principal forceFeed forceBack force

fyfxfz

TAC mill

Cuttingforc

e(N)

Work material : S50C (210HB), Diameter of TAC mill : 160 mmCutting speed : Vc= 150 m/min, Feed per tooth: fz = 0.20 mm/t

Depth of cut: ap= 3 mm, Cutting by a single edge, dry

Cutter diameter Cutting speed ( vc) m/min

Brass


14/521514

5

Technic

alReference

Rapid wear of

cutting edge

Rapid chipping of

cutting edge

Fracturing

Excessive chip

welding or build-up

on cutting edge

Rough finish

Improper insert grade selection P30 (Cemented carbide)/Cermet, coated grade (For steels)

(Insufficient wear resistance) K10 (Cemented carbide)/Coated grade (For cast irons)

Excessive cutting speed Select cutting speed suited for work material and insert grade Inadequate feed Use standard cutting condition in catalog as guide

Improper Insert grade selection (Insufficient toughness) Cermet/ P30 (For steels), K10/ K20 (For cast irons)

Cutting hard material and Decrease cutting speed

unfavorable surface condition Use cutter with strong cutting edge

Excessive feed Proper selection of feed conditions, using recommended cutting conditions in catalog as guide

Excessive pressure applied on cutting edge Proper selection of engaging angle

Machining superalloys Use a negative-positive type cutter with large corner angle

(Examples: T/EAW13, T/EME4400, etc.)

Cracking due to thermal shock Select insert grade of stronger thermal shock resistance such as T3130

Decrease cutting speed

Continuous use of excessively worn insert Shorten replacement standard time of insert

Cutting hard material Use cutter with stronger cutting edge such as T/ERD6000

Use cutter of larger corner angle such as

T/EAW13, T/EME4400, etc.

Obstruction to chip flow Use cutter with better chip expulsion such as T/EAW13, etc.

Recutting of chips after chip welding Select insert grades difficult for chips to adhere

Cemented carbides/ cermets, coated grades

Use air blow

Excessively slow cutting, too fine feed Select cutting speed and feed optimized for insert grade and

work material

Cutting soft material such as aluminium, copper, mild steel Use cutter with large rake angle such as T/EAW13

Cutting stainless steel P30/ coated grades (AH140, AH120)

Use of cutter with negative rake Use cutter with large rake angle such as T/EAW13, T/EME4400, or too small rake angle T/EPW13 or T/ESE4000

Effect of built-up edge Increase cutting speed

Appropriate cutting depth (finish allowance)

Change insert grade For steels: P/ coated/ cermet

For cast irons: K/ coated

Effect of face cutting edge run out Proper installing of inserts

Use insert of high dimensional accuracy

Cleaning of insert pocket

Continuous use of excessively worn insert Shorten replacement standard time of insert

Remarkable feed marks Feed per revolution to be set within flatland width

Use wiper insert type cutter such as T/EAW13

Use cutter exclusively for finishing such as type NMS and S/EFP4000

Unstable clamping of workpiece Check clamping method of workpiece

Cutting of welded construction of Adopt cutter of large rake angle and small corner angle such as

thin steel plate T/EPW13 or T/ESE4000

Excessive cutting condition Re-examine allowable chip removal rate according to motor HP

Face milling of narrow width workpiece Use cutter of small cutter diameter and with many teeth

Too many simultaneous cutting teeth engagement Reduce No. of teeth or adopt irregular pitch cutter

Chattering

Trouble Possible causes Countermeasures

Trouble shooting in face milling



15/521515

15

D

c

D

c

D

c

D

c1

TechnicalReference

Square

Ball nose

Radius

Taper neck

Ball nose with taper neck

Part details

Solid Carbide EndmillsTechnical Reference

Types

Outsidediam

eter

Shankdiameter

Neck length

Shank length

Neck Shank

Flute length

Radial rake

Centre hole

Overall length

1st radial relief

Concave angle

Flute2nd radial relief

Axial rake

End

cutting edge

Corner Peripheralcutting edge

End gash

Land width

2nd end relief

1st end relief

Cutting condition of Endmills

Cutting

Up milling and down milling

Up milling Down milling

Cutting speed


Dc: Effective diameter (mm)

n : Number of revolutions (min-1)

3.14

Cutting speed (Calculated from number of revolutions)

Number of revolution (Calculated from cutting speed)

Feed speed and feed per tooth

vf: Feed speed (mm/min)

fz : Feed per tooth (mm/t)

z : No. of teeth of the endmills

n : Number of revolutions (min-1)


16/521516

5

1 ~ 3

30 ~ 45

0 ~ 3

Technic

alReference

A B C

Regrinding of end relief angle

Notice of regrinding

(1) If, after checking the damage of the cutting edge, the

damage is as case A or B of the flow chart, the tool

must be reground.

Too much damage of the cutting edge requires too much

stock removal and thus reduces tool life.

(2) Please use diamond grinding wheel.

(3) Peripheral relief angle must be ground between 18 and

10.

Relie f angle of small diameter cutte rs for alumi nium

machining must be a large degree.

(4) First check if C in flow chart can be adapted for the case

of coated endmill or not.

If procedure C can be adapted for regrinding, tool life

after the grinding would be more improved than new one.

The reason is remaining coated layer of cutting edge and

shorter tool length will keep much higher rigidity of the tool

than before regrinding.

(5) Please check run out of peripheral cutting edge, face

cutting edge, with Vee block after regrinding. The value of the run out must be controlled within 0.01

mm.

Notice for regrinding of ball nose endmill

- Regrinding of relief angle only is available. The dimension

of nose radius will be smaller after grinding.

- Honing of cutting edge is necessary after regrinding.

1. for using cup type diamond wheel

Regrinding procedures of solid carbide endmill

relief angle

Use 400 to 600 meshdiamond wheel

2. for using straight

type diamond wheel

grindingwheel

Setting angle of

grinding wheelFormular of settingangletan= tanx tan : peripheral relief angle : spiral angle

Regrinding of peripheral rake angle

Cup type diamond wheel

Regrinding of end rake angle (End gash)

For 2 flutes endmill:straight type diamondwheelFor 3 flutes endmill:cup type diamond wheel

Regrinding of end relief angle

Cup type diamond wheel : 1st end relief angle: 5 ~ 7 2nd end relief angle: 15 ~ 20


Flank wearat the peripheral cuttingedge

Regrinding of peripheralrelief angle

Crater wearat the rake face

Regrinding of peripheralrake angle

BreakageChecking, if the tool hasenough length of cuttingedge as unused part.

Cutting off damaged part

Regrinding of end reliefangle

Grinding of end rake angleand end relief angle

Check damage on cutting edge


17/521517

15

Fracture on

cutting edge

Large wear in

short time

At the start of machining

At the end of machining

When usual machining

When change the direction

of feed

Chipping on corner edge

Chipping on boundary part

Chipping on central part or

all edges.

Fracture on cutting edge

Reduce feed.

Reduce tool overhang length.

Exchange to short cutting edge tool.

Reduce feed.

Managing tool life/Exchange in shorter time.

Replace chuck or collet to new one.

Reduce tool overhang length.

Make optimum honing on the edge.

Reduce flutes. E.g. 4 flutes/3flutes, or 2flutes.

Use enough coolant. Change direction of supplying coolant.

Use the circular interpolation in NC machine. Stop feed shortly before changing.

Lower feed around changing part.


Chamfer the corner with hand-stick grinder.

Down cuttingUpward milling.

Change cutting direction, Down cutting/Upward milling.


Make slight honing on the edge. Or make honing bigger.

Change spindle revolution number.

Increase cutting speed.

If chattering, increase feed.

Use coolant or air blast.


Decrease cutting speed.

Decrease feed.

Reduce flutes. E.g. 4 flutes/3flutes, or 2flutes.

Make slight honing on the edge. Or make honing bigger.


For Solid carbide endmill


Use enough coolant. Change direction of supplying coolant.

For brazed endmill

If wet cutting, change to dry cutting with air-blast.

Change direction of supplying air-blast.

In slot milling of steel, change to optimum cutting condition.

(In low cutting speed-chipping or adhesion may cause.) (In high cutting speed-chip packing or thermal crack may cause.)


Change cutting direction, Upward milling/down cutting.

Increase feed.

Use coolant or air blast.

In reground tool, grind flank face with FINER wheel.

Breakage

(In case of solidcarbide endmill andbrazed endmill withsmall diameter)


(Continued on next page)

Trouble shooting in Endmilling

Trouble Possible causes Countermeasures


18/52


19/521519

15

Pc=KDc2n ( 0.647 + 17.29f)10-6

(kW)

(N)

Mc=(Nm)

KDc2( 0.630 + 16.84f)

100

Tc=570KDcf0.85

210 21 177 1.00

280 28 198 1.39

350 35 224 1.88 250 25 100 1.01

550 55 160 2.22

620 62 183 1.42

630 63 197 1.45

690 69 174 2.02

630 63 167 1.62

770 77 229 2.10

940 94 269 2.41

750 75 212 2.12

1,400 140 390 3.44

580 58 174 2.08

800 80 255 2.22

TechnicalReference

Materialconstant

(K)

Brinellhardness

(HB)MPa (N/mm2) Kgf/mm2Tensile strength

Work material

Cast iron

Cast iron

Cast ironAluminium

Low carbon steel (JIS S20C)

Free cutting steel (JIS SUM32)

Manganese steel (JIS SMn438)

Nickel chromium steel (JIS SNC236)

4115 steel Cr0.5, Mo0.11, Mn0.8

Chromium molybdenum steel (JIS SCM430)

Chromium molybdenum steel (JIS SCM440)

Nickel chromium molybdenum steel (JIS SNCM420)

Nickel chromium molybdenum steel (JIS SNCM625)

Chromium vanadium steel

Cr0.6, Mn0.6, V0.12

Cr0.8, Mn0.8, V0.1

Torque

Thrust force

Power requirement

Nomenclature for drills

Cutting forces and power requirement

Twist drill

Pc : Power requirement (kW)

Tc : Thrust force (N)

Mc : Torque (Nm)

Dc: Drill diameter (mm)

f : Feed (mm/rev)

n : No. of revolutions (min-1)

K : Material constant....Refer to the Table at right

Material constant compensating for power requirement and thrust force

Drilling ToolsTechnical Reference

Point angle Diameter

LeadShank

Helix angle

Flute length Shank length

Overall length

Web thickness

Secondary relief

Primary relief

Oil hole

Heel

Thinning

Cutting edge

Margin

Chisel

Body clearance

Thinning edge

Chisel edge

Primary relief

Secondaryrelief

Thinning


20/521520

5

Technic

alReference

Cutting edge failure of drilling tools

Change of chip shapes in drilling

Change of chip shapes relating to cutting conditions

Photographs below show the change of chip shapes relating to change of the feed and the cutting speed. These chip shapes areall well controlled in a proper condition range.

When the speed and feed are low, the chip shows whitish colour and the tail of the chip tends to lengthen gradually. In contrast, as

the speed or the feed increases, the chip tends to increase in brightness and becomes a compact shape with a short tail. These

changes in the shape depend on the cutting temperature. As the temperature increases, chips tend to be broken.

Flaking(Shell-like spalling)

Irregular wear(Irregular flank wear)

Flank wear(Wear of cutting edge)

Feed mark

(Wear stripes in periphery)

Chipping

(Small or minute fractureof cutting edge)

Breakage(Relatively large fracture)

Crater wear(Groove-like wear on rake face)

Corner wear(Wear of peripheral corner)

Fracture(Catastrophic breakage

of drill body)Note: If these failures are not excessive,

the tool is in a normal condition.

High

High

Feed

Cutting speed

Low

Tail

Low



21/521521

15

TechnicalReference

Inappropriate cutting speed Increase the cutting speed by 10 % within standard conditions if abnormal wear is around center.

Lower the cutting speed by 10 % within standard conditions if abnormal wear is on the periphery.

Inappropriate cutting fluid Check the filter.

Use the cutting fluid superior in lubricity. (Increase the dilution rate)

Inappropriate cutting speed Lower the cutting speed by 10 %.

Regrinding timing, insufficient reground amount Shorten the regrinding timing.

Insufficient rigidity of the machine and workpiece Change the clamp method to the one with rigidity.

Insufficient drill rigidity Use smallest possible overhang.

Inappropriate cutting fluid Check the filter.

Use the cutting fluid superior in lubricity. (increase the dilution rate)

Intermittent cutting when entering Avoid interruption at entry and exit.

Lower the feed by about 50 % during entering into and leaving from the workpiece.

Insufficient rigidity of the drill Reduce the drill overhang as much as possible.

Increase the feed at entry when the low speed feed is selected in standard cutting condition range.

Use a bushing or a center drill.

Insufficient rigidity of the machine and workpiece Change the clamp method to the one with rigidity.

Inappropriate entry into Avoid interruption at entry into the workpiece.

the workpiece Lower the feed by 10 % at entry.

High workpiece hardness Lower the feed by 10 %.

Inappropriate honing Check if honing has been made to the center of cutting edge.

Insufficient drill rigidity Lower the cutting speed by 10 %.

Increase the feed at entry when the low s peed feed is selected in standard cutting condition range.

Inappropriate drill mounting accuracy Check the run out accuracy after drill installation. (0.03 mm or less)

Insufficient machinery Change the clamp method to the one with rigidity. and workpiece rigidity Lower the feed during entering into and leaving from the workpiece.

Inappropriate honing Check if honing has been made to the cutting edge periphery.

Insufficient machine and workpiece rigidity Change the clamp method to the one with rigidity.

Insufficient drill rigidity Use smallest possible overhang.

Use a bushing or center drill.

Regrinding timing and insufficient amount of reground stock Shorten the regrinding timing.

Intermittent cutting when Avoid interruption at entry and exit.

entering or exiting the cut Lower the feed by about 50 % during entering into and leaving from the workpiece.

Tendency to cause chipping or Check the failure mode condition before breakage and find out the wear and

develop abnormal wear chip countermeasures.

Chip packing in the drill flutes Review the cutting conditions.

For internal coolant supply, raise the supply pressure of cutting fluid.

Use peck feed for deep holes.

Insufficient machine output Review the cutting conditions.

Use the machine with high power.

Insufficient rigidity of the machinery and workpiece Change to the clamp method with rigidity

Inappropriate drill installation accuracy Check the run out accuracy of drill mounting. (0.03 mm or less)

Chip packing in the flutes. Review the cutting conditions.

Raise the cutting oil supply pressure.

Use peck-feed for deep holes.

Inappropriate edge sharpening accuracy Check the edge shape accuracy.

Inappropriate cutting conditions Increase the feed by 10 % within standard conditions.

Inappropriate honing Provide the appropriate honing.

Cutting edge with chipping or breakage Lower the cutting speed by 10 %.

Relief surface

Margin

Chisel section

(center of drill

cutting edge)

Peripheral

cutting edge

Margin

Abnorma

lwear

Chipp

ingan

dfrac

ture

Breakage

Insufficient hole

accuracy

Prolonged chips

Problem Cause Countermeasure

Troubleshooting for solid drills



22/521522

5

Dc

Dc

Technic

alReference

Nomenclature for TAC drill

Calculation formulas for TAC drill

When calculating cutting speed from number of revolutions:(Drilling formulas)

When calculating required number of revolutions from cutting speed: (Drilling formulas)

vf : Feed speed (mm/min)

f : Feed (mm/rev)n : Number of revolution (min-1)

Calculation of feed speed

Cutting speed

When calculating cutting speed from number of revolutions:

(Where the workpiece rotates.)

When calculating required number of revolutions from cutting speed: (Where the workpiece rotates.)


Dc: Drill diameter (mm)

n : Number of revolution (min-1)

3.14


Dc: Drilling diameter (mm)

n : Number of revolution (min-1)

3.14


Peripheral insert

Central insert

Drilldiameter

Shankdiameter

Cutting zone ofperipheral edge

FlangeFlute

Shank length

Maximum drilling depth

Overall length

Shank

Flange diameter

Cutting zone of central edge

Peripheral insert


23/521523

15

(26, S45C, Vc = 100m/min, f = 0.1 mm/rev)

100 mm

TechnicalReference

Low carbon steels, stainless steels, etc.Carbon steels, alloy steels, etc.

Chip shapes

Chip shape produced with central insert A conical coil shape whose apex point coincides with the rotating cen-

ter of the drill is the basic shape. The chips are broken into small sec-

tions with increases in feed. However, excessively high feed causesthe chip to increase in thickness and develops vibration which dis-

turbs stable machining.

In TDX drills, marked chips shown below are the most preferable

shapes. This type of chip is broken into adequate lengths by centrifu-

gal forces when used in tool-rotating condition. On the other hand,

when used in work-rotating condition such as on a lathe, a continu-

ously long chip is often produced without entangling.

Relation between chip shapes and feeds (In the case of central insert)

Example of chip shape in work-rotating applications(In the case of central insert)


Higher

Fee

d

Lower


24/52


25/521525

15

P

0.13 mm/rev

0.10 mm/rev

0.07 mm/rev

0.13 mm/rev

0.10 mm/rev

0.07 mm/rev

0.13 mm/rev

0.10 mm/rev

0.07 mm/rev

16

10

0

2

12

4

6

8

5

2

0

4

3

1

100

40

0

80

60

20

5010 60403020 5010 60403020 5010 60403020

14

TechnicalReference

Cutting forces

Chip shapes which tend to entangle and remedies against them

Apple-peel-like chips

These chips are often produced in

machining mild steels or low-carbon

steels at low-speeds and low-feeds.

Remedies

Increase the cutting speed in stagesby 20% within the range of standardcutting conditions. If there is no effect,increase the feed by about 10 % asthe cutting speed is raised by 20%.

Short-lead chips

These chips are often produced in

machining stainless steels at low-

feeds and tend to entangle to the

tool in spite of short length.

Remedies

Increase the feed by about 10 %. Ifthere is no effect, increase the cuttingspeed in stages by 10% within therange of standard cutting conditions.

Very long chips

Often produced in machining mild

steels or low-carbon steels under

improper cutting conditions.

Remedies

Increase the cutting speed in stages by20% within the range of standard cut-ting conditions. If there is no effect, de-crease the feed by about 10 % as thecutting speed is raised by 20%.

Apple-peel-like chips (Without curling) Continuously curled C shape chips with short lead (P). Continuously coiled long chips

Cutting speed: vc = 100 m/minWork material: Alloy steel (JIS SCM440),

240HBCutting fluid: Used

Guidelines for cutting forces

The charts below show a guideline for cutting forces. Use TDX drills on a machine with ample power and sufficient rigidity.


Ne

tpowerconsump

tion

(kW)

Thrus

tforce

(kN)

Torque

(Nm

)

Drill diameter (mm) Drill diameter (mm)Drill diameter (mm)

LOAD %


26/521526

5

Technic

alReference

Increase the cutting speed by 10 % within standard conditions.

Lower the feed by 10 %.

Increase the cutting speed by 10 % within standard conditions.When the feed is extremely low or high, set up it within standard conditions.

Confirm that the cutting fluid flow is higher than 7 liter/min.

The concentration of cutting fluid must be higher than 5 %.

Use the cutting fluid superior in lubricity.

Change to internal cutting fluid supply from external one.

Change to the machine with higher torque.

Change to the clamp method with rigidity.

Change the drill setting method.

Change the grade to high wear resistant.

Tighten the screw.


Increase the supply rate of the cutting fluid. (Higher than 10 liter/min.)

Lower the feed by 20 % within standard conditions.

Lower the cutting speed by 20 % within standard conditions.


Lower the cutting speed by 20 % within standard conditions.

Increase the cutting speed by 20% and lower the feed by 20% within standard conditions.

Raise the fluid pressure (for higher than 1.5 MPa).

Set the misalignment to 0 ~ 0.2 mm.

Check the manual and use the tool in the allowable offset range.

Flatten the entry surface in pre-machining.

Set the feed for lower than 0.05 mm/rev in rough surface area.

Lower the feed by 20 ~ 50 % within standard conditions.

Confirm the corner when exchanging inserts.

Exchange the corner or the insert before the nose wear

reaches 0.3 mm.


Set the feed for lower than 0.05 mm/rev at rough surface area.

Set the feed for lower than 0.05 mm/rev in interrupted area.

Confirm the corner when exchanging inserts.

Increase the cutting speed by 20 % and lower the feed by 20 % within standard conditions.



Change to continuous feed in case of pick feeding.

Exchange the corner or the insert before the nose wear

reaches 0.3 mm.

Change to the machine with higher rigidity.



Set the feed for lower than 0.05 mm/rev.



Change the grade to toughress.

Tighten the screw.

Inappropriate cutting conditions


Varieties and supply of cutting fluid

Vibration in drilling

Unsuitable for selection of grade

Looseness of screws

Cutting heat is too high

Excessive chip welding

Chip packing

Misalignment for workpiece rotation

Large offset

No flatness of machined surface

High feed

Using a chipping corner

Using inserts in excess of tool-life

No flatness of machined surface

The existence of interrupted area

Using a chipped corner

High hardness of workpiece

Chip packing

Machinery impact

Using inserts in excess of tool-life


High hardness of workpiece

Thermal impact

Unsuitable for selection of grade

Looseness of screws

Relief surface

Relief surface

Relief surface

Crater

Chipbreaker

The rotation

center of drill

Peripheral

corner area

The unused

corner area

and cutting

edge

Contact

boundary

Flaking

Common

Centralcuttingedge

Peripheralcuttingedge

Common

Central

cutting

edge

Peripheral

cutting

edge

Common

Abnorma

lwear

Chip

pingan

dfrac

ture


Troubleshooting for indexable drills



27/521527

15

TechnicalReference



Use the tool in the allowable offset range.

Set offset direction extended diameter of workpiece


Set the feed for lower than 0.05 mm/rev in rough surface area.

Exchange the insert.





Adjust offset contents.


Set the feed for lower than 0.05 mm/rev at rough surface area.


The concentration of cutting fluid must be higher than 5 %.Use the cutting fluid superior in lubricity.







Tighten the screw.

Work within standard conditions.


Increase the feed by 10 % within standard conditions.

Exchange inserts.Change to internal cutting fluid supply from external one.

Work by step feed.

Use dwell function for 0.1 sec approximately.

There is a tendency to shorten the chips when shifting to higher

speed and feed.





Exchange the drill holder.

Tighten the screw.Lower the cutting speed by 20 % within standard conditions.

Increase the feed by 10 % within standard conditions.


Change to the machine with higher torque rigidity.



Tighten the screw.

Use the range of number of revolutions suited machine spec. Lower the feed by 20 ~ 50%.

Exchange inserts before the failure becomes larger.Check the oil-hole plug screw is tightly screwed in place.Check that the fluid flows powerfully from the drill.Lower the cutting speed and the feed by 20 % within

standard conditions.


Lower the feed by 20 ~ 50% just before leaving from the workpiece.

Misalignment of workpiece rotation

Offset machining in excess of allowable range

Offset direction reduced diameter of workpiece

No flatness of the entry surface

Chipping of peripheral cutting edge

Bend of workpiece

Chip packing

Misalignment for workpiece rotation

Inappropriate offset contents

No flatness of the entry surface

Bend of workpiece

Varieties and supply of cutting fluid


Failures of inserts

Chip packing

Looseness of screws


Failures of inserts

Machining by external fluid supply

Chips around the central cutting edge

Fluid supply


Large failure of drill holders

Looseness of screws

Inappropriate cutting conditionss

Large wear of inserts


Looseness of screws

Insufficient machine power and torque

Burned inserts

Failures of inserts


The tool periphery

Hole diameter

Roughness

Common

Prolonged and

twisted of chips

Chip packing

Common

Chatter

Machine stop

Large burr

Scra

tchmarkson

th

etoo

l

Inappropria

teho

leaccuracy

Chipcon

tro

l

Others



28/52

Technic

alReference

1528

5

Technic

alReference

Is workpiece clamp loose?

Is the guide bushing not separated from entry surface?

Is machining under rapid feed?

Is alignment of bushing set correctly?

Is the shape of bushing correct?

Is the gun drill set properly?

Is regrinding in order?

Is the feed too high?

Is engaging not slanted?



Is the feed speed (vf) uniform?

Is number of revolutions uniform?

Is there an abnormal failure?

Is the feed (f) set properly?

Change to standard gun drill.

Is there chip packing?

Is tip length too long?

Is selection of guide pad appropriate?

Is fluid hole clearance excessive?

Is the feed too high at breaking-through?

Is there inclined surface?

Is workpiece clamp loose in machining?

Is there increase of burnishing torque due to small hole diameter?

Cause in machine

Cause in drill

Inappropriate cutting condition

Cause in workpiece

Cause in machine

Cause in drill


Cause in workpiece

Others

Cause in drill


Cause in workpiece

Cause in machine


Brea

kingo

fdri

ll

Aten

try

intoworkp

iece

During

dri

lling

Atex

itfrom

workp

iece

During

retrac

ting

Trouble CountermeasuresPossible causes

Nomenclature for gun drill

Troubleshooting in gun drilling


Chamfer

TipMargin

Apex point

Outer corner

Outer cutting angle

Primary clearance angle 8~15

Secondary clearance angle

Shank oil holeWear surface(Guide pad)

Oiling hole

Oil clearance

Inner cutting angle

DriverV-fluteShank


29/52

TechnicalReference

1529

15

TechnicalReference

Is selection of cutting fluid correct?

Carry out through filtration of cutting fluid.

Is clearance between guide bushing and drilling excessive?

Is alignment of bushing set correct?

Check concentricity of spindle and guide bushing.

In case fluid temperature too high, increase tank capacity.

Appropriate selection of guide pad.

Is regrinding correct?

Is drill overall length excessive?

In case wear too large, regrind the gun drill (or check tool life criterion).

Is the cutting speed too high?

Is the feed (f) too high?

Is the fluid pressure too high?

Is material quality uniform?




Enlarge chip box.

Correct selection of the feed (f).

Correct selection of fluid amount.

Change to machining with standard gun drill.

Change the shape of cutting edge so that cores become small .

Is material quality uniform?

Is cutting edge broken or chipped?

Is outer corner wear excessive?


Make center hole as large as drilling diameter or smaller than it. Lower fluidpressure.

Cause in machine

Cause in drill

Inappropriate cutting

condition

Cause in workpiece

Cause in machine


condition

Cause in workpiece

Cause in drill


condition

Cause in workpiece

Abnorma

lwear

Chippac

king

Chip

en

tang

lemen

t

Short

too

llife

Chipcon

tro

l





30/52

Technic

alReference

1530

5

1530

5

Technic

alReference



Use non-water soluble cutting fluid.

Carry out through filtration of cutting fluid.

Is spindle run out too large?










Use non-water soluble cutting fluid.

Decrease concentrity of guide bushing and spindle.








Decrease concentrity of guide bushing and spindle.


Change the shape of guide pad.



Are there faults and unevenness?

Is engaging not slanted?


Cause in machine

Cause in drill


Others

Cause in machine

Cause in drill

IInappropriate cutting condition

Cause in workpiece

Others

Cause in machine

Cause in drill


Cause in workpiece

Roug

hfin

ish

Unaccep

table

roug

hness,

cy

lin

dric

ity,

an

dovers

ize

Bending

ofhole

Ho

leaccuracy




31/52


32/521532

5

7/24 taper

W2

R5

W1

R1R2

R4

R5

R3D3

d

D

D1

D2(m

ax)

60

32

40

50

63

80

100

BT30

BT40

BT45

BT50

46 38 20 8 13.6 2 31.75 14 12.5 48.4 34 24 7 M12 17 16.1 16.3

63 53 25 10 16.6 2 44.45 19 17 65.4 43 30 9 M16 21 16.1 22.6

85 73 30 12 21.2 3 57.15 23 21 82.8 53 38 11 M20 26 19.3 29.1

100 85 35 15 23.2 3 69.85 27 25 101.8 62 45 13 M24 31 25.7 35.4

HSK-A32

HSK-A40

HSK-A50HSK-A63

HSK-A80

HSK-A100

24

30

38

48

60

75

26

34

42

53

67

85

37

45

59.3

72.3

88.8

109.75

4

7

16

20

25

32

40

50

20

26

29

3.2

4

5

6.3

8

10

16

18

20

13

17

21

26.5

34

44

9

11

14

18

20

22

7

9

12

16

18

20

D1 D2 t1 t2 t3 t4 d1 d2 d3 L

R1 R2R3 g R4 b1 t5

D D1 D2 D3 d R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 W1 W2

Technic

alReference

Taper shank for machining center(Japan Machine-Tool Builders Association Standard)

Standards on TapersTechnical Reference

(unit : mm)

Code

HSK Taper Shank(Hollow taper interface with flange contact surface. ISO12164-1:2001(E))

(unit : mm)

Style A

(min.) (min.) (min.)

7/24 taper


33/521533

15

D2

d1

d4

R3

R

R1

R5

R2

R4

D1

d3

60

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

09.045 3 09.2 6.1 56.5 59.5 6.0 3.9 6.5 10.5 4 1

12.065 3.5 12.2 9.0 62.0 65.5 8.7 5.2 8.5 13.5 5 1.2

17.780 5 18.0 14.0 75.0 80.0 13.5 6.3 10 16 6 1.6

23.825 5 24.1 19.1 94.0 99.0 18.5 7.9 13 20 7 2

31.267 6.5 31.6 25.2 117.5 124.0 24.5 11.9 16 24 8 2.5

44.399 6.5 44.7 36.5 149.5 156.0 35.7 15.9 19 29 10 3

63.348 8 63.8 52.4 210.0 218.0 51.0 19 27 40 13 4

09.045 3 9.2 6.4 50 53 6 - - 4

12.065 3.5 12.2 9.4 53.5 57 9 M 6 16 5

17.780 5 18.0 14.6 64 69 14 M 10 24 5

23.825 5 24.1 19.8 81 86 19 M 12 28 7

31.267 6.5 31.6 25.9 102.5 109 25 M 16 32 9

44.399 6.5 44.7 37.6 129.5 136 35.7 M 20 40 9

63.348 8 63.8 53.9 182 190 51 M 24 50 12

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30

40

45

50

31.75

44.45

57.15

69.85

17.4

25.3

32.4

39.6

70

95

110

130

50

67

86

105

M12

M16

M20

M24

24

30

40

45

34

43

53

60

16.5

24

30

38

13

17

21

26

6

8

10

11.5

D1 d1 R R1g

R2 R3 d3d4

R4

MT. No D a D1 d1 R1 R2 d2 b c e R r

MT. No D a D1 d R5 R6 d4 d5 K t

TechnicalReference

Standards on TapersTechnical Reference

7/24 taper arbor (Conformed to JIS)

(unit : mm)

Morse taper shank (Conformed to JIS)

With tang

With thread

(unit : mm)

(unit : mm)

(approx)(approx) (max.) (max.) (max.)

(approx) (approx) (max.) (max.) (max.) (max.) (max.)

(max.) (max.) (max.)

NT No.ISO ISO

7/24 taper


34/52


35/521535

15

> e9 f6 f7 f8 g5 g6 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 js5 js6 js7 k5 k6

-

3 14396

126

166

2026

28

04

06

010

014

025

2 3 5 +40

+60

3 62050

1018

1022

1028

49

412

05

08

012

018

030

2.5 4 6+6+1

+9+1

6 102561

1322

1328

1335

511

514

06

09

015

022

036

3 4.5 7+7+1

+10+1

10 143275

1627

1634

1643

614

617

08

011

018

027

043

4 5.5 9+9+1

+12+1

14 18

18 244092

2033

2041

2053

716

720

09

013

021

033

052

4.5 6.5 10+11+2

+15+2

24 30

30 4050

1122541

2550

2564

920

925

011

016

025

039

062

5.5 8 12+13+2

+18+2

40 50

50 6560

1343049

3060

3076

1023

1029

013

019

030

046

074

6.5 9.5 15+15+2

+21+2

65 80

80 10072

1593658

3671

3690

1227

1234

015

022

035

054

087

7.5 11 17+18+3

+25+3

100 120

> E7 E8 E9 F6 F7 F8 G6 G7 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 JS6 JS7 K6 K7

- 3+24+14

+28+14

+39+14

+12+6

+16+6

+20+6

+8+2

+12+2

+60

+100

+140

+250

+400

3 50

60

10

3 6+32+20

+38+20

+50+20

+18+10

+22+10

+28+10

+12+4

+16+4

+80

+120

+180

+300

+480

4 6+26

+39

6 10+40+25

+47+25

+61+25

+22+13

+28+13

+35+13

+14+5

+20+5

+90

+150

+220

+360

+580

4.5 7+27

+510

10 14

+50+32 +59+32 +75+32 +27+16 +34+16 +43+16 +17+6 +24+6 +110 +180 +270 +430 +700 5.5 9 +29 +61214 18

18 24+61+40

+73+40

+92+40

+33+20

+41+20

+53+20

+20+7

+28+7

+130

+210

+330

+520

+840

6.5 10+2

11+6

1524 30

30 40+75+50

+89+50

+112+50

+41+25

+50+25

+64+25

+25+9

+34+9

+160

+250

+390

+620

+1000

8 12+3

13+7

1840 50

50 65+90+60

+106+60

+134+60

+49+30

+60+30

+76+30

+29+10

+40+10

+190

+300

+460

+740

+1200

9.5 15+4

15+9

2165 80

80 100+107+72

+126+72

+159+72

+58+36

+71+36

+90+36

+34+12

+47+12

+220

+350

+540

+870

+1400

11 17+4

18+1025

100 120

TechnicalReference

Tolerance zone class of shaft (m)Basic sizestep (mm)

Tolerance zone class of hole (m)Basic sizestep (mm)

Deviations of Shafts to be Used in Commonly Used Fits. (JIS B0401 extrac)

In every step given in the table, the value on the upper side shows the upper deviation and the value on the lower side, the lower deviation.

Deviations of Holes to be Used in Commonly Used Fits.(JIS B0401 extrac)

In every step given in the table, the value on the upper side shows the upper deviation and the value on the lower side, the lower deviation.

Deviations of Shafts to be Used in Commonly Used Fits.Technical Reference


36/52


37/52


38/521538

5

SUS201SUS202SUS301SUS301LSUS301J1SUS302SUS302BSUS303SUS303SeSUS303CuSUS304SUS304LSUS304N1SUS304N2SUS304LNSUS304J1SUS304J2SUS304J3SUS305

X12CrMnNiN17-7-5X12CrMnNiN18-9-5X10CrNi18-8X2CrNiN18-7

X12CrNiSi18-9-3X10CrNiS18-9

X5CrNi18-9X2CrNi18-9X5CrNiN18-8

X2CrNiN18-9

X6CrNi18-12

S20100S20200S30100

S30200S30215S30300S30323

S30400S30403S30451S30452S30453

S30431S30500

201202301

302302B303303Se

304304L304N

304LN

S30431305

284S16301S21

302S25

303S21303S41

304S31304S11

305S19

X12CrNi17-7X2CrNiN18-7X12CrNi17-7

X10CrNiS18-9

X5CrNi18-10X2CrNi19-11

X2CrNiN18-10

X5CrNi18-12

12X179AH407X16H6

12X18H9

12X18H10E

08X18H1003X18H11

06X18H11

Z12CMN17-07Az

Z11CN17-08

Z12CN18-09

Z8CNF18-09

Z7CN18-09Z3CN19-11Z6CN19-09Az

Z3CN18-10Az

Z8CN18-12

SCr415(H) 17Cr317CrS3

17Cr317CrS3

15X15XA

17Cr317CrS3

SCr420(H)20Cr4(H)20CrS4

5120(H) 20X

SCr430(H)34Cr434CrS4

5130(H)5132(H)

34Cr434CrS4

34Cr434CrS4

30X34Cr434CrS4

SMn433(H) 1534 302352

SMn438(H) 36Mn6(H) 1541(H) 352402

SMn443(H) 42Mn6(H) 1541(H) 402452

SCM418(H)18CrMo4

18CrMoS4

18CrMo4

18CrMoS4

18CrMo4

18CrMoS420XM

18CrMo4

18CrMoS4

SCM435(H)34CrMo434CrMoS4

4137(H)34CrMo434CrMoS4

34CrMo434CrMoS4

35XM34CrMo434CrMoS4

SCM445(H) 4145(H)4147(H)

SCM430 4130 30XM30XMA

SCM415(H)

SCr435(H)

34Cr434CrS437Cr437CrS4

513237Cr437CrS4

37Cr437CrS4

35X37Cr437CrS4

SCM440(H)42CrMo442CrMoS4

4140(H)4142(H)

42CrMo442CrMoS4

42CrMo442CrMoS4

42CrMo442CrMoS4

SCr440(H)

37Cr437CrS441Cr441CrS4

5140(H)530M4041Cr441CrS4

41Cr441CrS4

40X41Cr441CrS4

SCr445(H) 45X

SCM420(H) 708M20(708H20) 20XM

SCM432

SMn420(H) 22Mn6(H) 1522(H)

SMnC420(H) SMnC443(H)

SACM645 41CrAlMo74

JIS ISOAISISAE

BSBS/EN

DINDIN/EN

NFNF/EN

OCT

JIS ISO UNSAISISAE

BSBS/EN

DINDIN/EN

NFNF/EN

OCT

Technic

alReference

Technical Reference

Symbols of Metals

Austenitic

Stainlesssteel

Chromium

molybdenum

steel

Chromium

steel

Manganese

steel and

manganese

chromium

steel

Alloysteel

Stainless steel, heat resistant steel


Type

JapanU.S.A. Great Britain Germany France Russia

Type


Aluminiumchromiummolybdenumsteel

InternationalOther countries


Note: The above chart is based on published data and not authorized by each manufacturer.


39/521539

15

SUS305J1SUS309SSUS310SSUS315J1SUS315J2SUS316

SUS316FSUS316L

SUS316NSUS316LN

SUS316TiSUS316J1SUS316J1L

SUS317SUS317LSUS317LNSUS317J1SUS317J2SUS317J3LSUS836LSUS890LSUS321SUS347SUS384SUSXM7SUSXM15J1SUS329J1SUS329J3LSUS329J4LSUS405SUS410LSUS429SUS430SUS430FSUS430LX

SUS430J1LSUS434SUS436LSUS436J1LSUS444SUS445J1SUS445J2SUS447J1SUSXM27SUS403SUS410SUS410S

SUS410F2SUS410J1SUS416SUS420J1SUS420J2SUS420FSUS420F2SUS429J1SUS431SUS440ASUS440BSUS440CSUS440FSUS630SUS631SUS631J1

X6CrNi25-21

X5CrNiMo17-12-2X3CrNiMo17-12-3

X2CrNiMo17-12-2X2CrNiMo17-12-3X2CrNiMo18-14-3

X2CrNiMoN17-11-2X2CrNiMoN17-12-3X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2

X2CrNiMo19-14-4X2CrNiMoN18-12-4

X1CrNiMoCu25-20-5

X6CrNiTi18-10X6CrNiNb18-10X3NiCr18-16X3CrNiCu18-9-4

X2CrNiMoN22-5-3X2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3

X6CrAl13

X6Cr17X7CrS17X3CrTi17X3CrNb17X2CrTi17X6CrMo17-1X1CrMoTi16-1

X2CrMoTi18-2

X12Cr13X6Cr13

X12CrS13X20Cr13X30Cr13X29CrS13

X19CrNi16-2X70CrMo15

X105CrMo17

X5CrNiCuNb16-4X7CrNiAl17-7

S30908S31008

S31600

S31603

S31651S31653

S31635

S31700S31703S31753

N08367N08904S32100S34700S38400S30430S38100S32900S31803S32250S40500

S42900S43000S43020S43035

S43400S43600

S44400

S44700S44627S40300S41000S41008

S41025S41600S42000S42000S42020

S43100S44002S44003S44004S44020S17400S17700

309S310S

316

316L

316N316LN

317317L

N08904321347384304Cu

3293180332250405

429430430F

434436

444

403410410S

416420420420F

431440A440B440CS44020S17400S17700

310S31

316S31

316S11

317S16317S12

904S14321S31347S31

394S17

405S17

430S17

434S17

410S21403S17

416S21420S29420S37

431S29



X2CrNiMoN17-12-2

X2CrNiMoN17-13-3X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2

X2CrNiMo18-16-4

X6CrNiTi18-10X6CrNiNb18-10

X6CrAl13

X6Cr17X7CrS18X6CrTi17

X6CrNb17X6CrMo17-1

X10Cr13X6Cr13

X20Cr13X30Cr13

X20CrNi17-2

X7CrNiAl17-7

10X23H18

03X17H14M3

08X17H13M2T

08X18H10T08X18H12

08X21H6M2T

12X17

08X13

20X1330X13

20X17H2

95X18

09X17H7

Z10CN24-13Z8CN25-20

Z7CND17-12-02Z6CND18-12-03

Z3CND17-12-02Z3CND17-12-03

Z3CND17-11AzZ3CND17-12AzZ6CNDT17-12

Z3CND19-15-04Z3CND19-14Az

Z2NCDU25-20Z6CNT18-10Z6CNNb18-10Z6CN18-16Z2CNU18-10Z15CNS20-12

Z3CNDU22-05AzZ3CNDU25-07AzZ8CA12Z3C14

Z8C17Z8CF17Z4CT17

Z4CNb17Z8CD17-01

Z3CDT18-02

Z1CD26-01

Z13C13Z8C12

Z11CF13Z20C13Z33C13Z30CF13

Z15CN16-02Z70C15

Z100CD17

Z6CNU17-04Z9CNA17-07

JIS UNSAISISAE

BSBS/EN

DINDIN/EN

NFNF/EN

OCTISO

TechnicalReference

Symbols of MetalsTechnical Reference

Austenitic

AusteniticFerritic

Stainlesssteel

Ferritic

Martensitic

Precipitation

hardening

type


Type





40/52


41/521541

15

SC 200-400, 230-450,270-480

U- A1, A2 GS- GE230, GE280,GE320

SCW200-400W, 230-450W,270-480W, 340-550W

WCA, WCB, WCC A4 GE230, GE280

SCPL Grade LCB, LC1,LC2, LC3

AL1, BL2 FB-M, FC1-M,FC2-M,FC3-M

FCD

700-2, 600-3, 500-7,

450-10, 400-15,400-18, 350-22

60-40-18, 65-45-12,

8-55-06, 100-70-03,120-90-02 EN-GJS- EN-GJS- EN-GJS- B

FC100,150,200,250,300,350

No.20,25,30,35,40,45,50

EN-GJL- EN-GJL- EN-GJL-

FCAD

L-, S-

Type 1, 2,Type D-2, D-3AClass 1, 2

EN-GJS- EN-GJS- EN-GJS-

FCA-FCDA-

F1, F2,S2W, S5S

GGL-, GGG- L-, S-

Class A, B, C, D,E, F

SFC22, C25, C30,C35, C40, C45,C50, C55, C60

P285, P355 P245, P280, P305

Class E, F, G, IGrade 3A, 4Class G, J, K, L, M

SFCM

Class G, H, I, JClass 3A, 4, 5, 6Class K, L, M

SFNCM

SCHGX40CrSi24,GX40CrNiSi22-10,GX40NiCrSi38-19

Grade HC, HD, HF309C30, 310C45,330C12

GX40NiCrNb45-35,GX50NiCrCoW35-25-15-5

SCPH Grade WC1, WC6,WC9

A1, A2, B1, B2,B3, B4, B5, B7

G20Mo5,G17CrMo5-5,G17CrMo5-10

G17CrMo9-10,GX15CrMo5,GP240GH,GP280GH

CAC101CAC102CAC103CAC201CAC202CAC203CAC301CAC302CAC303

CAC304CAC401CAC402CAC403CAC406CAC407CAC502ACAC502BCAC503ACAC503BCAC701

CAC702

CAC703CAC704CAC801CAC802CAC803

C85400C85700C86500C86400C86200

C86300C84400C90300C90500C83600C92200

C90700C90800

C95200C95400C95410C95800C95700

C87500C87400

Cu-C(CC040AgrodeC)Cu-C(CC040AgrodeA,B)

CuZn15As-C(CC760S)CuZn33Pb2-C(CC750S)CuZn39Pb1-C(CC754S)CuZn35Mn2Al1Fe-C(CC765S)

CuZn34Mn3Al2Fe1-C(CC764S)CuZn25Al5Mn4Fe3-C(CC762S)

CuZn25Al5Mn4Fe3-C(CC762S)CuSn3Zn8Pb5-C(CC490K)

CuSn5Zn5Pb5-C(CC490K)

CuSn10-C(CC480K)CuSn12-C(CC483K)

CuAl10Fe2-C(CC331G)

CuAl10Ni3Fe2-C(CC332G)

CuAl10Fe5Ni5-C(CC333G)

CuZn16Si4-C(CC761S)

JIS ISO AISIASTM

BSBS/EN

DINDIN/EN

NFNF/EN

OCT

ASTMSAE

BSBS/EN

DINDIN/EN

JIS ISO

TechnicalReference

Symbols of MetalsTechnical Reference

Casting or forging steels

Non-ferrous alloys

Type


Type

JapanU.S.A. Great Britain Germany

Carbon steelcasting

Steel casting forwelded structure

Steel casting for lowtemperature and highpressure service

Heat resisting

steel casting

Steel casting forhigh temperatureand high pressureservice

Castingsteel

Copper

alloy

casting

Brass

casting

Silicon

bronze

castings

High

strength

brass

casting

Phosphor

bronze

casting

Bronze

casting

Aluminium

bronze

casting

Copperalloy,Nickelallo

y

Grey iron

casting

Spheroidal

graphite ironcasting

Austemperedspheroidalgraphite ironcasting

Austenitic

iron casting

Castingir

on

Carbon steel

forging for

general use

Chromiummolybdenumsteel forgingsfor general use

NickelChromiummolybdenumsteel forgingsfor general use

Forgingsteel





42/52


43/521543

15

(495)

(477)

(461)

444

(767)

(757)

(745)

(733)

(722)

(712)

(710)

(698)

(684)

(682)

(670)

(656)

(653)

(647)

(638)

630

627

601

578

555

534

514

495

477

461

444

940

920

900

880

860

840

820

800

780

760

740

737

720

700

697

690

680

670

667

677

640

640

615

607

591

579

569

553

547

539

530

528

516

508

508

495

491

491

474

472

472

85.6

85.3

85.0

84.7

84.4

84.1

83.8

83.4

83.0

82.6

82.2

82.2

81.8

81.3

81.2

81.1

80.8

80.6

80.5

80.7

79.8

79.8

79.1

78.8

78.4

78.0

77.8

77.1

76.9

76.7

76.4

76.3

75.9

75.6

75.6

75.1

74.9

74.9

74.3

74.2

74.2

68.0

67.5

67.0

66.4

65.9

65.3

64.7

64.0

63.3

62.5

61.8

61.7

61.0

60.1

60.0

59.7

59.2

58.8

58.7

59.1

57.3

57.3

56.0

55.6

54.7

54.0

53.5

52.5

52.1

51.6

51.1

51.0

50.3

49.6

49.6

48.8

48.5

48.5

47.2

47.1

47.1

76.9

76.5

76.1

75.7

75.3

74.8

74.3

73.8

73.3

72.6

72.1

72.0

71.5

70.8

70.7

70.5

70.1

69.8

69.7

70.0

68.7

68.7

67.7

67.4

66.7

66.1

65.8

65.0

64.7

64.3

63.9

63.8

63.2

62.7

62.7

61.9

61.7

61.7

61.0

60.8

60.8

97

96

95

93

92

91

90

88

87

86

84

83

81

80

79

77

75

73

71

70

68

66

65

63

2055

2015

1985

1915

1890

1855

1825

1820

1780

1740

1740

1680

1670

1670

1595

1585

1585

429

415

401

388

375

363

352

341

331

321

311

302

293

285

277

269

262

255

248

241

235

229

223217

212

207

201

197

192

187

183

179

174

170

167

163

156

149

143

137

131

126

121

116

111

429

415

401

388

375

363

352

341

331

321

311

302

293

285

277

269

262

255

248

241

235

229

223217

212

207

201

197

192

187

183

179

174

170

167

163

156

149

143

137

131

126

121

116

111

455

440

425

410

396

383

372

360

350

339

328

319

309

301

292

284

276

269

261

253

247

241

234228

222

218

212

207

202

196

192

188

182

178

175

171

163

156

150

143

137

132

127

122

117

73.4

72.8

72.0

71.4

70.6

70.0

69.3

68.7

68.1

67.5

66.9

66.3

65.7

65.3

64.6

64.1

63.6

63.0

62.5

61.8

61.4

60.8

(110.0)

(109.0)

(108.5)

(108.0)

(107.5)

(107.0)

(106.0)

(105.5)

(104.5)

(104.0)

(103.0)

(102.0)

(101.0)

100.0

99.0

98.2

97.396.4

95.5

94.6

93.8

92.8

91.9

90.7

90.0

89.0

87.8

86.8

86.0

85.0

82.9

80.8

78.7

76.4

74.0

72.0

69.8

67.6

65.7

45.7

44.5

43.1

41.8

40.4

39.1

37.9

36.6

35.5

34.3

33.1

32.1

30.9

29.9

28.8

27.6

26.6

25.4

24.2

22.8

21.7

20.5

(18.8)(17.5)

(16.0)

(15.2)

(13.8)

(12.7)

(11.5)

(10.0)

(9.0)

(8.0)

(6.4)

(5.4)

(4.4)

(3.3)

(0.9)

59.7

58.8

57.8

56.8

55.7

54.6

53.8

52.8

51.9

51.0

50.0

49.3

48.3

47.6

46.7

45.9

45.0

44.2

43.2

42.0

41.4

40.5

61

59

58

56

54

52

51

50

48

47

46

45

43

41

40

39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

30

29

28

27

26

25

23

22

21

20

19

18

15

1510

1460

1390

1330

1270

1220

1180

1130

1095

1060

1025

1005

970

950

925

895

875

850

825

800

785

765

725

705

690

675

655

640

620

615

600

585

570

560

545

525

505

490

460

450

435

415

400

385

HRA HRB HRC HRD HRA HRB HRC HRD

HB HV HS HB HV HS

TechnicalReference

Approximate Conversion Table of HardnessTechnical Reference

Approximate conversion value for Brinell hardness. (The source: JIS HB Ferrous Materials and Metallurgy -2005)

Note : Figures in ( ) are not commonly used.

A Scale,Load 60kg,

BraleDiamond

B Scale,Load 100kg,

Diameter1/16 in.

Steel ball

C Scale,Load

150kg,brale

diamond

D Scale,Load

100kg,Brale

Diamond

Approx.

tensile

strength

(Mpa)

RockwellBrinell, 10mm ball,

Load 3000kg

Standard

ball

Vickers

Shore

Tungsten

carbide ball

A Scale,Load 60kg,

BraleDiamond

B Scale,Load 100kg,

Diameter1/16 in.

Steel ball

C Scale,Load

150kg,brale

diamond

D Scale,Load

100kg,Brale

Diamond

Approx.

tensile

strength

(Mpa)

RockwellBrinell, 10mm ball,

Load 3000kg

Standard

ball

Vickers

Shore

Tungsten

carbide ball


44/521544

5

RzJIS

Rz

Ra

Technic

alReference

Surface RoughnessTechnical Reference

(According to JIS B 0601, 2001 and its explanation.)

RzJISshall be that only the reference length is

sampled from the roughness curve in the direction

of its mean line, the sum of the average value of

absolute values of the heights of five highest

profile peaks (Zp) and the depths of five deepest

profile valleys (Zv) measured in the vert ica lmagnification direction from the mean line of this

sampled portion and this sum is expressed in

micrometer (m)

Rameans the value obtained by the following

formula and expressed in micrometer (m) when

sampling only the reference length from the

roughness curve in the direction of mean line,

taking X-axis in the direction of mean line and Y-axis

in the direction

15 technical ee

Documents