15 behavioral modification

To develop a new behavior

1) Successive Approximation Principle

• In successive approximation, each successive step towards the desired behavior is

identified and rewarded.

• The series of rewards for different steps of the behavior increases the likelihood that the

steps will be taken again and that they will lead to the desired end result being fulfilled.

• Example: Children’s sign language

Teach the pre-speaking child to use children’s sign language and they could be telling parents when they are hungry or thirsty even before they can say the

words.


2) Continuous Reinforcement Principle

• Continuous reinforcement is a example of fixed ration schedule with one respond

emanate before a consequence happen (Huitt & Hummel, 1997).

• Reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs (Concept of “Do 1, Get 1)

• Example: Encouragement

Giving a child a chocolate every day after he finishes his math homework.


3) Negative Reinforcement Principle

• Miltenberger (2008) defined the negative reinforcement as the occurrence of a behavior

by removal an aversive stimulus or decrease the intensity of the stimulus.

• Reinforcement can be declared as the effect on target behavior surely increases.

• Negative reinforcement able to produce the result at a present time. This indicate that it

is suitable for short term use.

• Example: Wake up at 6am

Mike’s morning alarm goes off at 6:00am. He hates this noise and reaches

over and hits the STOP button which stops the alarm noise. He does this every

morning when his alarm goes off.


4) Modeling Principle

• There will be a prominence person set as the role model for individual and performing

the behavior by discover the behavior from the person.

• Modeling also labelled as observational learning or imitation, is a behaviourally based

procedure where the model used to exhibit certain behavior, thought, or attitude that

the person may want to gain or change.

• Example: Harith Iskandar

You may know how to tell a joke better because you have watched Harith

Iskandar’s stand up routine on TV.


5) Cueing Principle

• Cueing is the action that used to motivate people to begin or continue the action that he

or she had practiced previously.

• The purpose of the cueing principle helps the third party easily to handle the thinking of

the person by encounter the competitiveness, impulsivity and passivity present in the

timeworn recitation model (Mctighe & Lyman, 1988).

• Example: Hand gesture

Teach the child that instead of interrupting when you aretalking with somebody else, he is to squeeze your hand.This will let you know that he wants to talk to you (as youreturn the squeeze) and as soon as you can, you will stopthe conversation and find out what he wants.


6) Discrimination Principle

• The stimuli need to help the person able to identify and differentiate the cues given and

reward is given when the action is appropriate.

• Discrimination is the behavior directed towards category members that is consequential

for the outcome and is straight towards them due to the same group of members.

• Example: Interview for job

An older man applies for a job at a trendy women’s clothingstore. The young woman who interviews him finds himpleasantly similar to her favourite grandfather and tells himthis as a compliment. Later, the man is told that he does nothave the right qualifications, and that the person hired had“more energy” and could relate better to the mainly femaleclients.

To strengthen a new behavior

1) Decrease Reinforcement Principle

• Decreasing reinforcement encourage the behavior is continue practicing with minimum

or no reward.

• Once the behavior is established and practiced by the person, the adjustment on the

reward system need to be done.

• Example: Presentation

Practice to present in front of the classwithout providing any marking scale andreward to the student help to improve theoral and presenting skill.

To strengthen a new behavior

2) Variable Reinforcement Principle

• Is the type of reinforcement that used to enhance and boost the performance of the

behavior where intermittent reward is provided.

• Variable reinforcement will depress the reinforcement where intermittent reward will

reinforce a behavior randomly.

• Example: Improvement

A unpredictable reward is given to thechildren when they complete a betterquality of works such as scoring perfect intheir homework.

To maintain an established behavior

1) Substitution Principle

• Substitution happen when the current behavior and reward is no longer effective to

control the behavior.

• Substitution involve the task that establish new behavior and assist the old behavior.

• The practical of substitution is economic as the development of the new thought or

behavior may undoubtedly abolish the undesired behavior.

• Example: Reward the employees

Award the employees that have goodperformance with cash instead ofelectronic appliances.

To stop inappropriate behavior

1) Satiation Principle

• If the person wants to stop the undesired behavior, one of the method is let them

continue presenting a behavior until the person is tired from acting the action in a

particular way. Correspondingly, the reinforcer become less powerful at that time.

• Satiation principle cause the reduction of appetitiveness and exceptions can happen. to

a reinforcing stimulus.

• Example: Eating pizza

If you ate pizza for lunch today and dinner tonightand tomorrow your co-worker suggests eating apizza buffet for lunch, you may shout, "No way!"You are satiated with pizza.


2) Extinction Principle

• Extinction as a behavior that had been reinforced for a time frame was not continue for

the reinforcement and at last the behavior stopped occurring.

• Whenever the behavior no longer reinforced, the frequency, duration or intensity will

raise briefly before it reduce and stop.

• Example: No plastic bag in Melaka.

From 1st January 2016, consumers will have bring along their own shopping bags or the cash counters will supply them with biodegradable bags made of

plant-based materials.


3) Incompatible Alternative Principle

• To prevent the person in acting some behavior, it can be done by rewarding the person

with the alternative action that presented inconsistent where the undesired behavior

cannot be performed at the same time.

• Incompatible alternative principle is to provide the person something to do while the

behavior the person practice is misbehaving.

• Example: Reduce arguement

If your husband is annoying you by playing his Gameboy, instead of berating him, simply ask

him to help you by drying the dishes.


4) Punishment Principle

• Punishment is look for the reduction of the undesired behavior will be repeated again by

enforcing penalties such as reprimand, discipline or fines.

• Punishment is a process of decreasing behavior by instantly presenting an apathetic

situation contingent upon a response that results in reducing the recurrence of the

respond.

• Example: Add workload

Giving a student extra homework after he/ she misbehaves in class.

To modify emotional behavior

1) Avoidance Principle

• Avoidance principle is lead out the performance of the behavior which to forbid the

aversive stimulus.

• The main purpose of the appearance of avoidance is act as the basic process in

development and maintenance of phobic behavior.

• Example: Reduce the talking session

I dislike another person at work. I avoid walking pass their desk. When people talk about them, I say

nothing.

To modify emotional behavior

2) Fear Reduction Principle

• A form of systematic exposure to the feared stimulus such as imaginal, live, vicarious,

rapid, slow, continuous and intermittent.

• This method will slowly grow the comfortable, more relaxed and secure for the person in

the present of the feared situation.

• Example: Reduce the fear on snake

They gradually progress from touching a snake with a gloved hand to retrieving a loose snake bare-

handed and letting it crawl on their bodies.

15 behavioral modification

Education