15 aerodrome lighting and signs

7/31/2019 15 Aerodrome Lighting and Signs

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HAPTER FIFTEE ~ AERODROMI LIGHTS A D IGNS

Contents

l ~ ' . J A RODROME LIGHTS , " 15 - ~l5.2 APPROA H LIGHTING SYSTEMS , , . , , , , 1 5 ~ 315.3 RUNWAYLJGHTING ., " , , " .. , .. 15- L l

15. TAXIWA LIGHTING '" , .. , 15 - 1 515.5 SIGNS .. , " '"" , ]5 - 2015.6 MARK RS , .. , " 15 - 26

REVlS]ON QUESTIONS '" '"., , ,., , .15 -35


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AIR. LAW AERODROME LIGHTS AND SIGNS15.1 AERODROME LIGHTS

15.1.1 Introduction. Aerodromesat night are L it up like Christmas trees. The profusion oflights can be both confusing an..d disorientating, but each light or lighting system has apurpose and m ost are to do with aircraft safety. in this chapter the v ar io us 1 ig h1 in gsystems are described and their uses explained. The learning objectives state that aknowledge oflighting systems is required, but the spacing of lights or groups of lights(excluding approach lighting systems) is outside the scope of the course. The design oflighting system s is also b ey on d this C O U l : ' " S e . It is an unfortunate fact of life that there is110 standard system of lighting in nsealthough leAD has laid down the standards andreconrmended practices in Annex. 14. In general, metric measurement is used a lthoughsystems using imperial measure sril I exists (Brize Norton's Cat H approach system beingan example).

15-.1.2 L~ghts w hich m ay endanger aircraft. A non-aeronautical Iight n ear an aerodrom ewhich m ight endanger the safety of an aircraft is to be extinguished, screened orotherwise modified 'Soas to eliminate the source of danger. It is recommended that suchI ig hts b e defined:a.For code 4 instrument runways - within the areas before the threshold an d

beyond the end of the runway extending at least 2 500 IIIand 750 m either sideof the e xte nd ed ru nway ce ntre line,

b. For code 2 or 3 instrument runways - as above except that the length should beat least 3 0 .00 III

c. For code j instrument and n on -instrument ru nw ay s - within th e a pp ro ac h a rea .15..1.3 IEIevate,dlights. Elevated runway, stopway and taxiway Iights. shall be frangible. Their

height shall be sufficiently low to preserve clearance for propellers and for the enginepods of jet aircraftWhere not sufficiently conspicuous, they are to be suitably marked.

\]5.1.4 Light intensity and control. I I I dusk-or poor visibistycondittons by day. light can bemore effective than marking, Forlights to be effective in such conditions 01 " i 1 poorvisibil iry by night, they must be of adequate intensity, To obtain the required intensity,itwill usually be necessary to make the Iight directional in which case the arcs overwhich the light shows will have to he adequate and so orientated as to meet theoperational requirements. The runway lighting systemwill have to be considered as awhole, to ensure that the relative Iight intensities are suitably matched to the smile end.The intG~dity o f runway lighting shan be adequate for the minimum conditions ofvisibil ity in ambient Ugh! in which use of the runwayisintended, and compatible withthat of the nearest section of the approach lighting system whenprovided. While thelights of an approach lighting system may be of higher intensity than the runwaylighting, it is good practice to avoid abrupt changes in intensity as these could give apilot a false impression that [he visibility is changing during approach.

1 5 - - 1 Oxford Aviat ion. Services Limited


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AIR LAW AERODROME UGHTS _AND SIGNSV here a high intensity lighting system is provided a suitable intensity control shall beincorporated to allow for adjustment of the Iight intensity to meet the prevailingconditions. Separate intensity controls or other suitable methods shall be provided toensure that the following systems; when iosralled, can be operated. at compatibleintensities:a. approach lighting sy tern;b. nmway edge lights;c. runway threshold lights;d. runway end Lights;e. runway centre line lights;f nrnway touchdown zone lights; andg. taxiway centre line lights.

15.1.5 Emergency lights.. Normally, an aerodrome will have an alternate power supply t copewith general power failures. Where no such back-up supply exists, emergency] ights areto be available for at least the] rimary runway.

lS.1.6 Aeronautical beacons. Where opera ionally necessary an aerodrome beacon O T anidentificati on bea on is to b e p ro vid ed w here th e aerodrome i s in tended for use at nightThe need for a beacon is to be determined having regard to the requir-ements of the airtraffic using the aerodrome the conspicuity of the aerodrome features in relati n t itsurroundings and the installation of other visual and non-visual aid tl ieful in locatingthe aerodrome.15.1.6.1 Beacon Characteristics. An aerodrome bea on i to show either colouredflashes alternating with white flashes, or white flashes only. The frequency of totalflashes shan be from 20 to 30 per minute. Where used, the coloured flashes emitted bybeacons at land aerodromes shall be green and colonred flashes entitled by beacon' atwater aerodrorn -s shall be yellow, In case of a combined water and land aerodromecoloured flashes, ifused s11a11have the colour characteristics of whichever section ofthe aerodrome is designated as. the principal facility, The light from 1 1 1 e beacon willshow at all angles of azimuth. The verti al light distribution shall extend upwards fromthe elevation of not more than 1o to an elevation determined by the appropriate authorityto be sufficient to provide guidance at the maximum el vation at which th e beacon isintended to be used and th e effective intensi ty of to e flash shall be not less than 2000cd.Beacons are to be provided at an aerodrome intended for use at night ifone or more ofthe following conditions exist:a,


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AU~ lAW AERODROME L IGHTS AND SllcGNSIS.l.7 Identification beacon, An identification beacon shall be provided at an aerodrome

which is in te nd ed for use at nightand cannot be easily identified from. the ai r by an yother means. An identification beacon 'at a land aerodrome shall sbow at all angie ofazimuth. The vertical light distribution shall extend. upwards from an elevation of notmore than 1a to an elevation determined by the approximate authority to be sufficientto provide guidance at the maximum elevation atwhich the beaconis intended to beused and the effective intensity of the flash shall not be less t h a r u . 2000cd. Anidentification beacon shall show flashing green at a land aerodrome (red at a UKmilitary aerodrome) and flashing yellow at a water aerodrome. Tbe identificationcharacters shall be transmitted in the International Morse Code. The speed oftrail smi ss i on should be between six and eightwords per minute, the correspondi ngrangeof duration of the Morse dots being from 0.15 to 0.2 seconds per dot.

.5.2 APPROACH LJGHT1NG SYSTEMS15.2. . 1 General. Approach lighting systems. are partemsof fixed lights of variable intensity,

designed to give the pilor guidance to th e threshold (o r aiming point) of a runway, ~ n.poor met conditions or at night. The Iightpatterns may include distance coding and.givean in dic atio n of aircraft altitude. The arrangemeut ruay also give an indication ofaircraft height above the approach plane. Systems can range in complexity from asimple centre line and cross bar, to the highly .intricate layouts associated with Cat mprecision Instrument approach systems. The determination of the visual criteria forlanding can be mel by the visual acquisition of the approac b light system and the designmust cater forthe requirement of the most restrictive decision heights and minimumdescent heights, Systems have evolved roughly in line with advances in instrumentapproach accuracy and. demands. Older (basic) systems. the 5. bar and centre linesystems are known as :Calvert patterns (after. th e designer) or th e mill tary equi valent, theNATO system. At SOlTI.eolder aerodromes, th e approach lighting systems m ay be laido ut to im pe ria l measu rem en t (as ail:Brize Norton) but th e IC j\O standard Is metric. Theprimary unit of design is the length of the segm ents. set by JCAO at 300 m, ICAOreq III ires than all the existing lighting systems not conforming to the ICAO specificationstandards are to be rep laced by 1 Jan20Q5. Any ILS or MLS~zimuth antenna protrudingthrough the plane of the lights shall be treated as an obstacle and marked and litaccordingly.15.2.1.1 Barrettes, The individual lights that make up the lighting systems may bearranged either as single light'units (the older method) or in the form of groups of threeor more lights arranged as a bar (the leAO method). For instance the centre lineof'asy stem lT Ia fc oll.sist o f ei ther sing] e po int sou rce lights or a barof 5 1ights close together.The arrangement of 5 dose together is. caned a 'barrette' (pronounced barre ~et meaningsmall bar). They are called barrettes so that they are not confused with the' barcon~itU!ent parts of any approach lig htin g s ys tem .' .

15-3 Oxford Av~atlol'lServices limited


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AIR LAW AIEROIDROME LIGHTS AND SIGNS15.2.2 Simple approach lighting system, A simple approach Iighting system consists of a row

of lights on tile extended centre line of th e runway ex ten din g, w he nev er p ossib le, overa distance of not lessthan 4201In from the threshold with a row of lights forming acrossbar 18 m 0130 m in length at a distance Df300 III hom the threshold. The lightsforming the crossbar shall be as nearly as practicable in a horizontal straight line itt right


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AIR LAW AE!RODIROME LIGHTS AND SIGNS

SIMPLE APPROACH ANI!)R U N W A Y UG HTI NG SYST'EM

Fig 15.2.2 Sirrtple Approach Ughting System15.2.3 PIeeL ion approach CAT [ Hghtillg: system. A precision approach category 11ighting

system shall consist of'.a row (If lights on the extended centre line of the runwaye xte nd in g, wherev er possible, over a distance of~ OOm from the runway threshold witha r, w of li gh ts f orm ing a crossbar Sflm in length at a distance of 300m from the runwaythreshold. The installation of an approach lightingsystem of less than '100m in lengthmay -re su lt in operational Iimitations .on th e W,C ' of the runway .. he lights form in g thecro sbar shari be as nearly as practicable inn horizontal straight line a t f ig ht angles no,and bisected by, the line ofthe centre line lights. The light. of th e crossbar shall bspaced so as to produce. a linear effect. except thai gap$ may be left on each side of thecentre 1 i 1 i l 1 C . These gaps shall be kept to a minimum to rneei local requirements and eachshall nO I exceed em . Spacings for th e crossbar lights between 1m And 4m are in usc.. aps on each side 0 l'th c ce ntre I in e m ay im prove directional guidance when arlln. 'I hesarc rna le w ith (I l


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A IR lAW AERODROME LIGHTS AND SIGNS

APPROACH AND RUNWPo.V .LIGHTING TYPICALGA.TI &YSTEM SHOWING TAKE..OfFSTARTER EXTENSION ANDSTQPWAY l,.IGHTING(CALVERT SYSTEM)

Fig 15.2.3a Cat ~Precision Approach Lighting SystemrS.LU Deseriptfuu. The system shall lie a: nearly as practicable ill the honzorual planepassing through the [hi" shold, provided that no o b . 1 C G I other than an IL. or t v ! LS azimuth a n t e n n asha ll p ro trude through the plane of the approach lights w ithin a distance of60m from h e c en tr eline of th e system: aud 110 light other thHI1 a light located within the central p art ora crossbar ora centre line barreue (nol their extremities) shall be screened from all approaching aircraft.Note; Any lL S Of MLS azimuth "antenna protruding through the plane of the lights shall betreated ':IS an obstacle and m arked anti lighted accordingly.

15-6 Oxford Avlatton SSlVlces limlled


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AIR ,LAW AERODROM.E .LIGHTS AN!)I SIGNS

ICAO BARRETTE e.ENT~ELlNEApPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM

CENTRELINEOF FLASHINGWHIT~LI I' -

15.2,3,2 haract ristic The centre line ofthe c ro ss ba r lig hts ef'a PH!C1Si n approachcategory I lighting system shan be fixed lights showing; variable intensity white. Eachcentre line light shall consist of either:

Fig 1S.2.3b ICAO Barrette Centreline Approach Lighting System

15-7 OXford Aviation Services Limited


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AIR LAW AEROD'ROME LIGHTS ANIDSIGNSa. a single light source in the in nermosr 300m of the centre line two light sources

in the central 300m of the centre line and three light sources in the outer 3001:11of the centre line to provide distance information 01 "

b. a barrette at least 4m in length.lote: When the barrette as in b) is composed oflights approximating to po-int sources,

a 'pacing of 1.5m between adjacent lights in the barrette has been foundsatisfactory.

] 5.2.3.3 Strobes. If the centre line consi ts of barrettes as described in b) above eachbarrette should be supplemented by a capacitator discharge light, except where suchlighting is considered unnecessary taking into account th e characteristics of the systemand the nature of the meteorological conditions. Each capacltator discharge light 8Sdescribed above shall be flashed twice per second in sequence. beginning with thecutermost Light and progressing toward [be threshold ro the innermost light of thesystem. Til design of the electrical circuit shall be such that these lights can beoperated ind pendently f the oth r light. f'theapproach lighting system.15.2.3.4 Distance Coding. If the centre Iin e c on sists of lights as described in a)a dd itio na l c ro ss ba rs 0 fl ights to the crossbar provided at 300m from the threshold shallbe provided at 150m. 4S0m. 600m, and 750'01 from the threshold. The ligllts formingeach crossbar hall be as nearly as practicable i 11 a horizontal straight line at fight angleto, and bisected by, the line {the-centre line lights. The lights shall be spaced so as toproduce 8! linear effect, except that gaps may be left on each ide of the centre line.Thes gaps. hall be kept to a minimum LO meet local requirements and each shall 110texceed 6m. Where theadditional crossbars described above are incorporated in thesystem, the outer ends of the crossbars shall lie on two straight lines that either areparallel to the line ofthe centre line lights or converge to meet the runway centre line300m from the threshold.

1.5.2.4 Precision approach category Iiand 111 lighting s seem. At those aerodromes whereCat II and UI approaches are conducted more complex approach lighting system areinstalled to enhance the possibility of the pilot achieving the visual criteria to completethe landing, The systems used are various but all are based on either the Calvert 5 barand centreline system, or the r AO barrette system. Both systems are distance codedand provide some 'element of attitude information.15.2.4.1 Location The approach lighting system shall consist ofa row of lights on theextended centre line of the runway, extending, whenever possible, over a distance of900m fr m the runway threshold. In addition, the system shall have lw side rows oflights, extending 270n1 from t he thr esho ld and two crossbars, one at J SOm and one at300m from til threshold, all as hown in Figure. 1 ote: The length of900m is based onproviding guidance for operations under category I, II and W conditions. Reducedlengths may support category II and III operations but may impose Iimitations 01 1category 1 operations.

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AIIRLAW AERODROME LIGHTS AND SIGNS15.2.4.2 Description. The lights formi ng the centre 1ine shall be pla ed at longitudina I intervals

of30m with the innermost lights located 30m from the threshold. The tights forming theside rows shall be placed on e ac h sid e of the centre line, at a lougirudinal spacing equalto that of the centre line lights and with the first light located 30m from the threshold,The latera] spacing (or gauge) between the innermost lights of the side row shall be notless than 18m nor more than 225m, and preferably L8m, but in any event shall be equalto that of thetouchdown zone lights. The crossbar provided at 150m from the thresholdshall fi II j n the gap s between the centre line and side row lights. The crossbar pro videdat 300m from the threshold shall extend 00 both sides of the centre line lights to adistance of "15mfrom the centre hoe lights, Ifthe centre 1ine beyond a distance OfJ00111J , ' 0 1 1 1 the threshold consists of lights as described below additional crossbars of lightsshall be provided at 450m" 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 and 750rn from the threshold. W here the additionalcrossbars described above are iucorporated in the system, the outer ends o r thesecrossbars hall lie on two straight lines that either are parallel to thecentre line 300mfrom the threshold. The system shall lie as nearly as practicable in the horizontal planepassing through t he thr esho ld provided that:a. no other object 0 her than an ll, or M -LS azim uth antenn a shall pr trude

through the plane of the approach lights within a distance of 60m from thecentre line of the system ; and

b. no Light other than a light located within the ce ntral p an o f'a cro ssb ar or a t centreline barrette (not t he ir ex tr em i ti es ) shall be screened from an approachingaircraft.

ote: Any JLS or MLS azi muth antenna protruding through the plane 0fthe 1iglns shanbe treated as an obstacle and marked and lighted accordingly.

15.2.4.3 Characteristies. The centre line of a. precision approach category JJ and [U lightingsystem [CH' the [ust]OOm from the threshold shall consist of'barrettes showing variablewhite, except that. where the threshold is displaced Sfhlm or more, the centre line mayconsi t of single light sources showing variable white. The barrettes shall be at least 4rnill length. When barrettes. are composed of lights apprcxi rnately to point sources) theLights shall be uniformly spaced at intervals of not more than [.sm. Beyond 300m fromth threshold each centre lineI ight she 11consist of either a barrette as used on he inner300m; or two ~ight sources i.n the central 300m of the centre line and three light sourcesill the outer 300m of the centre line, all of which show variable intensity white.

15,2.4.4 Strobes. If the centre line beyond 300mfrOll l the threshold consists of barrettes asd scribed in a) above. each barrette beyond 300m should be supplemented by a capacitordischarge light. except w here such lighting 1'8considered unnecessary taking into UCC01.mt thecharacteristics of the system and the nature of the meteorological conditions. Each capacitordischarge light shall be fla bed twice a second in seq uence b eg inning with tbe outermost 1ightand progressing toward the threshold to the innermost light of the system. he design of th ee le ctric al c irc uit sh all be uch that these lig hts c an be operated independently of th e other lightsof the approach 1ighting system.

Oxford Aviation Services Limited


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AIR l-AW AERODROME LlG'HTS AND SIGNS15.204.5 Culuur of Lighn, Lhe side 1"0\" S L M l J consist of barrettes showing red.. Th'length uf a siderow barrette and the spacing of Its lights shall be qual ro those of thetouchdown zone light b~llTClLCS. The lights forming tilt' crossbars shall be fixed lightsshowing variable white. The lights shall be uniformly s~pclcedat intervals of net morethan 2.7m. Tile intcnsjty of the red lig hts s ha ll be compatible with the intensity of th ewhite lig hts.

APPROACH AND RUNWAYLIGHT NG TYPICALCAT II OR CAT III SYSTEM

Fig 15.2.4a C at 11 1111alvert P recis ion Approach Ughting System

15-10 @ Oxford Aviation Servlce!i Llm.tea


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AIR LAW AERODROME LIGHTS AND SIGNS

Fig 15.2.4b ICAO Cat l u m Precision ApproachLighting System

15,,1.5 Preciaion Approach Path [ndleator (PAP:I) and Ahbreviated Approach PathEndicator (APAPI). PAP[s are used [0 provide additional guidance fo r precisionapproaches. The give a visual indication of aircra ft v ertic al p ositi n 'wil-hrespect to (h eglide path ant! {if fitted on b th sides of the rUf1WClY} roll attitude. APAPis are sim ilarto PAPIs but use LW O lights mstead o f fo ur.

15-11 Oxford Av ia tlon S e rV i ce s U f11 lt ed


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AIR LAW AERODROME LIGHTS AND SIGNSIS .2 ..S.1 Deseriptlon. The BAPL system shall consist of a wi ng bar of 4 sharp transitionmulti-lamp (ell' paired 'Single lamp) un tlS equally spaced. T be system shall be located onthe left. side of th e runway unless it t is physically impracticable to do so. The AfAPlsystem shall cons ist of a wing barof 2 sharp transition nml ti-lamp (or paired S1nglelamp) units, The system shall be located on the left side of the runway unless it isphysically impracticable to do so. The wing bar ofa PAPI shall be constructed andarranged insucha manner that a : pilot making an approachwill;a. when on or close to the approach slope, see the two units nearestthe runway as

red and the two units farthest from the runway as white;b. when above the approach slope, see tile one unit nearest the runway as ted and

the three units farthest from the runway as white: and when further above theapproach slope, see-all the units as white; and

c. when below the approach slope, seethe three units nearest the runway as T e dand theunit farthest from the runway as white; and when further below th ea pp ro ach slo pe, se e all th e u nits as: r ed .

Note: CAP .637 or Jeppesen Airway manual contain diag rammatic representat ion oftheindications described at 15.2.5.1 a-c.

15.2.5.2 APAPJI Wing Bats. The wing bar of al l APAPI shall be constructed andarranged in such a manner that a pilot making an approacf will:a. when 011 or dose La the approach slope, see the unit nearer the runway as redand the unit farther from the runw ay as white;b. when above the approach slope, see both the units as white; andc. when below the approach slope, see both units as red.

@OxJprd Aviation Servi iGes limUed


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AIR LAW AERODROME LIGHTS AND SIGNS

P AP I W ING B AR r H R E S H O I - DThe hei:ght of the pilot's. eyeaboV'8 the alrcrafts IlS glide path/MlS antenna varies. with "the-type ofaeroplane and approach altitude. Hamloni.~atiol1lof the,PAPI slgllal and I:LSglide path alnd/or MLSmlnlmum glide path to a point closer to the threshold may be achieved by l:ncreas~n;ghe on-coursesector from 20 ' to 30'. The' setting angles of 3" glIde slope would then be : 225' , 2D 45 ' , 3(>15'and3Q35'.

Figure lS.2.Sa. 3 ,u PAP1 illustrated

APAI'I WING BAR THRESHOLD

lfigm"j;!S.2.5b. 30 APAP] Illustrated,

15-13 O X f or d A v ia ti or r Servloes L i n ' ! le d


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AIIR LAW AERODROME LIGHTS ANiD SIGNS15.2.5.3 Minimum Eye Height (MEHT). lfthe PAPI system wa located exactly atthe threshold of the runway and the pilot flew a visual approach keeping the aircraftexactly at the 'on glide path' position, the wheels of the aircraft would hit the groundbefore the aircraft reached ~he threslrold. The distance before the threshold where thewheels hit the ground being a function of the distance from the pilots eye to the bottomof tile undercarriage. To overcome this, the visual aiming point is set a distance downthe runway, usually sothatthe.aeroplane normally using the aercdrom are catered for.On code 4 instrument runways at Least 2400 Inin length, the aiming point is set 400 mfrom the threshold in which case, f01" a.normal 3Cglide path, th e pilots eye would be' 65ft above the surface on crossing the threshold. TI1is assumes that the 'on glide path'indication is a point source, when in fad it js encompassed in a bandwidth of angleswhere the 011 glide path'indicationis visible. ]J the height of the pilots eye cam beestablished when the aircraftis over the threshold with the lowest possible 'on glidepath' indication, this could be used to determine ifan aircraft can use the PAPI systemas set up for that runway. The figure quoted. on tile reAO aerodrome chart is theM H (minimum eye height) printed alongside the location of the PAPJ on the chart.During type rating instruction you wil I be made aware of the eye to undercarriage'requirement of the type, so th at y ou can as ess the useablitiy of the PAPIs. The MEHTfor the PMIs au runway 02 at Oxford is IT with a glide path angle of 3.50 anddisplaced threshold.

15.3 RlfN\VAY LIGHTING15.3.6 RUI wa edge lights. Runway edge lights hall be provided for a runway intend . c t for

use at nigh or for a precision approach runway intended for use by day or nightRunway edge lights should be provided on a runway intended fo r take-off with anoperating m inim um below an RV R of the order of 800m by day.15.3.6.l.Location Runway edge lights shall be placed along the full length of therunw ay and shall be in tw o parallel I"QWS eq uidistan t from the cen tre I ine, R unw ay edgelights shall be placed along the edges of the area declared for use a the .nmway orout ide th e edges of the area at a distance of not more than 3m. Where the width of thearea which could be declared as runway exceeds 6Qn:1,the distance between the rows oflights should be determined taking into account the nature ofthe operations, the lightdistribution characteristics of the runway edge lights, andother visual aids serving therunway. The lights shall be uniformly spaced i n . rows at intervals of'not more than 60tIIfor an instrument runway, and at intervals of not more than 100m for a non-instrumentrunway, The lights orr opposite sides of the runway axis shall be on lines at right anglesto that axis. At intersections of runway , tights may be spaced irregularly 0'1' omitted,provided that adequate guidance remains available to the pilot.

15-14 Oxford Avialien Services Limited


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A IR LAW AERODROME UGHTS AIND' SIGNS15.3.6.2 Characterfstics Runway edge lights shall be fixed Light' showing variableintensity white, except that i1 1 U 1 e case O f a t displaced threshold, the lights between thebeginning of the runway and the displaced threshold shall show red in the approachdirection; and a section of the lights 6000] or one third of'the runway length. whicheveris the less at the remote end of the runway from the end at which the take-off run isstarted, may show yellow (the caution zone). The, runway edge lights shall show at allangles in azimuth necessary toprovide guidance to a pilot landing or taking off ineitherdirection. When the runway edge lights are intended to provide circling guidance, theyshall show at all angles in azimuth. In all angles of azimuth required above runway edgelights shall show at angles up to IS above the horizonral with an intensity adequate forth e conditions ofvisibility and am bient L ight i n which lise of the runw ay f01" take-off 011"landing is intended. In any case, the intensity shall be at least SOcd except that at amaerodrome without extraneous lighting the intensity of the lights may be reduced to notless than 25cd to avoid dazzling the pilot.

15.3.7 Runway threshold and wing bar light '. Runway threshold lights shall be provided fora runway equipped with runway edge lights except on a non-instrument 01 non-preci ion appr ach runway where the threshold is displaced and wing bar lights areprovided,15.3.7. l l.ocatron 01'runway threshold lights. When a threshold is at the extremity ofa runway, th e threshold li gh ts s han be placed in a row at right angles to the runway axisas near to the extrem ity of th e runway a' p ssible, and in any case. not more limn 3moutside the extremity. When a thre hold is displaced from the extremity f a runway,threshold lights shall be placed in at row at right angles to the runway axis at thedisplaced threshold. Threshold lighting sha ll c onsis t of:a. on 3. non-instrument runway or non-precision approach runway, at least six

lights'b. on a precision approach unway category 1,at least ~11enumber of lights that

would be required if the lights were uniformly spaced at intervals of 3mbetween the I'OWS of runway edge lights; and

c. on a precision approach runway category II and ill, lights uniformly spacedbetween the rows of runway edge lights at ]uterva 1 5 of not more than 3m.

The Iights prescribed in a) and b ) a bove shoul d be either:d. equally spaced between the rows of mnway edge lights ore. symmetrically disposed about the runway centre line in tw o groups, w ith th e

lights uniformly spaced in each group with a gap between the groups equal tothe gauge of the touchdown zone marking or lighting, where such isprovided,or otherwise not more than half the distance between the rows of runway edgelights.

15~15 O x fo rd A vi at io n S e rv ic e s L im i te d


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AIR LAW A,ERODROME UGHITS AND SIGNS15.3.7..2 Applica tion of wing bar 1ights, Wing bat lights shall be provided all. a 0011-instrument or non-precision approach runway where the threshold is displaced andrunway threshold Iights are required but are Dot ' provided.15.3 ..7.3 Location of wing bar Iights. Wing bar lights shall be symmetrically disposedabout the runway centre line at the threshold intwo groups ie wing bars. ach 'wing barshall be formed by at least five lightsextending at Ieast l Om outward froru, and at rightangles to, the Line of th e runway edge lig hts , w ith the innerm ost ~ight of each wing bar"in the line ofthe runway edge lights.15.3.,'.4 haraeteris ics of ru nway th resh 0Id and wing bar ligh ts, Runwa ythresho ldwing bar lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights show ing green in the direction ofapproach to the runway, The inten ity and beam spread of the lights shall be adequatef or t he cond itio n, f visibility and ambient light in w hich use of the runw ay is intended.

15.3.8 Runway end lights. R unw ay end lights shall be provided fOT a runway equipj ed withrunway edge light" . ote: W hen the thre hold isat the runw ay extremityfittil1gsse rv in g a s th resh old lights may be used as runway end lights. Runw ay end light shallbe fixed unidirectional lights showing red in the direction of the runway. The intensityand beam of the lights shall he adeq uate 10 1:'he conditions of vi ibility and ambient Iighti 1 1 which use of the tU11way is intended.1.5.3.8,] Loeauon Runway end ]i.gh~s shall be placed on a line at righ; angles to therunway axis as near to the end of the runway as possible and in any case, not m re than3m outside the end. Runway end lighting should consist of at least six lights. The lightsshould be either equally spaced between the rows of runway edge lights, orsymmetrically disposed about the runway' ientre line in two groups with the lightu nif orm ly sp ac ed in each group and with a gap between th e groups of not 1110re than halfthe distance between the rows of runway edge lights. F or a pre ci si on . a pp roach run waycategory ill, the spacing between runway end lights, except between the two innermostlights ifa gap is used, should not exceed 6111..

1.5.3.9' Runway centre line tights. Runway centre line lights shall be provided on a precisionapproach runway category IT or III and should be provided on a precision approachrunway category I particularly when the runway is used by aircraft with high landingspeeds or where the width between the runway edge lights is grea ter than 50m. Ru nwaycentre line lights shall be provided all a runway intended to beused for take-offwith anoperating minimum below an RVR ofthe order of 400m. Runway centre line lightsshall be located along the centre line of the runway, except that the lights may beuniformiy o ffset to the same side of the runway centre line by not m ore than 60cIllwhere i is not practi cable to locate them along the centre 1iLle. The lights shall belocated from the threshold to, the end at a longitudinal spacing of approximately:(I. 75m or 15m on a pre ci si on approa ch runway-c ate go ry Ill; and

Oxford AViation Services Limited


18/53

AIR LAW AERODROME LIGHTS AND SI 'GNSb . 7.5m , 15m or 30 m 011 a p reci 'n on a pp ro ach ru nw ay categ ory II o r o th er runway

on which the lights are provided.15.3.9.1 Displaced Threshold, Ce-ntre line guidance for take-off from the beginningof a runw ay to a d is pla ce d th re sh old should be provided by:a. an appr (tell ligl1ting system if'its characteristics and intensity settings afford the

gu idance r equ ir ed during ta ke -o ff a nd it d oes n ot d azz le th e pile _of an aircrafttaking off or

b. r unway c en tr e lin e lig hts ; orc. barrettes of at least 3m length and spaced at uniform intervals of3Qm, designed

so tharthei r photorneric characteris tics and intensity set ti ng a fford the gu idancerequired during take-offv i thout dazzl ing the pilot of an aircraft taking off.

15.3.9.2, Landing. Where necessary, pr vision should be made to extinguish th secentre line lights specified in b or reset the intensity of the approach lighting sy tem orbarrettes when the runway is being used tor landing. Inno case hould only the singlesource runway c ntre line lights show from the beginning of the runway to a di 'pJacedt h resh 01d where the runw ay is being Ill-sedfor landing.1.5.3.9.3 Characteristics. Runway centre line lights shall be fixed lights showingvariable white from the thresh ld to th e P01nt 90 0m from the runway end; alternate redand variable white from 900m to 300m from the runway end; and red from 300m to therunw ay end e: cept rhat:8. where the runw ay centre Hoe Lights are spaced at 7 . , , 5 1 1 1 intervals, alternate pairs

of red and variable whi te ] i gh ts shan be used 011 th e section from 900m to 3GO !1 1from the runw ay end; and

b. for runways less than 1800111 ill length, the alternate red and variable whiteli gh ts sha ll extend from the mid -po in t o f't he runway usable for landing to 300mfrom the runway end.

i5.3 ..141Runway touchdown znne lights. Touchdown zone lights shall be provided in thetouchdown. zone of a precision approach runway category T J or Ill, Touchdown zonelights shall extend from the threshold for a longitudinal distance of 900m, except that,on runw ays less than I,80 0m in length, the sy stem shall be sh orten ed so that itd oes n otextend beyond the midpoint IQ f th e runway. The pattern shall be formed by pairs ofbarrettes symmetrically located about the runway centre line. he lateral spacingbetween the innermost lights of a pa ir of barrettes shall beequal to the lateral spacingselected for the touchdown zone marking. The Iongitudin aI spacing between pairs ofbarrettes shall be either 30m Or 6 0 1 1 1 . A barrette shall be comp ed of at least three lightswith a spacing between [he lights of not more than L5m. A barrette should be not lessthan 3m nOT more than 4.5m in length, Touchdown zone lights shall be fixedu nid ire ctio na l tig hts sh ow in g v aria ble wh ite ,

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AIIR LAW AERODROME. UGHTS AND SIGNS15.4.2 Taxiway centre line ligbts. Taxiway centre line Hghts shall be provided OR an exit

taxiway, taxiway and apron in tended for use i]_ runway visua] range conditions less thana v alu e 0 :f3 50 11 1, U 1such a manner as to provide continuous guidance from the runwaycentre line to the p oin t o n th e apron where aircraft commence manoeuvring for parking,e xc ep t -th at these lights need not be provided where there is a low volume of'traffic an dtaxiway edge lights and centre line marking provide adequate guidance. Also taxiwaycentre hue l ights, should be providedon a taxiway intended for use at night in runwayvisual range conditions of 350m or greater, and particularly on complex taxiwayintersections and exit taxiways. Taxiway centre line lights shall beprovided ail a runwayformingpart of a standard taxiway routeand intended for taxi ing in nmway visual rangeconditions less than a value of 350m, except that these lights need not be providedwhere there is a low vclum e of traffic an d taxiway ed ge lig hts an d ce ntre line markingprovide adequate guidance,N ote: Where there may be a need to delineate; the ed ge s o f'a taxiway e g o n a .r ap id ex it

taxiway, n2IlTOW taxiway o r 'in sn ow co nd itio ns, th is may he d on e w ith ta xiw ayedge lights or markers,

] 5.4.2.1 Characteristies Taxiwaycentre Line lights on a taxiway other than an exittaxiway an d on a runway forming part of a s ta nd ard taxi-route shall be fixed lightshowing green with beam dimensions such that the light is visible only from theaeroplanes on or in the vicinity of the taxiway. Taxiw ay centre Line lights on an exittax iw ay sh all b e fixed lights. Alternate taxiway centre line Ilghts shall sh ow green an dyellow fr om their beginniugnear therunway cen tre line to the p erim eter of the lLS{lV ILScritical/sensitive area or the Tower edge of th e inner transitionalsurface, whichever isfarthest from the runway; and thereafter all ligbts shall show green. The light nearest t othe centre perimeter shall always show yellow. Where aircraft may follow the samec en tre .~n e in both directions ail the centre line lights shan show green to aireraftapproaching the runway. Taxiway centre line lights should: normally he located on thetaxiway centre line marking, except that they may be offset by 110t more than 30cmwhere it is : not practicable to locate them on the marking.

1.5.4.3 Stop' bars ..One or more stop bars, as appropriate, should be provided at a taxiwayintersection or taxi-holding position when it is desired "1 0 supplement markings withlights and. to provide traffic control by visual means. The p rovis io n o f s to p bars-requiresthe ircontrol by air traffic services. A stop bar shal I be provided. at every taxi -holdingposition serving a runway when it is intended that the runway will be used. in runwayvisual range conditions less than a value of 350m except w here:a. appropriate aids or procedures ale available to assist ill preventing inadvertent

in cu rsio ns o f aircraft and vehicles onto the runway; orb. operational procedures exist to limit, in runway visual range conditions less

than a value of 5:50m, th e n umbe r o f:

Oxfum Avlatlcn Services !L imited


20/53

AIR LAW AIERODROMIE LIGHTS AND SIGNS1. aircraft on the manoeuvring area to one at a time; and11. vehicles on the manoeuvring area to the essentia I . minimum.

lS.4.3.1 Location Where the normal stop bar lights might be obscured froma pilot'siew), for example, by snow or r a i l ) , or where a pilotmay be required to:stop I t ' J 1 eaircraftin a position dose to the lights that they are blocked from view by th e structure of theaircraft. the a pair of elevated lights should b added to each end of the SLOp bar. Stopbars shall be located across the taxiway at the point where it is desired that traffic stop.Where the additional lights pecified above are provided, these lights shall be locatedn t less than 3m from the taxiway edge. Stop bars shall consist of lights spaced atintervals of sm across the taxiway, showing red in the.intended direction/s) of approachto the itersection of'raxi-holding position. tQPbars installed at a taxi-holding positionshall be unidirectional and, shall show red in the direction of approach to the runway.Where the additional lights above are provided, these fights shall have the samecharacteristics as the lights in the stop bar, but shal! be visible to approaching aircraftup 1 1 0 the stop bar position. Selectively switchable stop bars shall be installed inconj unction with at Ieas t t hr ee taxiway centre line J ig hts (exten din g fo r a distance of atle as t 90m from th e s to p bar) in th e d ire ctio n th at it is intended f or a n a ir cra ft to p ro ce edfrom the stop bar.

15.4.4 Taxiw ay intersection Lights . . Taxiway intersection lights should be provided at anintersection where it is desirable to define a specific aeroplane holding limit and therei 11 0 n eed for sto p and go sign als pro vid ed by a to p b ar. T ax iw ay in t r se ct ion ligh tsshall be located at a point between 30m to 60m from the near edge of the intersectingtaxiway. Taxiway intersection lights shall consist of at least three fixed unidirectionallights showing yellow in the direction of approach to the intersec tion with a lightdistribution similar co taxiway centre line lights ifprovided. TIle lights shall be disposedsymmetrically about, and at 90" to, the taxiway centre line, with Individual lights spaced15m apart.

ISA.5 Runway guard lights. There are two configurations of runway guard lights.onfiguration A and Configuration B. See figure 15.4.5.

] 5..4.5.1 Conftguratton A. A Runway guard lights, Configuration A, shall be providedat each taxiway/runway intersection associated with a runway intended for use in :a. runway v is ua l r an ge conditions less than a value of 55 O m w here a stop bar inot

ins ta ll ed : an db. runw ay vi ua I, range c onditi o ns o f values between 550m and 1,200m where the

traffic density is hi gb "

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21/53

.AIR LAW AERODROME LIGHTS AND SIGNS15.4.5.2 Other Comblnanens. Runway guard lights, C nfiguration A o r o nfigurationB or both, should be pro rided at each taxiway/runway intersection where enhancedconspicuity of the taxiway/runway intersection is needed, such as on a w ide throattaxiway, except that Configuration B should .not be collated with a stop bar, FO fConfiguration E, adjacent lights shall be alternately illuminated andaltemative lightsshall be illuminated in unison ..The lights shall be ilhuuinated between Jtl and 60 cy lesper minute and the light suppression and illumination periodsshall be equal andopposite in eaeh light.

T~'Se;eN otes - -- -,_l__ \A pair of unidirectional,fl as h ih g y e llo w l ig h ts . . . . . . Unidifectional 'flashingyel l'ow I igtJlsspaced alIntervals of 3m.

Conf igurat ion A Conflgurra[iofl B

Fig . .15..4.5Runway -gnard lights.15.4.6 Road hcldlng position light. road-holding position light shall be provided at each

road-hol ding p O - 5 1 ( jo n. s erv i og a runway when. it i s int ended that the run w ay wi 11be u sedin runway visual range conditions less than a value of350m. The load holding positi nlight shall he located ,c djacent to the holding p sitiou marking 1.5m (O.SlU) from oneedge of the roadie left or right as appropriate to the local traffic regulations. The r adholding position light shall comprise:3. a controllable red (stop /green (go) traffic light; 'O rb. a flashing-red lightNo"e': Ir is intended th at the lights specified in subparagraph a) be controlled by [h e

air t ra ffic sen-ices.15.4.6.1 Specification. The rcad-holdmgposition light beam shall be unidi rec tiona l an daligned so as to be, vi s ible to the dr i ver of a vehicle approaching the holdmg position,Th intensityof the light beam shall be adequate for the conditions.of visibil ity andambient light ill which the u e of the holding P ' ition is intended, but shall not dazzleth e driver. The fla h freq uency of the flashing red-l ight hall be between 30 and 60 pe rminute.

~I O x fo rd A .v la ll on servtces Limited


22/53

AIR LAW AERODROME LIGHTS ANI[) SIGN~

.6JU'j,lllltlll J1

~~~~:~I~l l

FigUTe 15.4 Taxiway Lighting


23/53

AJR LAW AERODR.OMIE LIGHTS AND SIIGNS15.5 SIGNS

15.5.1 General Speciflcation. Signs a re p ro vid ed on aerodromes to convey a mandatoryinstruction, in fo rmatio n on a speci fi c lo ca ti on Or destination on a movement area, or toprovide- other information as required.] 5.5.1.1 Characteristics. Signs S11ill1 be frangible. Those located near a runway ortaxiway shall be sufficiently low to preserve clearance fo r propellers and the enginepods of jet aircraft. The installed height of the sign shall not exceed the dimensionshown inthe appropriate column. Signs shallbe rectangular, with th e longer side1orizontal. The only signs on the movement area utilizing red shall be mandatoryinstruction signs. Signs shall be retroflective and/or illuminared when intended for useat [right in association with non-instrument runways where the code number is 1 or 2.Signs shall be illuminated when intended for use:a. in runway visual range conditions less than a value of 800m~ orb. at night in association with instrument runways; orc. at night in association with non-instrument runways where the code number is

3 or 4.15.5.1 Mandatory Instruction signs. A mandatory instruction sign shall be provided to

identify the location beyond which an aircraft taxiing orvehicle shall not proceed unlessauthorised by the aerodrome control tower. Mandatory instruction signs shall includerunway designation signs, category I, II and illholding position signs taxi-holdingposition signs road-holding position signs and NO ENTRY signs. A pattern "A' taxi-holding position marking snail be supplemented at a taxiway/runway intersection Of arunway/taxiway intersection with arunway designation sign. A pattern "B" taxi-holdingposition marking shall be supplemented with a category I, II or Ill holding position sign.A runway designation sign at 1 1 taxiway/runway intersection should be supplementedwith a location sign in the outboard (farthest from the taxiway) position as appropriate.A NO ENTRY sign shall be provided when entry into an area is prohibited.

115.5.2.1L(lcati(lns of signs .. Signs are to be located in positions such that those to whomth e in stru ctio n o r in fo rma tio n is applicable, are ab le to see t J H : sign. Signs ate not to bepositioned so as to create hazards toaircraft. .igns are positioned as follows:a. A runway designation sign at a taxiway/runway intersection shall be located at

least on the left side of a taxiway facing the direction of approach to ther unway . lh er e p ra cti ca ble a runway d es ig na tio n sig n sh all b e lo ca te d o n e achside of the taxiway.

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AIR LAW AERODROME LIGHTS AND SllGNiSb . A NO ENTRY sign shall be located at the beginning of the area to which the

entrance is prohibited at Ieasr on the left hand side of the taxiway as viewed bythe pilot. Where practicable, a NO ENTRY sign shall be-located 01) each sideof the taxiway ..

c. A category II IT or m holding position sign shall be located on each side of theholding position marking facing the direction of the approach to the criticalarea.

d o A taxi-holding position. sign shall be located at least on the left-side of the taxi-belding position facing the approach to the obstacle limitation surface orLLSfMLS critical/sensitive area; as appropriate. Where practicable. a holdingposition sign shall be locatedon each sid e o f the taxi-ho lding po sition.

Sign height (mm P er pe nd i c ula r Perpend icul a rd istan ce from distance fromdefined taxiway defined runway

Code Legend Pace Installed pavem ent edge p av em en t ed ge toNumber (rnin.) (rnax.) to near side of neal: side of signsign1 or 2 200 400 700 5-11m 3-10mlor 2 300 600 900 5-11m 3-lOm

(( 30f4 300 600 9 0 0 11-21m 8-]5m30r4 400 800 1]00 II-21m 8-15m

Table: Location distances for taxiing guidance signs including nun ay exit sign.

15.5.2. Characteristics A mandatory instruction sign shah) consist of an Inscriptionin white on a red background. The inscription on a runway designation sign shallconsist of th e runway designations of the intersecting runway properly oriented withrespect to rh e viewingposition of the sign, except that a runway designation signinstalled in the vicinity of the runway extremity may show the runway designation ofth e concerned r unway ext rem ity only. T he inscriptio n on a . category I, II or III c r jointT Iro I l1 01 dil1 C' position sign shall consist of the rum ....ay designator followed by C T ICAT Il, CAT 11[, or CAT IIIm, as appropriate. The inscription on a taxi-holdingposition sign shall consist of the taxiway designation and number, Where appropriate,the following inscriptions/symbol shall be used:

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AIR LAW AEROIDROME LIGHTS ANO SIGNS

Inscriptton/Symbol Use25 CAT I To indicate a category I taxi-holding position at

the threshold of runway 25.25 CATD To indicate < 1 category U taxi-holding position

at the threshold of runway 2.5.25 CAT III To indicate a category III taxi-holding position

at the threshold of runway 25.25 CAT nzm To indicate ajoint category IIIIII taxi-holding

position at the threshold of runway 25.NO ENTRY symbol I To indicate that entry to an area is prohibit d.Runway designation of a To indicate < a t taxi-holding position at a runwayrunway extremity extremityRunway designation of both I To indicate a taxiway hold ing pos itio n lo ca te dextremities of a runway at other taxiway/runwa iI I tersections or

runway/runway intersections,B2 To indicate a taxiway hal ling position 1 0 ated

at other taxi way/runway intersections orrunway/runway or taxiway/taxi' ayintersections,

Table: Mandatory signs15.5.3 Information signs. An in fo rm atio n sig n sh all b e p r ov i d ed whe re thereis an operational

need to identify by a sign, specific location or routing (direction or destination)informariou. Information signs inc] ude: direction signs, location signs, destination signs,runway exit signs and mlfiway vacated signs. Informationslgns, wherever pra ticable,are located on the left-hand side of the taxiway, At a taxiway intersection, informationsigns are located before the intersection and in line with the taxiwa intersect-ionmarking. Where there is no taxiway intersection marking, the signs is installed at [eastGOm from the centre line of the intersecting taxiway where the code number is 3 or 4,and at least 40rn where the code number is 1 or 2. A Location sign installed beyond ataxiwayintersection may be installed 011 either side of the taxiway. Runway exit signsare located on the same s' de of the runway as the exit is located (ie left or right). Arunway vacated sign shall belocated at least 0 11 O 1 ). .e side ofthe taxiway to indicate whenthe aircraft is clear of the sensitive area. Where a runway vacated sign and a taxiwaylocation sign are sited, the taxiway location sign is outboard ofthe runway vacated sign.A taxiway Location sign installed in conjunction with a runway designation sign shallhe positioned outboard of the runway designation sign. An information sign. other thana location sign shall-not be collocatedwith a mandatory instruction sign,

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AIR LAW A.ERO~OR()MlELIGHTS AND SIGNS15.5.3.1 Charaeterlstlcs The-colour and symbology of infonnation signs is as follows:a. Informationsigns (except location signs), consist of all inscription in black on

a yellow background.b. A location sign shall co 1 1 si sts of an inscription in yellow on a black background

and where it is a stand alone sign, has a yellow border.c. The 'inscription 0 1 1 1 a runway exit sign consists of the designator of the exit

taxiw ay and an arrow indicating the d ir ec ti on to f ollow .d. The inscription on a runway vacated sign depicts the pattern A taxi-holding

posi ti on ma rking .e. The inscription on a destination sign is an.alpha, alphanumerical 0:[ numerical

messag e id en tify in g the d estin atio n p lu s an arrow indicating the direction toproceed.

f. The inscription OJ] a direction sign is an alpha or alphanumerical messagek le .l lt if yin :g the t ax iwayr s) p lu s an arrow or arrows appropriate ly or ien ted ,

g. The inscription 0 1 1 1 a location sign is the designation of the location taxiway,runwa y o r o th er pavemen t the aircraft is on or is entering a nd s ha ll not con tamarrows,

" Note: Where it is necessary to identify each of a series of taxi-holding positions on thesame taxiway. th e lo ca tio n s ig n s ho uld c on sis t of th e ta xiw a y d es ig na tio n a ndnumber,

15.5.3.2 Combination Signs. Where alocation sign and direction signs are used incomb marion:a. all direction signs related to left turns are placed on the Jeft side of the location

sign an d a ll d ire ctio n sig ns re la te d to rig ht tu rn s a re p la ce d: o n th e right side o fthe location sign. Exception: Where the junction consists ofoue intersectingtaxiway, the location sign may beplaced on the left hand side;

b. the direction signs are placed such that the direction of the arrows departsincreasingly from the vertical with increasing deviation of the correspondingtaxiway;

c. an appropriate direction sign is placed next to the location. sign. where th edirection of th e location taxiway changes significantly beyond the intersection;and

@ Oxford Aviation SeMces Umited


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AIR L AW AERODROME LIGHTS AND SIGNSd. adjacent signs 'are delineated by a vertical black line.15.5.3.3 Taxiway D esignators. Taxiw ays are identified by a designaror com prising aletterts) or a combination of a I ttens) followed bya num ber. 'W hen designatingtaxiways. the use of the letters J r X arid the use twords arch at inner and utershould be avoided wherever po sible to avoid confusion with the numerals L 0 andclosed marking, The lise of numbers. alone-on the m anoeuvring area hall is reserved fo rth e designation o f r unway s,lS.S.1.4Aircraft taud Identiflcaticn signs. An aircraft stand identification markingshould be supplemented with a sign where feasible. he sign should be located so as tob e c le arly visible from the c( ckpit of an aircraft prior t t . p entering th e stand. The signconsists of all inscription in black on a yellow background,

15.5.4 Road-hnlding r)IOsitcion sign. Read-boldine position signs are provided at all roadentrances to runways. The m ad -h old in g; position sign is to be located 1.5m from. th eedge of the road (left or right as appropriate to the local traffic regulations) at th eholdinu position. A road-holding position marking sign consists of an inscription inwhite on a red background, Ifthe sign IS intended for night use. it is to be retroflective01" illuminated. Tho inscription on a road-holding position sign is 'to be in the nationallanguage, must conform with the local traffic regulations and include the following:a, a requirement to stop; and where appropriate:

b. a requirement to obtain ATI clearance; andc. location designator.

Fiqure 15.5.2a Visual Taxi Holding Posltlon

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AIR LAW AERODROME !LIGHTSAND SIGNS

Fig 15:5.2b Instrument Taxi Holding Position

III

Fig' 15.5.2c MultipJ:e TaXI Holding Positions

Oxford Aviation Services Ul1l10 d


29/53

AIR LAW(s) Visual Runway Ta:xi-Holdi'n9 Pcaition SI'g" -denotes

the Vjsual Taxi-Holdlng Posilion and also the ILS CAliHolding POSition whe~e.lhe V isual and CAT I holding PQ~Hlo. l1are co-ioca teo

(bj CAT I' Runway Ttll


30/53

AIR LAW

( i )(a ) T ax iw ay Loc at io n S igns

( i i J

(c) Dlrecuon Sign

N o te t h e u se o f a h y p h e n t o s e p a r a t er e p r l e ro c a l d es ig na to rs a n d I h e ' u s e 0 1a d o! I Q s ep ar at e o the r d es igna to rs

(e ) D e s t i n a t i O n Sign 1 0 D i f t e r e n Runwa~;s

AE ,R OD R OI M E LIGHTS AND~SIGNS

( 0 ) R o n w a y L o c a t io n S ig n

( d ) R u nw a y D e s t in a t io n S ig n

(i) Inbound Destnallon Sign

(g ) T a x iw a y E n d in g S ig n ( 1 1 )R u n w a y v a c a te d s ig n ( l e f t s id e o f t a x iw a y )

Fig 15.5.3 Information Signs

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AIR~AW AERODROME LIGHTS .AND S'IGNS

-- Straight Ahead Taldway

A(a) Standard4~W8ylnter&ectlon

E

(c) Straight ahead TaxIway hasc h an g ed d e si gn a.t io !1 ,

E1 1 t - EA

(8) Location siqns indicating exitfrom lntersecnon,

(b) Straight ahead Taxiway has directionchange gre.ater llial125

A(d) Y configuratton with Tax:iway 'A'changing direction.

E

{f ) Taxiway ending sign

Fig 15.5.3.2 Taxi Guidance Signs at lntersections

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AIR LAW .AIERODHOME LIGHTS AN'O SIGNS5.6 MARKERS

15.6.1 Definition. A marker is an object which is displayed above ground level in order toindicate an obstacle or delineate a boundary. Markers areused where Iights arc notprovided or where Iighting (01' ground markings) do not serve the purpose. Typicallyedge markers may be used to indicate th extremity of a taxiway where snow has fall n,or to mark areas of bad ground on a grass aerodrome, Their height shall be sufficientlylow to preserve clearance for propellers and for the engine pods of jet aircraft. AtOxford" the refuelling area. is marked by retroflective green markers,

15.6.2 Unpaved runway edge markers, Marker should. be provided when the extent of anunpaved runway is not clearly indicated by the appearance of its surface compared withthat of th e surrounding ground, Where runway lights are provided, the markers shouldbe inc rporated in the light fixtures. Where there are no lights markers of flatrectangular or conical shape hould be placed so as to delimit the runway clearly, hef lat rectangular markers shou ldhave a m inim um SIze ofl m by 3m and should be placed!with their long dimension parallel to the runway centre line, The conical markers shouldhave a height not e ceeding 50clT l .

[5.6.3 Taxiway edge markers. Taxiway edge ma rker s should beprovided on a t ax iway wher ethe code number is I or 2 and the taxiway centre line or edge lights 01' taxiway centreline markers are not provided. The marker should be installed at least at tile arnelocation as would the taxiway edge lights had they been used, Markers are required tobe retroflective blue. The marker, as viewed. by the pilot, should be a rectangle ami!should have a minimum viewing area of 150Clii1,.Taxiway edge markers shall befrangible,

15.6.4 Taxiway centre line markers ..Taxiway centre line markets should be provided 01 1 ataxiway where the code number is 1 or 2 and taxiway centre line or edge lights. ortaxiway edge markers are not provided. Taxiway centre line marker should be providedon a taxiway where the code number is 3 or 4 and taxiway centre line lights are n tprovided ifthere is a need to improve the guidance provided by the taxiway centre linemarking, The markers should be installed at least at the same location as would taxiwaycentre line lights had they been used. The markers should normally be located on thetaxiway centre line marking, except that they m ay be offs t by not more than 300mwhere it is not practicable fo locate: them on the marking. Taxiway centre line markersare retroflective green" The marker as viewed by the pilot, should be rectangular andshould ha e a minimum viewing area of20cmr. The markers shall be so designed andfitted t withstand being run over by the wh els of an aircraft without damage either toth aircraft or to the markers themselves.

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AIR LAW AERODROME LIGHTS AND SIGNS1.5.6.5 Unpaved taxiway edge markers. Where the xtent of an 'unpaved taxiway is not clcarl

indicar d by its appearance compared with that if'the surrounding ground, markersshould be provided. Where taxiway lights, are provided 1'hI!markers should beincorporated in th e 1ight fixtures. Where there are no 1ights, markers of conical shapeshould be placed so as to delimit the taxiway clearly.

15.6.6 Boundary markers, Boundary markers ..hall be provided at an 1L rodr me where thelandinz area has no runway. Boundary market'S shall be spaced al ng the boundary oft he t and ing area at intervals of'not rnore than 200m, ifth e ty pe shown below is used, orapproximately .90m, if the conical type is used with a marker at any corner. Boundarymarkersshould be of a form s i m i l a r to t hat shown in Figure 10 , b e l l o w , or in t h e f o r mof a cone' not less than 50cm high an d not less than 7 5 0 1 1 1 in diameter at the base. Themarkers h uld be coloured to contrast with the background against which they will beseen, A single colour. orange Dr red, o r two c on tra stin g colours, OJ.ange and white oralternatively red and white, S h 0 1 . 1 1 c l be used, xcept where such colours merge with theba kground.

1m ,.TYPE A

O R A NG E S T R 1P ', ," S01'

EQ U.AL . .W IDTH

... 50'cm )0>j. I

IIIIlinil II

S O emMII-l

,fiDemMIN

.'f

NIOT t.sss T HI\ ,N 3 m

TYPE '8' TYPE'C'

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AIR L.AW A .E R O D R O M E IL .I .tG iH IT SA N D SIGNS15.7 VI AL DOCKrNG GUJDANCE SYSTEMS

15.7.1 Iatrnduetlon, Visual Docking Guidance systems (sometimes referred to as Nose-inDocking Guidance systems or Stand Entry Guidance systems) provide guidance wherepilot interpreted alignment and stopping information is required f r accurate parkingparticularly at air-bridges. ICAO states that aircraft stand manoeuv ri ng guidance lightsshould be provided to facilitate the positioning of an aircraft on an aircraft stand on apaved apron or on a de/anti icing facility intended for use illpoor visibility conditions,unless adequate guidance is provided by other means. There are no learning objectivesconcerning Visual Docking' ystems, but students are advised to mad Chapter 4 ofCAP637. just in case a question comes up in the examination.


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AIIR LAW REVISION QUESTIONSREVISION QUEST10NS CHAPTERS 14 AND 15

I.Wha.t does a number 4 in the aeroplane referenced field. length element of the aerodromereference code mean?a. Landing distance re quire d =>18:00mb. Take off run required (TORR) =>I 800mc. Take off distance required =>1800md. Runway length not less than ] 800m

2- Il1 the code element 2 part of the aerodrome reference code the largest aeroplane would beindicated by which letter?a . Cb, Dc. Ed .. E '

3. Which of the following does, TORA include?a. The stopwayb. The runway stripc. The runway prior to the displaced thresholdd. The nl11way end safety area

4. 'What Is ASDA?a. Aircraft stop distance availableb. Asphalt stand and dispersal areac. Accelerate' stop distance availabled, A local supermarket

5. Can the landing distance available ever be less than the runway length?a, Neverb, Yes - if there is a displaced threshold.c. Yes - if there is a . stop way that has the full load classification category of the main

runwayd. It depends upon the rLllIiway code number

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AIR LAW REVISION QUESTIONS6. Which of the following conditions is to be reported to the AIS?

a. It's snowing:b. Runway subsidencec. The ident beacon is being repairedd. The electricians are testing th e lighting

7 .. T t has been raining) but there are no patches of standing w ater on the: runw ay, How would ATCdescribe the condition 'of t il e r unway?a. Dampb. Wetc. Dryd . Flooded

8, Frozen water on a runway can variously be described as:a. Snow, sleet or slushb .. Snow , sleet or rainc. Rime ice, clear ic e or snow iced. Ice, slush or snow

9. Can ATe close an aerodrome if it is snowing?a. No - an aerodrome cannot be closed because of weatherb. Yesc. Yes - but it must be re-opened immediately it stops snowingd. Yes - but only if the snow freezes as it settles

1O. What is added to the end of a MET.t\R if an aerodrome is closed because of snow?a. SNUWTAMb.c .d.

1 L How long is a OW 'TAM valid for'?a. 6 hou rb . 12 hoursc. 1 8 h ou rsd. 24 hours

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AIR. LAW REVISION QUESTIONS12. 'What does a runway strip include?

a. The runway-and cleared zoneb. The runway and stopwayc. The runway and clearwayd. The runwayand runway end safety area

13. What are the names of the types of runways used. in commercial aviation?a. Visual; Instrument; Precision and Non-precisionb. lnstrument and Non-Instrumentc. Precision alia Visuald. Paved and grass

14.. A runway strip is required to be .150m wide if the runway type is what?a. Code Iinstrumenth. Code 3non-precisionc. Code 3 precisiond. Code 4 non-instrument

15. WIlen is a runway strip required to be graded?a. For all instrument runwaysb. For all instrument runways and code 3-4 non-instrument runwayso. .Forall.precision runways and code 3-4 non-instrument runwaysd. For all nan-instrument runways

16. For what runways 'is a runway end safety are (RESA) a mandatory requirement?a. Noneb. All runwaysc. Code 3A precision runwaysd. All instrumentrunways

]7; What is the width of a stopway?a. 150mb. Not: less than 30 mc. The same as the runwaysd. 1..5times the width of the runway

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AIR LAW REVISIONI QUESTIONS18. How far from the threshold of a runway should the Radio Altimeter Operating Area extend?

a. .i5kmb . 3 0 G O tI1c. 300 rnd . 60 III

19. What must the radius of curvature of a taxi-way turn cater for?a. All aircraft likely to use the aerodromeb. Aircraft for which the taxiway ]s intendedc. The largest aeroplane reference field length code numberd. All aircraft, and widening strips are to be provided is normal width is insufficient

20. How many wind indicator (wind-socks' are requ ired 'at a code 4 aerodrome?a. neb. One at each end of th e lange t runwayc. One at the threshold of each runwayd. Two (the master indicated by a white circle around the base)

Zl , What colour re ru nway mark ings ?a. Redb. Greenc . Yellowd . Whice

2-2. What colour are apron safety markings?a. Yellowb. Whitec. Green/yellowd. A contrasting colour to the taxiway markings

23. What colour are runway designator' markings?a. Yellowb. BJuec. Black on a w hite backgroundd. White

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AIR LAW REV IS ION QUEST IIONS24. For which type of runways a re c en tre lin e mark in gs req uired ?


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AIR LAW REVISION QUESTIONS3~. On what type of runways are touchdown zone markings required?

a. All instrument runwaysb. All runways code 3 or4c. Paved precision runw ay s cod e 2, 3 or 4d. Hprecision runways

31. What do touchdown zone markings look like?a. Four or more bar side by side across the thresholdb. A Line across the runway with arrows point to it from th e a pp ro ach d irec tio nc. Double length centre li ne ma rk ingsd. Pairs of rectangular marking. ' symmetrically disposed about the centreline

32. When are runway side stripe markings required?a. Where the edge of th e runway is lower th an th e surrounding ground (ie there is a kerb)b. Where the runway L greater than30tn widec. Where the edge of th e runway is not well definedd. W 1 1 e n the runway has centreline markings

33. Do a ll t ax iways require centreline markings?a. Yes) but only where the aerodrome is used at nightb. No only code 3 or4 paved taxiwaysc. Onl if there is 11 edge lightingd. Yes if the runway has centreline markings

34. There are two types of taxiway holding point markings, Which type is always the closest to therunway?a. Pattern Ab. Pattern B

It depends upon the category of Instrument landing operations in progressd. There is now fixed requirement

35. How is the taxiway holding point marking to be augmented?a. It is to b e m ark ed' on th e ap proach plate fo r th e ru nw ayb. A mandatory sign on the le ft sid e o f th e tax iw ayc. A mandatory sign and a position information sign on both side. of the taxiwayd. A, to p bar



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AIR LAW REV IS IION QU lE :S TIONS36. At the taxiway holding point for a runway there are two holding points (a pattern A and a pattern

B). The aerodrome is closed but you have the owners permission to use th aerodrome out of110m3. At which hold do have: to stop at prior to taking off?a. Bothb. The pattern Ac. The pattern Bd. It depends upon the category of instrument landing taking Place

37. What is the minimum di tance from the runway centreline for a precision approach cat 1 ITorm combined ho ld ing po in t to be pos it ioned for a runwaywhere al l three category of operationsa re c arried o ut?a. 75nlb. 90mc. 60rl1d. There is no set distance

38. What is the critical factor affecting the dis tance of a precision runway taxi holding point fromthe centre of the runway?a, The category of landing operationsb. The sensitivity of the ILS/},1LS systemc. The size of the aeroplanes using the aerodromed, The width of the taxiway

39. Where two taxiways cross, there is a requirement for holding points to be established prior tothe intersection so that aeroplanes can cross clear of others waiting to cross, What do themarkings look like?a. Pattern Ab. Pattern Bc. A single broken lined. A single solid Line

40 , W hen are aircraft stand mark ings required?a. For de. ignated park '; ng po itions on 1)aved apronsb. For all parking bays without ground movement control systemsc. For a]11arking locations on a aerodrornesof code 3 '~E Of 4C-Ed. For all parking bays with airoridges

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AIR LAW REVISION QUESTIONS41. What is the purpose of apron safety lines?

a. To mark the limit 0f a surface capable of supporting the largest aeroplane forwhich theapron is designed

b. To mark an area of the apron safe fbr people to walk. inc. To mark safe areas. for the taxiing of aeroplanesd. To mark areas where it is s af e to position ground equipment, vehicles etc ..

42. What do roadholding positions look like'!a. Pattern A holding marksb. A single solid line across the holding pointc. A sin gle d otte d lin e w ith tra ffic lig htsd, The same as on the 1Dea l roads

43. W here will y ou NOT fin d in fo rm atio n m ark in gs?a. 0.1l a taxiw ay closer to the runw ay that the closestholding pointb. 0]] apronsc. 0]] runwaysd. OID.a rap id exit taxiway

44. W hen are information mark ings used?a. To supplement information signsb. To give information where it is not safe to use a signc. 'Where signs can be blown down by jet blastd. Where the aerodrome authority deems that signs are unsightly

45. Do information markings require a


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AIR LAW REVISION QUESTIONS47. Which of the following defines the characteristics ofaerodrome lighting?

a. Colour, direction, intensity, visibilityb. Colour, intensity> visibilityc. Colour, intensity , visibility, m ode of operationd. Cotour intensity. direction

48. Which ofthe following are aeronautical beacons?a. Ail obstacle Lights Of) obstacles over J S O m highb. Ali obstacle lights and lighthousesc. Aerodrom e beacons and aerodrom e identification beaconsd. Any light that aids.navigation

49. When is au aerodrome beacon required?a. Where operationally necessary at an aerodrome used at nightb. At all aerodromes used at night or in poor visibilityc. At aerodromes where only visual a pp ro ac he s a re p erm itte dd. Where cat I or cat II operations are used

50. Which of the following are the characteristics of an aerodrome beacon?a, Flashing the Morse code ident letters for an aerodrome in either red (military) or green

(civil)b. Hashing white onlyc. Flashing white or green, or bothd. White flashes alternating with coloured flashes, orwhite only

5 ~, W hat does a simple approach lighting system consist of?a. Five bar and centre lineb. entreline and barrettesc. ingle centrelineand crossbard. Threshold lights and runway edge lights

52. W hat Itype(s) of runway can a simple approach system used for?a. All runwayb. Grass runwayc. V isual and precision runways.d. Non-instrument and. non-precision runways

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.AI~RLAW REVISION 'QUESTIONS53. Over what distance from the threshold is a cat I lighting system to extend?

a. 300mb. 600nlc. 900md. mOIe than 600m but not more than 900m

54. What does a cat Llighting system con is t of?a, 5 bar and centreline originating from the aiming pointb. 5 bar and centreline with supplemental lighting in the inner segmentc. 5 bar and centreline or barrettes replacing the barsd. 5 bar and centreline origiuaring from the thresh 0ld

55. For a Cat Il/Ill lighting system, how far does the centreline extend from the threshold in theapproach direction?a. 900mb. 900m ifCat I operations are also permitted at the aerodromec. Recommended 900m but may b e les sd. Not jess than 840m

56. 'No obstacles are permitted to protrude through the plane of the approach lights." Is th istatement true Or false?a. Trueb. False

57. For a Cat WID approach lighting system how many light sources comprise the centrelinebetween 600m and 300m from the threshold?. n , ]b. 2c . 3d. It is optional

58. What does the abbreviation MAP! stand fer?a. Adjustable PAPIb. Abbreviated PAPIc. Attenuated PAPrd. Airfield PAPT



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AIR LAW 'REVISION QUESTIONS59. Whatis required to b add d t a PAPI or APAPl system to provide roll guidance?

a. Gyro-s tabilised gimbalsb. AJl additional wing baron the same side of the runwayc. An additional wing baron the other side of the runwayd. PAPIs cannot provide rollguidance

6G.. If you are slightly below the glide slope, what indications would you expect to sse from a PMl'ystem?

< 1 . . Three white lights and one red - the red nearest' to the runwayb. Three red lights and one white - the white nearest to the runwayc. Three white lights and one red - the red farthest from the runwayd. Three red lights an d one white - the white farthest from the runway

61. What doe the abbreviation MEHT mean?a. Minimum Ey Heighth. Mean Eye Heightc. Maximum Eye Heightd. Manual/Electronic Height Transmission

62. M ~HT is quoted for all PAP]/ APAPI installations. 'What is MEHT referenced to?

a. Eye on glidepath to rhresholdb. Eye just above glidepath to thresholdEye just bela glidepath to thresho lei

d. Eye at lowest point on glidepath to threshold63. If aMEl-IT of57' is quoted, what does it mean?

a. With an 'on glidepath' indication there is 57 ft below the aircraft over the thresholdb. With an '011 glidepath' indication there is 57 ft below the pilot's eye over the thresholdc. With an 'on glidepath' indication there is 57 ft from the pilot's eye: to the lowest point

on th undercarriage over the thresholdd. With an '011 glidepath' indication the aircraft is 57 ft above the threshold64. What colour are runway edge lights?

a . Blueb. Whitec. Yellowd. Green

Oxford Avialion servtces Limited


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AIR LAW REVISION QUESTIONS65. What colour are runway edge lights. between the end! of the runway and a displaced threshold

shewing in the direction of the approach?a . Wbi~eb, YeUo'wc . Greend. R ed

66. You see yellow runway edge lights, what does this, mean?fl. They 1 1 8 v e run O 1 ] t of the normal colour bulbsb. You are within 600m of the end of the runway or have lessthan one third of the runway

remainingc. Y Oll ha ve ru n into the stopwayd. The ground beyond the edge of the runway is unfit for aer plane movements

67. hrough what angle sh uld runway edge light be seen?a. Through all angles of azimutb where the Iights are used to provide circling guidanceb. Through all angles of elevation necessary to provide guidance to a pilot landing or

raking off in either directionc. All r ound a lwaysd. Only through 15 either side of the centre line

68. Where are runway threshold lights provided?a. On all runways with lights.10. On aJJ Instrument runwaysc. On aU runways with edge lights but without a displaced thresholdd. On a n p ave d ru nw ay s w itb ce ntre lin e Iig htin g

69. On which runways are runway end lights provided?~1. On a n paved runwaysb. On all non-instrument runways code 3 and 4c. On alii runways, with edge lightsd. On runways where the end of one runway is the threshold of therunway in the opposite

direction (lig hts s how in g re d in one direction and green in th.e other)70. What type of runway requires to uc hdown zon e lig htin g?

a. All instrument runwayb. ALI instrument: runways of code "',or 4 over 2400m longc. All Cat !l/lU precision runwaysd. All precision runways

1S-46 Oxford Avlatlcn Services limited


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AIR LAW REVISION QIJESTIONS71. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Taxiway centre line lights are green/yellow and only visible when taxiing towards themb. Taxiway centreline lights are blue and omni-directionalc. Taxiway centre line lights are gI'een and omni-directionald. Taxiway lights are gee-en/yellow in anILS sensitive area

72.. When are taxiway centreline lights required?a. 1 1 1 R V R 35Om at nightb, t nightc. On code 3-4 taxiwaysd. On ta xiwa ys without edge lights:

73, What is the name of the lights spaced at 3m across a taxiway showing red in the direction oftaxi?a. Traffic light.b. to p b arc. End lightsd. Holding lights

74. What colour are runway guard lights?fl. Yellowb. Greenc. Rdd. Blue

75. What is the background colour of a mandatory sign?a. Whiteb. Redc. Yellowd . Black

76, Which of the following IS NOT amandatory sign?a. No entry signb, Runway holding point signc. Apron signd. Runway designation sign

15-47 O x fo rd A V ia U o: n S e rv ic e s Umi~ed


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AIRiLAW REVISION QUESTIONS77. What sign must a pattern B holding point marking be supplemented by'.

a. A runway designation SigIIb. A runway vacated signc. A threshold direction signd. A ca r IrUlHI holding sign

78. W here a runw ay designation sign is provided at a taxiway/runway inter ection it should besupplemented by a position sign. Which part f the sign hould be clo est to the taxiway edge.a. The runway designation signb. The position signc, ]t doesn't matterd. It depends upon which side of the taxiway it is positioned

79. Wha.t must the inscription on a Cat I, Cat II, Cat III or Cat Il/Ill holding position sign alsocontain?H. The r unway d es ig na to rb. The taxiway designatorc. A DO entry sign for vehiclesd. The taxiway designation and [lumber

80. Which of the following are all information ign?a. Dire cti 01] ign . location igns: holding sign; r unway vac ate d signsb. Runway exit signs; destination signs; no entry signs; runway designation signsc. Location signs; runway vacated signs; direction signs; destination ignsd. Runway exit signs; runway vacated signs; runway designation signs

81. Which of the following is true?a. Information signs are black on a yellow backgroundb. Location signs are yellow an a black backgroundc. All information signs can be co-located with a man da tory signd. All location signs are to have a yellow border

82. Which holding point marking pattern is depicted on a mnway vacated sign?a, Pattern Ab. Pattern Bc. It must correspond with the marking on the taxiwayd. W hat ever is convenient

15-48 \. Oxford Aviation Services Limited~


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AIR LAW REVISION QUESTIONS83. You see a sign on the manoeuvring area consisting of numbers only. 10what must it refer'?

fl. A parking stand designatorb. A taxiway numberc. A runway QDMd. Elevation

84. What type of sign is a road holding sign?< 1 . Information signb. Mandatory signc. Location. s ignc t. Direction sign

85, W hat is required if a w ad holding sign is intended to be seen at night?a. Contrasting coloursb. S ign to be retroflecrive or illum inatedc. it must be positioned in an area that is illuminated by stadium lightingd. It must be Jit by lighrs controlled by ATC such that as a aeroplane approaches it th e

li g b ts can be switched off86, Where are unpaved runway edge markers required?

a. At the extremities of all grass runwaysb. Where grass runways cross paved runwaysc. Only for grass instrument runwaysd. Where there is no contrast between th e runway and the surrounding ground

87. Where are taxiway edge markers required?a, On code 1 or 2 taxiways without centreline markers/lights or edge lightsb. W here th e authority deems nece ssaryc. On al l taxiways without edge l igh tsc t . On ta xiw a ys wh ere th e c on tra st b etw ee n th e ta xiw ay an d th e s urro un din g g ro un d is n otwell defined

88, Which of the f ol lowing co rr ec tly de sc ribe s a t ax iway cen tre line marker?a. Retroflectivc blue onlyh. Retroflectivegreen or greenyellowc. Retroflecrivegreen onlyd. Reeroflecrtveyellow only

15-49 ~ ))xford Aviation ServicesUmlted


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A . I R . LAW IREVISION QUESTIONS89. What obstacles (if any) are permitted to protrude through the plane of an approach lighting

system?a . Only a n [LS D r MLS antennab. Nonec. Anything provided it is correctly markedd. Onlyobstacles less than 150m highwithin 900m of the threshold

90. If the erection of a temporary obstacle in t he app roach transition zone is unavoidable whichnegates the 0 .L for that 'approach what can the aerodrome authority do to allow the runway tocontinu to be used?a. lncrease [he glidepath angle to restore the 0 Hb. Light the ob tacle with high inti nsity lightsc. Temporarily displace the thre hold to restore the 0 Hd. Reduce the speed of aircraft u mg the runway

9 L Where ire taxiway centreline markings on paved runways required to be provided?a. For all code 1 and 2 taxiways on code 3 or 4 runwaysb. For all taxiways onrunways

For taxiways on runways that are part of th standard taxi-muted. For taxiways on runways without taxiway edge lighting

92. Where would runway lead-in lights be used?3.. Where it is felt necessary to provide visual guidance along a specific approach pathb. Where a portion of taxiway is an extension of the. pre-threshold area of a runwayc. Where entrance to a runway can be in the reverse direction of a rapid exit taxiwayd. Where an instrument approach terminates before the threshold of the runway

93. Where are circl ing gu i dance lights provided?a. Where a precision approach leads ito a visual circuit join, the lights provide visual

guidance to the down-wind positionb. Where the exi ting approach lights are not of the required standard :foran instrumentapproachWhere the existing appr _ach and runway lights are insufficient to provide guidanceduring the visual phas of an approach to land

d, At aerodromes where aircraft are required to CilJJY out an orbit in the overhead prior tojoining downwind visually

15-50 Oxford Aviatlol1 services L1mll:ed


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AIR L AW REVISION QUESTIONS94. Control of lighting intensity is essential, bu t differing intensities can be confusing an d

disorientating, How is this prevented?a. By adjusting the intensity of all aerodrome lights togetherb. By ensuring that all runway lighting systems (approach; edge; centre; PAPI; TDZ) are

adjusted togetherc. By hawing separate intensity controls for each element of lightingd. By shading no' 'navigation' lights from view

95. Why do longer runw ays (code 4) have aim ing points further down the runw ay than lesser lengthrunw ays? (H int ~ think logically)a. If the space is available it should be used.b. Longer runways can be used by bigger and therefore less manoeuvrable aircraft so i tt

makes sense give more spacec. Jrs all about making sure that there u s adequate clearance below the undercarriage when

the aircraft crosses the thresholdd. To counter the visual illusion ofreduced runway length in big aeroplanes

96. What defines the 'main runway'?a. The longest length of concreteb. The: instrument runway on which Il.S availablec. The runway that allows compliance with noise abatement proceduresd. The runway most used fo r take-offs and 'landings

97. What starts at the threshold of a runway?a. The portion of the runway suitable :for landingb. Tile portion of the runway suitable fortake offc. The porti on of the runway suitable for take off and Iandi ngd. The portion ofthe runway suitable for the movement of aeroplanes on the ground

98. an a 'take-off runway' be used in any weather conditions?a. Yesb. No - the weather minima must be specified fo r that runway

99. According to [CAO, what are the RVR and Dffrninima for CATIllB operations on a precisionapproach runway?a. R V R [lot less than 2 0 0 1 T n ; DB. not lower than 100 ftb. RVR not less than 350m; Dl-I not lower than 100 ftc. RVR not less than 75m; Dff below 50 ftd. RVe. not less than S O m ; DH below S O : f t

15-51 Oxford! Aviation Services Limited


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AIR LAW REVISION QUESTIONS100. What defines "aerodrome el vatiou'?

a. The height (AMSL) of the aerodrome reference point (ARP)b. The height (AMS L) of the highest runway threshold

The highest point on tile landing aread. The highest poin t 0 11themovemen t a re a


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AIR LAW REVISION QUESTIONSANSWERS TO REVISION Q ltSTlONS FOR CHAPTERS [4 AND ts

IIc

2 D3 C4 C5 B6 B7 B8 09 A1 0II D12 B1 . 3 BJ4 CIS A[ 6 017 C1 :819 B20 A I21 0

I

22 D2 < 3 D2 4 H25 C

2 6 D27 B28 A2 9 D30 I c3,] D32 C33 B34 A35 B36 B

I 37 B38 B3940 A41 D42 D4 344 A45 C46 C47 D48 C49 A50 D

5 1 C52 D53 C54 A55 BS 6 B57 B58 B59

I

60 D61 A62 063 B64 B65 D66 B67 A68 C69 C70 C I71 D72 A I73 B~74 A I75 B I

7 6

77 D78 A79 A8081 ]B82 A83 A84 B I85 B86 087 I A88 I89 A~o C91 I C92 I A93 I C9 4 B95 C96 D97 A98 B9'9 D[ 0 0 C

15 aerodrome lighting and signs

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