14th annual rets/remp workshop june 28-30, 2004 u.s. nuclear power sister plant radiological...
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14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
U.S. Nuclear Power Sister Plant U.S. Nuclear Power Sister Plant Radiological Effluent Release Radiological Effluent Release
ComparisonsComparisons
J.T. Harris1,3, D.W. Miller2,3 1Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; 2University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL;3North American Technical Center, Urbana, IL
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
OutlineOutline
IntroductionIntroduction NATC U.S. Effluent DatabaseNATC U.S. Effluent Database Effluent Release TrendsEffluent Release Trends Dose DeterminationDose Determination U.S. Commercial NPP BenchmarkingU.S. Commercial NPP Benchmarking ConclusionsConclusions
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
IntroductionIntroduction
Effluent TrackingEffluent Tracking– Liquid and gaseous effluents Liquid and gaseous effluents – BNL Collected and tabulated US NPP effluent data prior BNL Collected and tabulated US NPP effluent data prior
to 1994to 1994– 1996 NATC asked to take over task (as independent 1996 NATC asked to take over task (as independent
scientific organization for UNSCEAR)scientific organization for UNSCEAR)– Since 1998, NATC has collected and performed Since 1998, NATC has collected and performed
research on effluent data from NRC and licensees research on effluent data from NRC and licensees (support of UNSCEAR, EPRI, NEI, ANI, licensees and (support of UNSCEAR, EPRI, NEI, ANI, licensees and universities)universities)
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
IntroductionIntroduction
NATC U.S. Effluent DatabaseNATC U.S. Effluent Database– In 2000, NATC program became known as the Public In 2000, NATC program became known as the Public
Radiation Safety ProgramRadiation Safety Program– Goals include: Goals include:
development and maintenance of database for use by NPPs, development and maintenance of database for use by NPPs, regulatory bodies and scientific analysisregulatory bodies and scientific analysis
Expanded trend analysis and discussion of effluent dataExpanded trend analysis and discussion of effluent data Standardized entry form development for licensee useStandardized entry form development for licensee use Establishment of effluent website for general useEstablishment of effluent website for general use Establishment of an effluent expert groupEstablishment of an effluent expert group
(Expanded to radwaste)(Expanded to radwaste)
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
IntroductionIntroduction
Data Compilation and Data Compilation and PurposePurpose– Current (Ongoing) StudyCurrent (Ongoing) Study
Evaluate significance, if Evaluate significance, if any, of NPP effluent any, of NPP effluent releases in terms of releases in terms of trends, dose commitments trends, dose commitments and benchmarking and benchmarking (emphasis on sister plant (emphasis on sister plant comparisons)comparisons)
Analysis of data from Analysis of data from 1994-2002 (2003 in 1994-2002 (2003 in progress)progress)
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
NATC U.S. Effluent DatabaseNATC U.S. Effluent Database
Developed to satisfy needs of U.S. and Developed to satisfy needs of U.S. and international organizationsinternational organizations– Format – U.S. NRC Reg. Guide 1.21 reports and Format – U.S. NRC Reg. Guide 1.21 reports and
UNSCEAR UNSCEAR – Raw and un-normalized values (Ci and GBq) for Raw and un-normalized values (Ci and GBq) for
individual units and sites (operating and shutdown)individual units and sites (operating and shutdown)– Normalized values (activity vs. net electrical energy, not Normalized values (activity vs. net electrical energy, not
the best)the best)– Collective effective dose calculated (UNSCEAR)Collective effective dose calculated (UNSCEAR)
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
Effluent Release TrendsEffluent Release Trends
Important to evaluate release trends, Important to evaluate release trends, especially as nuclear power generation especially as nuclear power generation steadily increases in the U.S.steadily increases in the U.S.
Trends evaluated for un-normalized and Trends evaluated for un-normalized and normalized data (better reflect particular normalized data (better reflect particular operating conditions and no skewed values, operating conditions and no skewed values, but public doesn’t care)but public doesn’t care)
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
Effluent Release TrendsEffluent Release Trends
8-year period fairly constant, with slight decreases in some 8-year period fairly constant, with slight decreases in some categoriescategories
Total Gaseous Releases
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tot
al R
aw R
elea
se (
GB
q)
Fission/Activation Gases
Tritium
Particulates
Total I-131
Total Liquid Releases
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Tot
al R
aw R
elea
se (G
Bq)
Tritium
Fission and Dissolved Gases
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
Effluent Release TrendsEffluent Release TrendsNomalized Total Gaseous Releases
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Nor
mal
ized
Rel
ease
(G
Bq/
GW
a)
Fission/Activation Gases
GasTritium
ParticulatesTotal I-131
Normalized Total Liquid Releases
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Nor
mal
ized
Rel
ease
(G
Bq/
GW
a)
Tritium
Fission and Dissolved Gases
8-year period fairly constant, with slight decreases in some 8-year period fairly constant, with slight decreases in some categoriescategories
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
Dose DeterminationDose Determination
Dose determination performed to evaluate the Dose determination performed to evaluate the human effects of effluentshuman effects of effluents
Currently NATC uses UNSCEAR effluent dose Currently NATC uses UNSCEAR effluent dose assessment model (for average trends)assessment model (for average trends)– Uses “representative” environmental conditions and Uses “representative” environmental conditions and
population densitypopulation density– Collective effective dose per unit of electrical energy Collective effective dose per unit of electrical energy
generated (normalized release divided by calculated generated (normalized release divided by calculated collective doses per unit release – from dose pathway collective doses per unit release – from dose pathway models)models)
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
Dose DeterminationDose Determination
Total Gaseous Effluent Releases Collective Effective Dose
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Years
CE
D (
man
mS
v/G
W a
)
Fission/ActivationGasesTotal I-131
Tritium
Particulates
Total Liquid Effluent Releases Collective Effective Dose
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Years
CE
D (m
an m
Sv/G
W a
)
Tritium
Fission/Dissolved
Total BWR and PWR effluent collective effective doses Total BWR and PWR effluent collective effective doses (very low – highest value 0.12% annual limit)(very low – highest value 0.12% annual limit)
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
U.S. Commercial NPP U.S. Commercial NPP BenchmarkingBenchmarking
Commercial nuclear power industry has long used Commercial nuclear power industry has long used benchmarking studies to promote excellence in plant benchmarking studies to promote excellence in plant work management and operation practiceswork management and operation practices
Other organizations also benchmark (U.S. NRC, ANI, Other organizations also benchmark (U.S. NRC, ANI, INPO, and NATC)INPO, and NATC)
Reductions in plant RETS-REMP programs have led to Reductions in plant RETS-REMP programs have led to concern among U.S. NRC and ANI- thus it is even more concern among U.S. NRC and ANI- thus it is even more important now to further monitor and compare effluent important now to further monitor and compare effluent releasesreleases
Performance ranks lead to increased scrutinyPerformance ranks lead to increased scrutiny
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
U.S. Commercial NPP U.S. Commercial NPP BenchmarkingBenchmarking
Current study – ranking/comparing releases by Current study – ranking/comparing releases by plant design (sister plants)- un-normalized data plant design (sister plants)- un-normalized data (within and between groups)(within and between groups)
BWR sister plantsBWR sister plants– GE: BWR-2, BWR-3, BWR-4, BWR-5, BWR-6GE: BWR-2, BWR-3, BWR-4, BWR-5, BWR-6
PWR sister plantsPWR sister plants– B&W 2 Loop, CE 2 Loop, Westinghouse 2 Loop, 3 Loop B&W 2 Loop, CE 2 Loop, Westinghouse 2 Loop, 3 Loop
(Gen 1 & 2), 3-Loop (Gen 1) and 4 Loop (Gen 1 & 2)(Gen 1 & 2), 3-Loop (Gen 1) and 4 Loop (Gen 1 & 2)
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
U.S. Commercial NPP U.S. Commercial NPP BenchmarkingBenchmarking
0.010.1110100
1000
10000
100000Gaseous Iodine
GaseousPart iculates
Liquid Fission andEntrained Gases
Liquid T rit ium
Gaseous T rit ium
Gaseous Fission &Activat ion Gases
BWR ResultsBWR Results
02.5
57.510
12.515
17.520
22.525 Gaseous Iodine
Liquid T rit ium
GaseousPart iculates
Liquid Fission andEntrained Gases
Gaseous T rit ium
Gaseous Fission &Activat ion Gases
Average Effluent ReleaseAverage Effluent Release Average Collective Effective DosesAverage Collective Effective Doses
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
U.S. Commercial NPP U.S. Commercial NPP BenchmarkingBenchmarking
0.001
0.1
10
1000
100000 GaseousPart iculates
Gaseous Iodine
Liquid Fission andEntrained Gases
Gaseous T rit ium
Gaseous Fission &Activat ion Gases
Liquid T rit ium
PWR ResultsPWR Results
Average Effluent ReleaseAverage Effluent Release Average Collective Effective DosesAverage Collective Effective Doses
02.5
57.510
12.515
17.520
Gaseous Iodine
GaseousPart iculates
Gaseous Fission &Activat ion Gases
Gaseous T rit ium
Liquid Fission andEntrained Gases
Liquid T rit ium
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
U.S. Commercial NPP U.S. Commercial NPP BenchmarkingBenchmarking
ResultsResults– BWRBWR
Effluent release values very wide rangingEffluent release values very wide ranging No obvious trendsNo obvious trends Age affect (newer plants, higher liquids; older plants, higher Age affect (newer plants, higher liquids; older plants, higher
gaseous)gaseous)
– PWRPWR Wide ranging but more consistent with each other (compared to Wide ranging but more consistent with each other (compared to
BWR designs)BWR designs) No affect from ageNo affect from age
– U.S. NPP effluent data never presented this wayU.S. NPP effluent data never presented this way
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
ConclusionsConclusions Development of U.S. Effluent database has been used to provide data Development of U.S. Effluent database has been used to provide data
to utilities, UNSCEAR, U.S. NRC and CEPN (European Technical to utilities, UNSCEAR, U.S. NRC and CEPN (European Technical Center)Center)
Calculated “average” CEDs give indication of how low effluent releases Calculated “average” CEDs give indication of how low effluent releases are and can be used for international comparisonsare and can be used for international comparisons
Sister plant breakdowns give additional tool for utilities and new Sister plant breakdowns give additional tool for utilities and new perspective for comparisonperspective for comparison
However, more studies need to be performed to truly grasp effluent However, more studies need to be performed to truly grasp effluent releases, as releases are not dictated solely by electrical generationreleases, as releases are not dictated solely by electrical generation– Other studies underway - complete inventory of radioactive materials solid Other studies underway - complete inventory of radioactive materials solid
radwaste), work practices, individual isotopes, radwaste systemsradwaste), work practices, individual isotopes, radwaste systems– Use of standardized report and expert groupUse of standardized report and expert group– More discussion through RETS-REMP workshopMore discussion through RETS-REMP workshop– Discussion with UNSCEARDiscussion with UNSCEAR
Effluent data important for future (baseline data for new siting, Effluent data important for future (baseline data for new siting, radionuclide buildup in the environment and public perception)radionuclide buildup in the environment and public perception)
14th Annual RETS/14th Annual RETS/REMP Workshop June REMP Workshop June 28-30, 200428-30, 2004
Thank you!!Thank you!!
Questions?Questions?