146625065 6 welding symbols weld preparations
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright © 2004, TWI Ltd World Centre for Materials Joining
Joints may be indicated: Joints may be indicated:
- by detailed setches, sho!ing e"ery- by detailed setches, sho!ing e"ery
dimensiondimension
- by symbolic- by symbolic
representationrepresentation
Weld sy'(ols on dra)ingsWeld sy'(ols on dra)ings
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# method o$ trans$erring in$ormation $rom# method o$ trans$erring in$ormation $rom
the design o%ce to the !orshop is:the design o%ce to the !orshop is:
The abo"e in$ormation does not tell &s m&chThe abo"e in$ormation does not tell &s m&chabo&t the !ishes o$ the designer' We ob"io&slyabo&t the !ishes o$ the designer' We ob"io&sly
need some sort o$ code !hich !o&ld beneed some sort o$ code !hich !o&ld be
&nderstood by e"eryone'&nderstood by e"eryone'
(ost co&ntries ha"e their o!n standards $or(ost co&ntries ha"e their o!n standards $orsymbols'symbols'
)ome o$ them are *) 4++ art 2, #W) #2'4 )ome o$ them are *) 4++ art 2, #W) #2'4
*) ./ 221 I)3 21*) ./ 221 I)3 21
Please weldPlease weld
herehere
Weld sy'(ols on dra)ingsWeld sy'(ols on dra)ings
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#d"antages o$ symbolic representation:#d"antages o$ symbolic representation:
Weld sy'(ols on dra)ingsWeld sy'(ols on dra)ings
5isad"antages o$ symbolic representation:5isad"antages o$ symbolic representation:
• simple and 6&ic plotting on the dra!ingsimple and 6&ic plotting on the dra!ing
• does not o"er-b&rden the dra!ingdoes not o"er-b&rden the dra!ing
• no need $or additional "ie!no need $or additional "ie!
•gi"es all necessary indications regarding thegi"es all necessary indications regarding thespeci7c 8oint to be obtainedspeci7c 8oint to be obtained
• &sed only $or &s&al 8oints&sed only $or &s&al 8oints
• re6&ires training $or properlyre6&ires training $or properly
&nderstanding o$ symbols&nderstanding o$ symbols
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9s&ally, the symbolic representation9s&ally, the symbolic representation
incl&des:incl&des:
Weld sy'(ols on dra)ingsWeld sy'(ols on dra)ings
The elementary symbol may beThe elementary symbol may be
completed by:completed by:
• an arro! linean arro! line
• a re$erence linea re$erence line
• an elementary symbolan elementary symbol
• a s&pplementary symbola s&pplementary symbol
• a means o$ sho!ing dimensionsa means o$ sho!ing dimensions
• some complementary indicationssome complementary indications
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Weld ele'entary sy'(ols
ario&s categories o$ 8oints areario&s categories o$ 8oints arecharacterised by an elementary symbol'characterised by an elementary symbol'
This symbol is similar to the shape o$ theThis symbol is similar to the shape o$ the
!eld to be made'!eld to be made'
)6&are b&tt !eld)6&are b&tt !eld
Weld typeWeld type )etch)etch )ymbol)ymbol
)ingle b&tt !eld)ingle b&tt !eld
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Weld ele'entary sy'(ols
)ingle- b&tt)ingle- b&tt
!eld !ith broad!eld !ith broad
root $aceroot $ace
Weld typeWeld type )etch)etch )ymbol)ymbol
)ingle be"el)ingle be"el
b&tt !eldb&tt !eld
)ingle be"el)ingle be"el
b&tt !eld !ithb&tt !eld !ithbroad root $acebroad root $ace
*acing r&n*acing r&n
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Weld ele'entary sy'(ols
)ingle-9)ingle-9
b&tt !eldb&tt !eld
Weld typeWeld type )etch)etch )ymbol)ymbol
)ingle-J)ingle-Jb&tt !eldb&tt !eld
;illet !eld;illet !eld
)&r$acing)&r$acing
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Con"ention o$ the arro! line *) ./ Con"ention o$ the arro! line *) ./ #W):#W):
%rro) line
aa )hall)hall to&ch the 8oint intersectionto&ch the 8oint intersection
bb )hall)hall not be parallel to the dra!ingnot be parallel to the dra!ing cc)hall)hall point to!ards a single platepoint to!ards a single plate
preparation !hen only one plate haspreparation !hen only one plate has
preparationpreparation
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Con"ention o$ the re$erence line #W)Con"ention o$ the re$erence line #W)# 2'4# 2'4
&eference line
aa )hall)hall to&ch the arro! lineto&ch the arro! line
bb )hall)hall be parallel to the bottom o$ thebe parallel to the bottom o$ thedra!ingdra!ing
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Con"ention o$ the re$erenceCon"ention o$ the re$erenceline *) ./ I)3 221:line *) ./ I)3 221:
oorr
&eference line
aa )hall)hall to&ch the arro! lineto&ch the arro! line
bb )hall)hall be parallel to the bottom o$ thebe parallel to the bottom o$ the
dra!ingdra!ing
cc There shallThere shall be a $&rther broen linebe a $&rther broen line
abo"e or beneath the re$erence line /otabo"e or beneath the re$erence line /ot
necessary !here the !eld is symmetrical
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Welds =Welds =on arro! side>on arro! side> o$ 8oint goo$ 8oint go &nderneath&nderneath the re$erence line !hilethe re$erence line !hile !elds =!elds =the other side>the other side> o$ the 8oint, goo$ the 8oint, go on topon top o$ the re$erence lineo$ the re$erence line
)ymbols !ith a)ymbols !ith a "ertical line"ertical line component m&st becomponent m&st be
dra!n !ith the "ertical line to thedra!n !ith the "ertical line to the le$t sidele$t side o$o$
the symbolthe symbol
#ll#ll C)#C)# dimensions are sho!n to thedimensions are sho!n to the le$tle$t o$ theo$ the
symbolsymbol
#ll#ll linearlinear dimensions are sho!n on thedimensions are sho!n on the rightright o$o$the symbol i'e' n&mber o$ !elds, length o$the symbol i'e' n&mber o$ !elds, length o$
!elds, length o$ any spaces!elds, length o$ any spaces
Incl&ded angle and root opening are sho!n onIncl&ded angle and root opening are sho!n on
toptop o$ the symbolo$ the symbol
%WS % *.+ r,les
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1010 3 x 50 (70)3 x 50 (70)
%WS % *.+ r,les-ea'/le
1010
5050
7070
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WeldsWelds this sidethis side o$ 8oint, go on theo$ 8oint, go on the &nbroen&nbroen
re$erence line !hilere$erence line !hile !elds!elds the other sidethe other side o$ theo$ the 8oint, go on the 8oint, go on the broenbroen re$erence linere$erence line
)ymbols !ith a)ymbols !ith a "ertical line"ertical line component m&st becomponent m&st be
dra!n !ith the "ertical line to thedra!n !ith the "ertical line to the le$tle$t side o$side o$
the symbolthe symbol
#ll#ll C)#C)# dimensions are sho!n to thedimensions are sho!n to the le$tle$t o$ theo$ the
symbolsymbol
#ll#ll linearlinear dimensions are sho!n on thedimensions are sho!n on the rightright o$o$the symbol i'e' n&mber o$ !elds, length o$the symbol i'e' n&mber o$ !elds, length o$
!elds, length o$ any spaces!elds, length o$ any spaces
Incl&ded angle and root opening are sho!n onIncl&ded angle and root opening are sho!n on
toptop o$ the symbolo$ the symbol
$S E **553 r,les$S E **553 r,les
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z 10z 10 3 x 503 x 50
(50)(50)
$S E **553 r,les - ea'/le
1010
5050
5050
#ll leg lengths#ll leg lengths shallshall be preceded by ? andbe preceded by ? and
throat by a or s in case o$ deep penetrationthroat by a or s in case o$ deep penetration!elds!elds
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88
88
55
5 x 85 x 8
88
;illet !eld dimensions according #W) #;illet !eld dimensions according #W) #2'42'4
0illet )elds0illet )elds
5 leg on5 leg on
verticalvertical
membermember
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55
a 5 (z 8)a 5 (z 8)
88
;illet !eld dimensions according *) ./;illet !eld dimensions according *) ./221221
oror
88
z 8z 8oror
z 8z 8
a 5 (z 8)a 5 (z 8)
0illet )elds0illet )elds
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Inter'ittent llet )elds
Chain intermittent 7llet !eldChain intermittent 7llet !eld
lengthlength
llpitchpitch
eeaa
??
aa n@len@leaa n@len@le
?? n@len@le?? n@len@le
oror
)ymbol to *) ./ 221)ymbol to *) ./ 221
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Inter'ittent llet )elds
Chain intermittent 7llet !eldChain intermittent 7llet !eld
lengthlength
llpitchpitch
ee
??
?? l - el - e?? l - el - e
)ymbol to #W) #2'4)ymbol to #W) #2'4
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Inter'ittent llet )elds
)taggered intermittent 7llet !eld)taggered intermittent 7llet !eld
lengthlength
llpitchpitch
eeaa
??
aa n@ln@leeaa n@ln@l
ee
?? n@ln@lee?? n@ln@l
ee oror
)ymbol to *) ./ 221)ymbol to *) ./ 221
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Inter'ittent llet )elds
)taggered intermittent 7llet !eld)taggered intermittent 7llet !eldlengthlength
llpitchpitch
ee
??
?? l - el - e?? l - el - e
)ymbol to #W) #2'4)ymbol to #W) #2'4
eA2eA2
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Conca"e orConca"e or
Con"eBCon"eB
)&pplementary !eld)&pplementary !eldsymbolssymbols
Toes to be gro&ndToes to be gro&nd
smoothly *) ./smoothly *) ./
onlyonly)ite Weld)ite Weld
Weld allWeld allro&ndro&nd
S,//le'entary sy'(olsS,//le'entary sy'(ols
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)&pplementary !eld)&pplementary !eldsymbolssymbols
ro&ndro&nd
D&shD&sh
111111
;&rther s&pplementary in$ormation, s&ch as;&rther s&pplementary in$ormation, s&ch as
W) n&mber, or /5T may be placed in theW) n&mber, or /5T may be placed in the
7sh tail7sh tail
S,//le'entary sy'(olsS,//le'entary sy'(ols
WeldingWelding
processprocess
n&merical *)n&merical *)././ MR MR
Eemo"ableEemo"able
bacingbacingstripstrip
ermanentermanent
bacingbacingstripstrip
MM
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;illet;illet!eld!eld
5o&ble5o&ble
5o&ble5o&blebe"elbe"el
5o&ble 95o&ble 9
5o&ble J5o&ble J
Eepresentation o$ !elds done $romEepresentation o$ !elds done $rom (oth(othsidessides o$ the 8oint intersection, to&ched byo$ the 8oint intersection, to&ched by
the arro! headthe arro! head
Do,(le side )eld sy'(olsDo,(le side )eld sy'(ols
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.Bample:.Bample:
rod&ce a dra!ing gi"ing symbols $or the !eldrod&ce a dra!ing gi"ing symbols $or the !eld
gi"en as sho!n belo! to the speci7cation #W)gi"en as sho!n belo! to the speci7cation #W)
#2'4#2'4
Weld 5ra!ingWeld 5ra!ing
)ymbol)ymbol
5ra!ing5ra!ing
((((##
Weld sy'(ols on dra)ingsWeld sy'(ols on dra)ings
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.Bample:.Bample:
5ra! the symbols $or the !eld gi"en as5ra! the symbols $or the !eld gi"en as
sho!n belo! to the speci7cation *) ./sho!n belo! to the speci7cation *) ./
221221
Weld dra!ingWeld dra!ing
)ymbol)ymbol
5ra!ing5ra!ing111111
Weld sy'(ols on dra)ings
((((##
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1010
2020
3030
3535
1515
77
)t&dent symbols eBercise)t&dent symbols eBerciseComplete a symbols dra!ing $or the !eldedComplete a symbols dra!ing $or the !elded
8oint gi"en belo! to #W) #2'4 *) ./ 8oint gi"en belo! to #W) #2'4 *) ./
221221
#ll 7llet !eld leg lengths are F0 mm#ll 7llet !eld leg lengths are F0 mm
Weld sy'(ols on dra)ingsWeld sy'(ols on dra)ings
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)ol&tion #W))ol&tion #W)#2'4#2'4
F0F0
1010
2020
F0F0
F0F0
11
FF
F0F0
Weld sy'(ols on dra)ingsWeld sy'(ols on dra)ings
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)ol&tion *) ./)ol&tion *) ./221221 ??F0F0s 10s 10
s 20s 20 ??
F0F0
a G ?a G ?
F0F0s 1s 1
s Fs F
? F0? F0
Weld sy'(ols on dra)ingsWeld sy'(ols on dra)ings
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This has ma8or eHects on economics andThis has ma8or eHects on economics and
distortion control
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Weld /re/aration
Weld preparation depend on:Weld preparation depend on:
•!elding process!elding process
•preparation method a"ailablepreparation method a"ailable
•accessaccess
•type o$ 8ointtype o$ 8oint
•type o$ parent materialtype o$ parent material
•thicnessthicness
•!elding position!elding position
•in-ser"ice type o$ loadingin-ser"ice type o$ loading
Weld preparation $or arc !elding - see *) ./Weld preparation $or arc !elding - see *) ./
2++2
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Weld /re/aration
Welding process impacts &pon !eld preparationWelding process impacts &pon !eld preparation
#rc#rc
!elding!elding.*.*
WW
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Weld /re/aration
Welding process impacts &pon !eld preparationWelding process impacts &pon !eld preparation
((#((# (#(#
high heat inp&t process allo! a larger root $ace, lesshigh heat inp&t process allo! a larger root $ace, less!eld metal re6&ired, less distortions, higher!eld metal re6&ired, less distortions, higher
prod&cti"ityprod&cti"ity
i$ gap is too big ris o$ possible b&rn-thro&ghi$ gap is too big ris o$ possible b&rn-thro&gh
i$ gap is too small ris o$ lac o$ penetrationi$ gap is too small ris o$ lac o$ penetration
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Weld /re/aration
reparation method impacts &pon !eldreparation method impacts &pon !eld
preparationpreparation
Ee6&ires machining slo!Ee6&ires machining slo!
and eBpensi"eand eBpensi"e
Tight tolerance easier set-Tight tolerance easier set-
&p&p
Can be DameAplasma c&tCan be DameAplasma c&t
$ast and cheap$ast and cheap
Large tolerance set-&p canLarge tolerance set-&p can
be di%c<be di%c<
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Weld /re/aration
reparation method impacts &pon !eldreparation method impacts &pon !eld
preparationpreparation
ariations inariations in
c&tting linec&tting line
Eoot $ace too large lacEoot $ace too large lac
o$ penetrationo$ penetration
Eoot $ace too small b&rn-Eoot $ace too small b&rn-
thro&ghthro&gh
ariations inariations in
c&tting anglec&tting angle
Incl&ded angle too largeIncl&ded angle too large
hea"y distortions,hea"y distortions,
increase amo&nt o$ 7llerincrease amo&nt o$ 7llermetal re6&iredmetal re6&ired
Incl&ded angle too smallIncl&ded angle too small
lac o$ penetration, laclac o$ penetration, lac
o$ side !all $&siono$ side !all $&sion
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Weld /re/aration
reparation method impacts &pon !eldreparation method impacts &pon !eld
preparation - correcti"e meas&respreparation - correcti"e meas&res
*acing strip mm*acing strip mm
or more, sameor more, same
materialmaterial
/o root/o root$ace$ace
Eoot $ace tooEoot $ace too
largelarge
Eec&t groo"e preparationEec&t groo"e preparation
Increase root gap andIncrease root gap and
&se bacing strip&se bacing strip
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Weld /re/aration
reparation method impacts &pon !eldreparation method impacts &pon !eld
preparation - correcti"e meas&respreparation - correcti"e meas&res
Too bigAtooToo bigAtoo
small incl&dedsmall incl&ded
angleangle
Eec&t groo"e preparationEec&t groo"e preparation
Increase root gap andIncrease root gap and
&se bacing strip&se bacing strip
Warning< *acing strips gi"e a b&ilt-in cre"iceWarning< *acing strips gi"e a b&ilt-in cre"ice
•s&sceptible to corrosions&sceptible to corrosion
•gi"e a lo!er $atig&e li$egi"e a lo!er $atig&e li$e
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Weld /re/arations
#ccess impacts &pon !eld preparation#ccess impacts &pon !eld preparation
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Weld /re/arations
#ccess impacts &pon !eld preparation#ccess impacts &pon !eld preparation
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Weld /re/arations
#ccess impacts &pon !eld preparation#ccess impacts &pon !eld preparation
ipe !eld preparation - one side access only
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Weld /re/arations
Type o$ 8oint impacts &pon !eld preparationType o$ 8oint impacts &pon !eld preparation
•danger o$ b&rn-danger o$ b&rn-
thro&ghthro&gh
•di%c< to set-&pdi%c< to set-&p
•easy set-&peasy set-&p
•no b&rn-no b&rn-
thro&ghthro&gh
•corner 8oints re6&ire oHsetcorner 8oints re6&ire oHset
oHseoHse
tt
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Weld /re/arations
Type o$ 8oint impacts &pon !eld preparationType o$ 8oint impacts &pon !eld preparation
*e"el angle 10K*e"el angle 10K
Incl&ded angle Incl&ded angle
0K0K
Incl&ded angle Incl&ded angle
*e"el angle 0K*e"el angle 0K
•lap and s6&are edge b&tt 8oints do notlap and s6&are edge b&tt 8oints do notre6&ire preparationre6&ire preparation
ld i
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Weld /re/arations
Type o$ parent material impacts &pon !eldType o$ parent material impacts &pon !eld
preparationpreparation
)teel)teel #l&mini&m#l&mini&m
•to red&ce distortions on stainless steelsto red&ce distortions on stainless steels
!elds, red&ce incl&ded angle and increase root!elds, red&ce incl&ded angle and increase root
$ace$ace
•to a"oid lac o$ side !all $&sion problemsto a"oid lac o$ side !all $&sion problems
al&mini&m re6&ire larger incl&ded angles thanal&mini&m re6&ire larger incl&ded angles than
steelsteel0K0K
10K10K
G0-+0KG0-+0K
1-4K1-4K
ld i
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Weld /re/arations
Thicness o$ parent material impacts &ponThicness o$ parent material impacts &pon
!eld preparation!eld preparation•a single be"el groo"e re6&ires a "ol&me o$a single be"el groo"e re6&ires a "ol&me o$
!eld metal proportional to the s6&are o$ plate!eld metal proportional to the s6&are o$ plate
thicnessthicness
•its lac o$ symmetry lead to distortionsits lac o$ symmetry lead to distortions
Eed&ce shrinage by:Eed&ce shrinage by:
•red&ce !eld "ol&mered&ce !eld "ol&me
•&se single pass !elding&se single pass !elding
W ld i
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Weld /re/arations
Eed&ce !eld "ol&me by:Eed&ce !eld "ol&me by:
•red&ce incl&ded anglered&ce incl&ded angle
Thicness o$ parent material impacts &ponThicness o$ parent material impacts &pon
!eld preparation!eld preparation
•red&ce root gapred&ce root gap
W ld ti
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Weld /re/arations
Eed&ce !eld "ol&me by:Eed&ce !eld "ol&me by:
•increase root $aceincrease root $ace
Thicness o$ parent material impacts &ponThicness o$ parent material impacts &pon
!eld preparation!eld preparation
•&se do&ble be"el !eld prep&se do&ble be"el !eld prep
W ld ti
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Weld /re/arations
Eed&ce !eld "ol&me by:Eed&ce !eld "ol&me by:
•&se 9 prep instead prep&se 9 prep instead prep
Thicness o$ parent material impacts &ponThicness o$ parent material impacts &pon
!eld preparation!eld preparation
9 prep better than 9 prep better than
prepprep prep better than 9 prep better than 9
prepprep
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Weld /re/arations
Eed&ce distortions by &sing an asymmetric Eed&ce distortions by &sing an asymmetric
prep instead o$ a symmetric prepprep instead o$ a symmetric prep
Thicness o$ parent material impacts &ponThicness o$ parent material impacts &pon
!eld preparation!eld preparation
tA1tA1
tt
•!eld 7rst into deeper side!eld 7rst into deeper side
•a$ter !elding hal$ o$ depth, root baca$ter !elding hal$ o$ depth, root bac
go&ginggo&ging
•!eld completely on bacside!eld completely on bacside
•
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Weld /re/aration
; symmetric; symmetric
preparationpreparation
Welding position impacts &pon !eldWelding position impacts &pon !eld
preparationpreparation
C asymmetricC asymmetricpreparationpreparation
I$ symmetric preparation is &sed in the CI$ symmetric preparation is &sed in the C
position the !eld may spill o&t o$ the groo"eposition the !eld may spill o&t o$ the groo"e
0K0K
10K10K 0K0K
FKFK
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Weld /re/aration
Type o$ loading impacts &pon !eld preparationType o$ loading impacts &pon !eld preparation
)tatic loads - prohibited application o$ one)tatic loads - prohibited application o$ one
sided 7llet !eldsided 7llet !eld
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Weld /re/aration
Type o$ loading impacts &pon !eld preparationType o$ loading impacts &pon !eld preparation
)tatic loads - e6&al throat T 8oints)tatic loads - e6&al throat T 8oints
F1 mmF1 mm
!eld area F0!eld area F0mmmm22
!eld area +0!eld area +0mmmm22
F1 mmF1 mm
•no preparation re6&iredno preparation re6&ired
•danger o$ lamellardanger o$ lamellar
tearingtearing
•preparation re6&iredpreparation re6&ired
•red&ced distortionsred&ced distortions
00
KK
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Copyright © 2004, TWI Ltd World Centre for Materials Joining
Weld /re/aration
Type o$ loading impacts &pon !eld preparationType o$ loading impacts &pon !eld preparation
)tatic loads - e6&al throat T beams in bending)tatic loads - e6&al throat T beams in bending
ne&trane&tra
l aBisl aBis
deepdeep
penetrationpenetration
7llet !elds7llet !elds
normal 7lletnormal 7llet
!elds!elds
ne&trane&tra
l aBisl aBis
Lo!er ne&tral aBis is more ad"antageo&sLo!er ne&tral aBis is more ad"antageo&s
also helps to red&ce resid&al distortions
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Type o$ loading impacts &pon !eld preparationType o$ loading impacts &pon !eld preparation
5ynamic loads - $&ll "s' partial penetration5ynamic loads - $&ll "s' partial penetration
!elds!elds
do&ble be"eldo&ble be"el
!eld!eld 7llet !elds7llet !elds
Lac o$ penetration promotes cracing