1450-1750 As The World 1450-1750 As The World Turns:Turns:

Western Development, Western Development, Expansion, and Expansion, and

ColonizationColonizationChapters 16,17,18,19Chapters 16,17,18,19

AP World HistoryAP World History

Mr. BartulaMr. Bartula

1450-1750: The Early Modern 1450-1750: The Early Modern PeriodPeriod

The balance of power shiftedThe balance of power shifted Western Europe took control of most Western Europe took control of most

trade networkstrade networks The Americas became part of the The Americas became part of the

world wide trade network world wide trade network New scientific, religious, and cultural New scientific, religious, and cultural

ideas developedideas developed

Consequences of These ChangesConsequences of These Changes

Western Europe moved towards Western Europe moved towards global dominanceglobal dominance

Exchanges of foods, peoples, Exchanges of foods, peoples, animals, and diseases increasedanimals, and diseases increased

Islamic, Asian,African, and Native Islamic, Asian,African, and Native American societies were strainedAmerican societies were strained

China remained the dominant societyChina remained the dominant society

Trade in 1450-1750Trade in 1450-1750

The world economy grew and became The world economy grew and became genuinely global.genuinely global.

The Atlantic and the western Pacific were The Atlantic and the western Pacific were the two main trade centersthe two main trade centers

Silver from the Americas and slaves from Silver from the Americas and slaves from Africa played major roles in the global Africa played major roles in the global economyeconomy

Western Europeans controlled trade Western Europeans controlled trade networks, but China was still at the center networks, but China was still at the center of world trade.of world trade.

Population Changes 1450-1750Population Changes 1450-1750

Population growth in Eurasia due to Population growth in Eurasia due to new foods, better agricultural new foods, better agricultural technology, proto-industrialization, technology, proto-industrialization, and medical careand medical care

Population decline in the Americas Population decline in the Americas due to European invasions, diseases.due to European invasions, diseases.

Population decline in Africa due to Population decline in Africa due to the Atlantic slave tradethe Atlantic slave trade

The Military Revolution 1450-1750The Military Revolution 1450-1750

Western Europeans gained an advantage: Western Europeans gained an advantage:

1. Superior weaponry based on gunpowder.1. Superior weaponry based on gunpowder.

2. Strong, swift, maneuverable ships 2. Strong, swift, maneuverable ships capable of sailing anywhere.capable of sailing anywhere.

3. Navigational tools (compass, astrolabe) 3. Navigational tools (compass, astrolabe) derived from earlier work done by Arab derived from earlier work done by Arab and Asian scholarsand Asian scholars

4. New sea and land fighting techniques 4. New sea and land fighting techniques

Land based gunpowder weaponryLand based gunpowder weaponry

Field Cannon (from ca 1420)Field Cannon (from ca 1420) MusketsMuskets

Close Order DrillClose Order Drill

Consequences of Close Order DrillConsequences of Close Order Drill

Required years of trainingRequired years of training Led to establishment of permanent, Led to establishment of permanent,

professional armiesprofessional armies Soldiers’ salaries required taxesSoldiers’ salaries required taxes Taxes required bureaucraciesTaxes required bureaucracies Bureaucracies led to centralized Bureaucracies led to centralized

governmentsgovernments

Clinker Sailing ShipsClinker Sailing Ships

A Lateen Caravel ShipA Lateen Caravel Ship

CarrackCarrack

GalleonGalleon

Consequences of the Military Consequences of the Military RevolutionRevolution

Funding required development of Funding required development of modern taxation, banking, and credit modern taxation, banking, and credit systemssystems

Concentrated political power in Concentrated political power in centralized governments with centralized governments with bureaucraciesbureaucracies

Large, competitive nation states led Large, competitive nation states led to chronic warfare and colonial to chronic warfare and colonial empires.empires.

1450: The beginning of Western 1450: The beginning of Western hegemonyhegemony

Western Europe had effectively Western Europe had effectively recovered from the calamitous 14recovered from the calamitous 14thth century.century.

The Ottoman Turks captured The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453Constantinople in 1453

The Ottoman Turks were militarily, The Ottoman Turks were militarily, rather than economically, oriented: rather than economically, oriented: “conquest over commerce”“conquest over commerce”

1450: The beginning of Western 1450: The beginning of Western hegemonyhegemony

The Ottomans now The Ottomans now controlled all land controlled all land trade routes through trade routes through the Middle Eastthe Middle East

The Ottomans placed The Ottomans placed customs duties on customs duties on European merchants European merchants using the trade routesusing the trade routes

Europeans looked for Europeans looked for new trade routes to new trade routes to the East (the the East (the “potential niche” “potential niche” which sparked which sparked Western Expansion).Western Expansion).

1450: The rest of the world1450: The rest of the world

Ming China: sea exploration Ming China: sea exploration abandoned by 1433abandoned by 1433

Mughal India: land oriented empireMughal India: land oriented empire Native Americans: isolatedNative Americans: isolated Africa: heterogeneous societies, land Africa: heterogeneous societies, land

orientedoriented Western Europe was basically “the Western Europe was basically “the

only player.”only player.”

Why Europe?Why Europe?

Competition!:Competition!:

1.1. EconomicEconomic

2.2. PoliticalPolitical

3.3. Social, Religious, and IdeologicalSocial, Religious, and Ideological

The Europeans were ready to rule and The Europeans were ready to rule and conquer, but where?conquer, but where?

India and China?India and China?

For most of 1450-1750, both were For most of 1450-1750, both were too well organized and too strong for too well organized and too strong for European domination. European domination.

Europeans could trade with them, Europeans could trade with them, but not exploit them.but not exploit them.

Africa?Africa?

Europeans had the military power to Europeans had the military power to conquer Africa in 1450-1750, but conquer Africa in 1450-1750, but could not deal with:could not deal with:

Tropical diseases (“The White Man’s Tropical diseases (“The White Man’s Graveyard”)Graveyard”)

The Americas?The Americas?

Europeans had the military and Europeans had the military and economic power to conquer them, economic power to conquer them, and more importantly, Europeans and more importantly, Europeans had:had:

GERMS!GERMS! Thus in 1450-1750 Western Thus in 1450-1750 Western

Europeans gained control over and Europeans gained control over and began the exploitation of North and began the exploitation of North and South AmericaSouth America

Western Europe’s First ExpansionsWestern Europe’s First Expansions

Three Three archipelagoes:archipelagoes:

AzoresAzores MadeirasMadeiras CanarysCanarys

The AzoresThe Azores Originally Originally

uninhabited, reached uninhabited, reached by Europeans in by Europeans in 1300s1300s

First Portuguese First Portuguese settlement in 1439settlement in 1439

Good environment Good environment for European plants for European plants and animalsand animals

Quickly became a Quickly became a “Little Europe”“Little Europe”

The MadeirasThe Madeiras Originally uninhabitedOriginally uninhabited First Portuguese First Portuguese

arrived in 1420sarrived in 1420s Fought over by Fought over by

Portuguese and Portuguese and SpanishSpanish

Sugar cane producing, Sugar cane producing, slave economyslave economy

Environmental Environmental problems due to problems due to introduction of non-introduction of non-native plants and native plants and animalsanimals

Rugged, mountainous Rugged, mountainous terrainterrain

The CanariesThe Canaries Original inhabitants Original inhabitants

called Guanchescalled Guanches Europeans arrived as Europeans arrived as

early as 1290searly as 1290s Fought over by Fought over by

Spanish, French, and Spanish, French, and PortuguesePortuguese

Good environment for Good environment for European plants and European plants and animalsanimals

Conflict with Guanches Conflict with Guanches throughout 1400s.throughout 1400s.

The Guanches: First Branch of the The Guanches: First Branch of the Human Race to Face ExtinctionHuman Race to Face Extinction

Stone Age people Stone Age people facing gunpowder facing gunpowder weaponsweapons

European diseasesEuropean diseases Europeans did not Europeans did not

consider them fully consider them fully humanhuman

Extinct by end of Extinct by end of 1500s1500s

Prototype for future Prototype for future European/indigenous European/indigenous contactcontact

Spain and Portugal: First European Spain and Portugal: First European Nation-States to Begin Exploration Nation-States to Begin Exploration

and Colonizationand Colonization Recently unified Recently unified

after the after the ReconquistaReconquista

Fervently CatholicFervently Catholic Powerful Powerful

monarchies monarchies determined to determined to increase their increase their influence.influence.

Mercantilism: The Economic Basis Mercantilism: The Economic Basis of Exploration and Colonizationof Exploration and Colonization

Early form of capitalismEarly form of capitalism National governments sought to National governments sought to

encourage exports and discourage encourage exports and discourage importsimports

Internal improvements (roads, Internal improvements (roads, canals) to improve national tradecanals) to improve national trade

Colonies needed for two reasons:Colonies needed for two reasons:1. sources of raw materials1. sources of raw materials2.markets for finished goods2.markets for finished goods

Portugal: Find a sea route to the Portugal: Find a sea route to the East by sailing around AfricaEast by sailing around Africa

Prince Henry the Prince Henry the Navigator established Navigator established a school for sailors in a school for sailors in early 1400searly 1400s

Sailors learned to sail Sailors learned to sail caravel ships and use caravel ships and use the new instrumentsthe new instruments

By 1488, Portuguese By 1488, Portuguese sailors had reached sailors had reached the Cape of Good the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498, Hope, and in 1498, they reached Indiathey reached India

Spain: Find a route to the East by Spain: Find a route to the East by going Westgoing West

1492: Christopher 1492: Christopher Columbus Columbus “discovered” islands “discovered” islands to the West.to the West.

Columbus and other Columbus and other explorers claimed the explorers claimed the territories for Spainterritories for Spain

By 1500, it was clear By 1500, it was clear that this was a “New that this was a “New World”World”

The Line of Demarcation and The Line of Demarcation and Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas

Drawn by the Pope Drawn by the Pope to divide the world to divide the world between Spain and between Spain and PortugalPortugal

Brazil placed withinBrazil placed within

Portugal’s landsPortugal’s lands

Other European Nations and Other European Nations and ExplorationExploration

By late 1500s, Spain and Portugal By late 1500s, Spain and Portugal lost their naval dominancelost their naval dominance

Britain, France, and Holland used Britain, France, and Holland used narrow beam ships to gain colonial narrow beam ships to gain colonial leadership in North America, the leadership in North America, the Cape of Good Hope, India, and the Cape of Good Hope, India, and the IndiesIndies

Impact of the European Impact of the European Colonization of the AmericasColonization of the Americas

Europeans were interested in Europeans were interested in exploitation of the wealth of the New exploitation of the wealth of the New World.World.

The Native Americans were regarded The Native Americans were regarded as inferior, expendable people to be as inferior, expendable people to be used as slavesused as slaves

Spain exploited the mineral wealth of Spain exploited the mineral wealth of Mexico, Central and South America, Mexico, Central and South America, especially silverespecially silver

Impact of the European Impact of the European Colonization of the AmericasColonization of the Americas

Portugal established Brazil as a sugar Portugal established Brazil as a sugar cane growing areacane growing area

Sugar cane was also established in Sugar cane was also established in the Caribbeanthe Caribbean

Plantations were established Plantations were established throughout the Americas to produce throughout the Americas to produce agricultural goodsagricultural goods

Impact of the European Impact of the European Colonization of the AmericasColonization of the Americas

The Native American population, The Native American population, especially in Latin America, declined especially in Latin America, declined due to disease (virgin soil epidemics) due to disease (virgin soil epidemics) and overworkand overwork

Africans were imported, beginning in Africans were imported, beginning in the early 1500s, as replacements for the early 1500s, as replacements for Native Americans.Native Americans.

Alfred W. CrosbyAlfred W. Crosby

Author of “The Columbian Exchange” and Author of “The Columbian Exchange” and “Ecological Imperialism”“Ecological Imperialism”

Developed the term Columbian Exchange to Developed the term Columbian Exchange to describe the transfer of people, plants, animals, describe the transfer of people, plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds and diseases between the Old and New Worlds after 1492after 1492

The Columbian Biological Exchange

Forms of Biological Life Going From:

Old World to New World: New World to Old World:

Diseases:

Smallpox MeaslesChicken PoxMalariaYellow FeverInfluenzaThe Common Cold

Syphilis

Animals:

Horses CattlePigsSheepGoatsChickens

TurkeysLlamasAlpacasGuinea Pigs

Plants:

Rice WheatBarleyOatsCoffeeSugarcaneBananasMelonsOlivesDandelionsDaisiesCloverRagweedKentucky Bluegrass

Corn (Maize)Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)TobaccoPeanutsSquashPeppersTomatoesPumpkinsPineapplesCacao (Source of Chocolate)Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)PapayasManioc (Tapioca)GuavasAvocados

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Squash AvocadoAvocado PeppersPeppers Sweet Sweet

PotatoesPotatoes

TurkeyTurkey PumpkinPumpkin TobaccoTobacco QuinineQuinine

CocoaCocoa PineapplePineapple

CassavaCassava POTATOPOTATO

PeanutPeanut TOMATOTOMATO VanillaVanilla MAIZEMAIZE

SyphilisSyphilis

OliveOlive COFFEE BEANCOFFEE BEAN BananaBanana RiceRice

OnionOnion TurnipTurnip HoneybeeHoneybee BarleyBarley

GrapeGrape PeachPeach SUGAR SUGAR CANECANE

OatsOats

Citrus FruitsCitrus Fruits PearPear WheatWheat HORSEHORSE

CattleCattle SheepSheep PigsPigs SmallpoxSmallpox

FluFlu TyphusTyphus MeaslesMeasles MalariaMalaria

DiptheriaDiptheria Whooping Whooping CoughCough

TrinketsTrinkets

LiquorLiquor

GUNSGUNS

Smallpox in the AmericasSmallpox in the Americas

Food Exchanges Between Old and Food Exchanges Between Old and New WorldNew World

Corn and potatoes were the two Corn and potatoes were the two most important American foods most important American foods transferred to Europe.transferred to Europe.

Tobacco became an important Tobacco became an important American export to EuropeAmerican export to Europe

Coffee and sugar were two “Old Coffee and sugar were two “Old World” crops transferred to the World” crops transferred to the Americas.Americas.

Present Day (Negative) ExchangesPresent Day (Negative) Exchanges

Changes in Western Europe Changes in Western Europe

The Renaissance had encouraged The Renaissance had encouraged scientific inquiry and curiosityscientific inquiry and curiosity

The “discovery” of the New World and the The “discovery” of the New World and the importation of gold and silver led to the importation of gold and silver led to the Price Revolution (inflation) and economic Price Revolution (inflation) and economic instabilityinstability

Johann Gutenberg’s printing press made Johann Gutenberg’s printing press made books available to more peoplebooks available to more people

Nation-state competition led to conflictNation-state competition led to conflict

The ReformationThe Reformation

Martin Luther advocated “the Martin Luther advocated “the priesthood of all believers”priesthood of all believers”

Jean Calvin developed the theory of Jean Calvin developed the theory of predestinationpredestination

These and other reformers caused a These and other reformers caused a split between Roman Catholics and split between Roman Catholics and ProtestantsProtestants

Religious wars were fought from Religious wars were fought from 1517-16481517-1648

Spain’s “Century of Gold”Spain’s “Century of Gold” 1550-1650 “El Siglo de 1550-1650 “El Siglo de

Oro” Spain was the Oro” Spain was the greatest power in greatest power in EuropeEurope

Under King Philip II, Under King Philip II, Spain used its wealth Spain used its wealth and power to fight the and power to fight the Reformation and Reformation and restore Catholicismrestore Catholicism

Spain persecuted non-Spain persecuted non-Catholics with the Catholics with the Inquisition and fought Inquisition and fought to maintain control of to maintain control of its American empire.its American empire.

Spain vs The NetherlandsSpain vs The Netherlands Spain also ruled The Spain also ruled The

Netherlands, which was Netherlands, which was primarily Calvinistprimarily Calvinist

By late 1500s The By late 1500s The Netherlands had won its Netherlands had won its independence and independence and became the nation of became the nation of Holland, practicing full Holland, practicing full religious toleration.religious toleration.

Because of its religious Because of its religious stability, Holland became stability, Holland became a wealthy banking and a wealthy banking and trading center and trading center and developed its own developed its own colonial empire.colonial empire.

Spain’s declineSpain’s decline

Spain’s many wars drained its Spain’s many wars drained its treasury.treasury.

The Price Revolution struck first and The Price Revolution struck first and hardest in Spain, creating inflation hardest in Spain, creating inflation and ruining the economyand ruining the economy

Out of date business methods Out of date business methods Lack of a middle classLack of a middle class By 1650, Spain’s glory days were By 1650, Spain’s glory days were

over.over.

FranceFrance In the 1500s France was In the 1500s France was

torn by conflict between torn by conflict between Catholics and Protestants Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots)(Huguenots)

In 1589 the leader of the In 1589 the leader of the Huguenots became King Huguenots became King Henry IV, who believed in Henry IV, who believed in the policy of Politiquethe policy of Politique

Henry IV converted to Henry IV converted to CatholicismCatholicism

He then issued the Edict of He then issued the Edict of Nantes guaranteeing Nantes guaranteeing religious freedom for religious freedom for Protestants.Protestants.

France became a France became a prosperous, stable nationprosperous, stable nation

FranceFrance After Henry IV’s After Henry IV’s

assassination, France assassination, France was governed by was governed by Cardinal Richelieu, Cardinal Richelieu, another advocate of another advocate of PolitiquePolitique

Under Richelieu, France Under Richelieu, France became the strongest became the strongest state in Europestate in Europe

France intervened in the France intervened in the Thirty Years War to Thirty Years War to ensure a Protestant ensure a Protestant victoryvictory

FranceFrance Shortly after the death of Shortly after the death of

Richelieu, Louis XIV 1645-Richelieu, Louis XIV 1645-1715 became King of 1715 became King of FranceFrance

Louis was an advocate of Louis was an advocate of the divine right of kings and the divine right of kings and absolute monarchyabsolute monarchy

Louis cancelled the Edict of Louis cancelled the Edict of Nantes, fought several wars Nantes, fought several wars to gain “natural frontiers” to gain “natural frontiers” for France, and spent for France, and spent money lavishly on the money lavishly on the palace of Versailles.palace of Versailles.

By 1715, France was in By 1715, France was in declinedecline

Versailles TodayVersailles Today

Palais de VersaillesPalais de Versailles

Palais de VersaillesPalais de Versailles

Hall of

Mirrors

Hall of

Mirrors

EnglandEngland Torn by religious Torn by religious

controversy under King controversy under King Henry VIII and his Henry VIII and his successorssuccessors

Queen Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth I introduced limited introduced limited tolerance of Catholicismtolerance of Catholicism

Under the House of Under the House of Stuart 1603-1714, Stuart 1603-1714, conflict between conflict between advocates of divine advocates of divine right/absolute monarchy right/absolute monarchy and parliamentarians.and parliamentarians.

EnglandEngland

1642-1649 English 1642-1649 English Civil War ended Civil War ended with beheading of with beheading of King Charles IKing Charles I

1688 Glorious 1688 Glorious Revolution Revolution established established parliamentary parliamentary supremacy and supremacy and made monarchy a made monarchy a figurehead.figurehead.

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

1818thth century, started in century, started in FranceFrance

Enlightenment thinkers Enlightenment thinkers (philosophes) (philosophes) advocated liberty, advocated liberty, religious toleration, religious toleration, progress, social reformprogress, social reform

Enlightened Despots Enlightened Despots like Frederick the Great like Frederick the Great practiced some practiced some Enlightenment Enlightenment principlesprinciples

Europe in 1750Europe in 1750

Constant conflictConstant conflict Proto-industrial, capitalist nation-Proto-industrial, capitalist nation-

states with expanding economiesstates with expanding economies Absolute monarchies (except Absolute monarchies (except

England)England) Limited religious toleration in most Limited religious toleration in most

areasareas Rapidly expanding colonial empiresRapidly expanding colonial empires

Russia 1450-1750Russia 1450-1750

Mongols driven out during 1400s by Mongols driven out during 1400s by Princes from MoscowPrinces from Moscow

Isolated from Western Europe, Isolated from Western Europe, primarily peasant/agriculturalprimarily peasant/agricultural

Eastern Orthodox, Moscow seen as Eastern Orthodox, Moscow seen as “Third Rome”“Third Rome”

1480 Ivan III (the Great) became first 1480 Ivan III (the Great) became first Russian “Tsar”Russian “Tsar”

The KremlinThe Kremlin

The Pendulum The Pendulum of Russian Historyof Russian History

Pro-WestPro-WestFor Progress & ChangeFor Progress & ChangeEncourage New Ideas,Encourage New Ideas,

Technologies, etc.Technologies, etc.

Anti-WestAnti-WestIsolationistIsolationistXenophobicXenophobic

Ultra-ConservativeUltra-Conservative

Most TsarsMost Tsars

Russian Orthodox Russian Orthodox ChurchChurch

MilitaryMilitary

BoyarsBoyars

peasantspeasants

A few TsarsA few Tsars

Intellectual elitesIntellectual elites

Merchants/Merchants/businessmenbusinessmen

Young members of the Young members of the middle class.middle class.

REFORM-MINDEDREFORM-MINDEDLEADERLEADER DEMAGOGUEDEMAGOGUE

Ivan The Terrible 1533-1584Ivan The Terrible 1533-1584

Established trade Established trade with Western with Western EuropeEurope

Fully unified the Fully unified the Russian stateRussian state

Rebuilt Moscow (St. Rebuilt Moscow (St. Basil’s Cathedral)Basil’s Cathedral)

InsaneInsane

The Time of Troubles 1584-1613The Time of Troubles 1584-1613

After Ivan the After Ivan the Terrible’s death, Terrible’s death, Russia was ruled Russia was ruled by a series of weak by a series of weak Tsars and torn by Tsars and torn by civil warcivil war

In 1613, the boyars In 1613, the boyars (nobles) named (nobles) named Michael Romanov Michael Romanov the Tsarthe Tsar

Peter The Great 1684-1725Peter The Great 1684-1725 Michael’s grandson Michael’s grandson

became the first great became the first great modernizing Tsarmodernizing Tsar

Undertook a series of Undertook a series of journeys to the West journeys to the West to observe the to observe the modern worldmodern world

Forced Russia to Forced Russia to modernize (on the modernize (on the surface)surface)

Serfdom continuedSerfdom continued

St. Petersburg, the new capitalSt. Petersburg, the new capital

Catherine The Great 1762-1796Catherine The Great 1762-1796 Second great Second great

modernizermodernizer Married to Peter the Married to Peter the

Great’s grandsonGreat’s grandson Seized power in 1762Seized power in 1762 Enlightened DespotEnlightened Despot Surface Surface

modernizations onlymodernizations only Serfdom continuedSerfdom continued Little industry, small Little industry, small

middle classmiddle class

Latin America Under Colonial RuleLatin America Under Colonial Rule

Spanish territories divided into four Spanish territories divided into four viceroyalties: New Spain, Granada, viceroyalties: New Spain, Granada, Peru, La PlataPeru, La Plata

Race based social hierarchy:Race based social hierarchy:

1.1. PeninsularesPeninsulares

2.2. CreolesCreoles

3.3. Mestizos and MulattosMestizos and Mulattos

4.4. Native Americans and African slavesNative Americans and African slaves

Encomienda SystemEncomienda System

Grants of land from King or Viceroy Grants of land from King or Viceroy to encomendaroto encomendaro

King received one-third of the profitsKing received one-third of the profits Sparked historic debate: Bartolome Sparked historic debate: Bartolome

de las Casas vs Juan Gimes de de las Casas vs Juan Gimes de SepulvedaSepulveda

Based on the mercantilist view of Based on the mercantilist view of coloniescolonies

Las Casas vs SepulvedaLas Casas vs Sepulveda

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

Mexico City’s CathedralMexico City’s Cathedral

Our Lady of GuadalupeOur Lady of Guadalupe

Lima’s CathedralLima’s Cathedral

Silver!Silver! The most desirable of The most desirable of

all metals from the all metals from the New WorldNew World

Potosi was the largest Potosi was the largest silver mine in the silver mine in the worldworld

Manila in the Manila in the Philippines became a Philippines became a large entrepot as a large entrepot as a resultresult

Contributed to the Contributed to the Price Revolution in Price Revolution in EuropeEurope

Brazil: The sugar colonyBrazil: The sugar colony

The first of the sugar The first of the sugar plantation coloniesplantation colonies

Sugar was labor Sugar was labor intensive and intensive and required huge required huge numbers of slavesnumbers of slaves

The Caribbean The Caribbean Islands also became Islands also became great sugar great sugar producersproducers

Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill