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    Introduction to the Archives of Imre Lakatos, 19221974

    Donnelly, Sue.

    Perspectives on Science, Volume 14, Number 3, Fall 2006, pp.

    347-353 (Article)

    Published by The MIT Press

    For additional information about this article

    Access Provided by University of Melbourne at 04/10/12 8:07PM GMT

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    347

    Introduction to the

    Archives of Imre

    Lakatos, 19221974

    Sue Donnelly

    London School of Economics

    The Archives Division of the London School of Economics is home to 77boxes of papers relating to the life and career of the philosopher, ImreLakatos and 2,500 books from his personal library. Lakatos joined the Phi-losophy Department at the London School of Economics in 1960 and in1969 was appointed Professor of Logic and died in post in 1974. Follow-ing his death Lakatos archive and library were transferred to the BritishLibrary of Political and Economic Science, the library of the LondonSchool of Economics. The archive was sorted and catalogued with the sup-port of the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung by Dr. Michael Hallett, and involved

    producing a listing of the research papers, with contextual information,and also a selection of the correspondence, the latter being generally closedto researchers. Much of the description in this article draws on the detailedwork of Dr. Hallett. In the mid 1990s the Lakatos Memorial Trust de-cided to open the correspondence to researchers and a full list of corre-spondents was prepared.

    The archive consists of sixteen distinct series of papers. Some of the pa-pers post-date Lakatos death in 1974 and consist mainly of posthumouspublications.

    Series 1: Papers published in Hungary, 19451956.

    From 1945 until his arrest in 1950, Lakatos made many contributions toHungarian newspapers and literary and academic journals, including bookreviews. Many of the newspaper articles were unsigned and hence havebeen impossible to trace. Journal articles that have been traced are in-cluded in the archive (as photocopies), together with English translations(by Nicholas Krasso and Ninon Leader).

    Perspectives on Science 2006, vol. 14, no. 32006 by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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    Series 2: Notes on mathematics and the philosophy of mathematics,

    c19451956

    35 notebooks and seven les of loose notes representing work undertaken

    while Lakatos was in Hungary and in the period immediately after his ar-rival in Britain, Much of it is in Hungarian and many of the items aremathematical exercises from text books.

    Series 3: Essays in the logic of mathematical discovery and the philosophy

    of mathematics, 19611976

    From 19561959 Lakatos was studying for his PhD in Cambridge underthe title Essays in the Logic of Mathematical Discovery at Kings College un-der the supervision of R.B.Braithwaite and this series contains notes anddrafts of this work. Part of the thesis was expanded into the four part arti-cle Proofs and Refutations published in the British Journal for the Philosophyof Science volume 14. Lakatos intended to republish this essay in bookform, together with other material (rewritten and expanded) from hisPhD. After his death a serious attempt was made to carry out his inten-tions, though of course without the large scale revisions Lakatos himselfwould undoubtedly have made. Thus Proofs and Refutations: the logic ofmathematical discovery edited by John Worrall and E.G.Zahar, contains amore or less unaltered reprint of Proofs and Refutations together with thecontinuation of the debate based on Chapter 2 of the PhD thesis and thediscussion of Cauchys theorem and proof forming part of Chapter 1 of thethesis. In addition, the last chapter of the PhD appears as Chapter 5 (The

    Method of Analysis-Synthesis) ofPhilosophical Papers, volume 2.The story of Proofs and Refutations has one strange twist considering

    Lakatoss political past. In 1967 an unauthorized, though clearly ofciallysanctioned, Russian translation of it appeared in book form in the SovietUnion (Lakatos Dokatatelstva i Oprovershenia translated by I.N.Veselovski).According to Lakatos it became a philosophical best seller in the SovietUnion, selling over 70,000 copies. A copy of this translation is found in 3/7, together with a review of it in Russian by G. P. Schedrovitsky, whichwas found in Lakatoss correspondence

    Series 4: Papers in the philosophy of mathematics, c19561976.

    Typescript drafts and notes for papers on the philosophy of mathematicsincluding:

    Some Philosophical Implications of the Method of Proofs and Refuta-

    tions What Does A Mathematical Proof Prove Uncategorical Categoricity

    348 Introduction to the Archives of Imre Lakatos, 19221974

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    Innite Regress and the Foundations of Mathematics The Signicance of Non-Standard Analysis for the History and Philos-

    ophy of Mathematics A Renaissance of Empiricism in the Recent Philosophy of Mathematics Analysis-Synthesisa Heuristic Starting Point of Research

    Programmes in Failed Attempts of Refutations.

    Series 5: Early Papers in the Philosophy of Science, c1962

    Typescript and notes relating to early papers in the philosophy of scienceincluding:

    Necessity, Kneale and Popper

    The Teaching of the History of Science The Rise of Newtonianism

    Series 6: Middle Period Papers in the Philosophy of Science, 19651971.

    Typescript and notes relating to papers in the Philosophy of Scienceincluding:

    6/14 Changes in the Problem of Inductive Logic: this paper was writ-ten for Volume 2 of the Proceedings of the 1965 International Col-loquium in the Philosophy of Science (held at Bedford College Lon-

    don, 1117 July 1965) which Lakatos. The paper was not read atthe Colloquium. The seven complete versions of the paper are (a)The Poverty of Inductive Logic (ve pages) (b) Theory Appraisal, Method

    and Demarcation: The New Problem of Induction (ve pages) (c) TheoryAppraisal and Method-the New Problem of Induction (seven pages) (d) IsInductive Logic Anti-Theoretical?(sixteen pages) (e) Theory appraisal

    and Method-the New Problem of Induction (forty-one pages) (f) On In-ductive Logic(forty-nine pages) (g) Inductive Logic versus Logic of Dis-covery (fty-nine pages).

    6/5 Michalos on the Changing Problem of Inductive Logic.6/6 Criticism and the Methodology of Scientic Research Programmes6/7 Sophisticated versus Naive Methodological Falsicationism6/8 Discussion of Mercier6/9 Discussion of Popkin6/1012 Falsication and the Methodology of Scientic Research

    Programmes. The paper is an extended version of Lakatos Criticismand the Methodology of Scientic Research Programmes that eventuallyappeared as Lakatos contribution, Falsication and the Methodologyof Scientic Research Programmes, to the fourth volume (Lakatos andMusgrave eds 1970) of the Proceedings of the 1965 Bedford Collo-quium.

    Pe rs pe ct iv es on Scien ce 349

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    Series 7: Later papers in the philosophy of science, 19691976.

    Typescript, offprints and notes relating to papers on the philosophy of sci-ence including:

    History of Science and its Rational Reconstructions Comments on Shimony: a conference paper by Shimony with

    Lakatos handwritten comment or reply. Popper on Demarcation and Induction Anomalies versus Crucial Experiments Why did Copernicus Research Programme Supercede Ptolemys? The Role of Crucial Experiments in Science Science and Pseudoscience.

    Series 8: Papers on general philosophy, 19671976.

    Manuscript, typescript and notes on general philosophy including:

    The Social Responsibility of Science On the Intellectuals Betrayal of Reason Professor Toulmin between the Hegelian Devil and Wittgensteinian

    Deep Blue Sea.

    Also includes a letter relating to the student unrest at LSE during 1968.

    Series 9: Lectures, 19731974.

    Notes for Scientic Method lectures given at the London School of Eco-nomics.Lakatos gave a course of eight lectures on scientic method at the LondonSchool of Economics in the Lent Term of 1973. These lectures were re-corded and then transcribed. Unfortunately lecture 5 was accidentally notrecorded.

    Series 10: Notes on Feyerabend, Kuhn and Popper, 19601970.

    Seven les of loose notes on the work of Feyerabend, Kuhn and Popper.

    Series 11: Biographical and general papers, 19601976.

    General and personal papers relating to Imre Lakatoss life including obit-uaries, desk diaries and papers relating to LSE Troubles.

    Series 12: Selected correspondence, 19591974

    When the papers were rst made available only a selection of Lakatosswide correspondence was opened to researchers, mainly through photo-copying the originals. The items selected were chosen to reect Lakatossintellectual and political interests, occasionally his wicked sense of humor

    350 Introduction to the Archives of Imre Lakatos, 19221974

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    and perhaps most importantly the way he learned through discussion withfriends, colleagues and acquaintances. Characteristically, having written apaper Lakatos would circulate it and ask for (or rather demand) critical

    comments and suggestions. The nished product (though Lakatos neverregarded any of his papers as beyond revision) was then a result of variousrepetitions of this process. For this reason the letters in Lakatos/12/2 cov-ering philosophy of mathematics are perhaps the most interesting selec-tions here. Lakatos was concerned to discover what working mathemati-cians and logicians thought of his work. Thus there are letters here fromBernays, Polya and van der Waerden, all mathematicians which a stronginterest in the philosophy of mathematics and leading logicians and phi-losophers of mathematics like Quine, Kreisel and Dummett. Later it

    seems that Lakatos was more discriminating, sending his work in prepara-tion to fewer people, mostly colleagues whom he presumably felt werecloser and sympathetic, though not the less critical for that.

    Series 13: Correspondence, 19531974.

    In 1994 the Lakatos Memorial Trust took the decision to open all of thecorrespondence and a full list of correspondents was produced in 1995.Lakatos had an extremely extensive correspondence with friends and aca-demics across the globe. The archive contains over 1000 les of correspon-

    dence arranged in alphabetical order by correspondent. The series includescorrespondence with philosophers from around the world including SirKarl Popper, Paul Feyerabend, Thomas Kuhn, Paul Bernays, GeorgePolya, Willard Van Quine, Georg Kreisel and Michael Dummett. Lakatosalso corresponded with LSE colleagues from both within and without thePhilosophy Department. Another interesting aspect of the correspondenceis in the contacts Lakatos retained with Hungarian philosophers andmathematicians including rpd Szab and Lszl Kalmr. There are over60 les of correspondence in Hungarian. Lakatos/13/949 includes recent

    summary reports on the contents of Lakatoss Hungarian state security po-lice les now available in Budapest, including copies of documents fromthose les. Amongst other things, they reveal that at an early 1960s sci-ence conference in England Lakatos was approached by a Hungarian agentto become one himself, but refused. It is interesting to note that his le re-mained active until his death.1

    Pe rs pe ct iv es on Scien ce 351

    1. With thanks to Alex Bellamy for this information.

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    Series 14: International Colloquium on the Philosophy of Science, London,

    1965, 19641968

    The International Colloquium on the Philosophy of Science was jointly or-

    ganized by the British Society for the Philosophy of Science and the Lon-don School of Economics. The Colloquium was divided into 3 sections:

    Problems in the Philosophy of Mathematics. The Problem of Inductive Logic Problems in the Philosophy of Science.

    The Colloquium resulted in a publication Problems in the Philosophy ofScience: proceedings of the International Colloquium on the Philosophy of

    Science, 1965, 1967 edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave.

    Series 15: Additional papers, 19341974.

    These les added to the archive following its initial cataloguing includesletters with Paul Feyerabend not included in Matteo Motterlini (ed.), For

    and Against Method(Chicago and London, 1999), typescripts, photocopiesof articles with light annotations and underlining. Offprints, personaldocuments providing biographical details on Lakatos, rough notes andpress cuttings, references by Lakatos regarding students and others and

    papers formerly belonging to Lakatos father, J. M. Lipsitz.

    Series 16: Additional papers deposited by Alex Bellamy, 19641970s

    This series consists of: a folder of papers regarding Lakatos in the 1960s; aCD of an Open University programme featuring Lakatos from 1973; and,a paper on Galileo by A.C.Bellamy discussed in the correspondence con-tained in Lakatos/13/65.

    In addition to the archives the Library also holds Lakatos Collection ofbooks comprising Imre Lakatoss personal library. The collection was do-

    nated to the Library by his estate and contains around 2,500 books, con-ference papers and periodicals in English, in Lakatoss native Hungarian,and in many other European languages. Most of the book collection can bebrowsed by researchers; with the exception of volumes containing annota-tions thought to be in Lakatos own hand, which are held in Archives.Items can be traced via the Library Catalogue.

    Further information about the Lakatos Collection of books can be foundat http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/whinthli/Lakatos.htm. The catalogue tothe Lakatos papers can be browsed via the Archives Catalogue (http://archives.lse.ac.uk/) and researchers wishing to use the papers should con-tact the Archives Division at:

    352 Introduction to the Archives of Imre Lakatos, 19221974

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    Library,London School of Economics and Political Science10 Portugal Street

    LondonWC2A 2HDEmail: [email protected]: 020 7955 7223.http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/archive/

    Pe rs pe ct iv es on Scien ce 353

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