14.114.1Essential QuestionEssential Question::

• What were the causes and effects of America’s first great wave of immigration?

Today we will identify the reasons Today we will identify the reasons for immigration and describe their for immigration and describe their

experiences in America.experiences in America.

Today we will identify the reasons Today we will identify the reasons for immigration and describe their for immigration and describe their

experiences in America.experiences in America.

Lesson 14.1: The Hopes of Immigrants

Lesson 14.1: The Hopes of Immigrants

Copy the following graphic Copy the following graphic chart onto chart onto PortfolioPortfolio p63 p63

Why did each Why did each nationality come nationality come

to America?to America?

Where did they Where did they settle?settle?

Why did they Why did they settle there?settle there?

Scandinavians Scandinavians came came becausebecause...... (three places)(three places) (three reasons)(three reasons)

Germans came Germans came becausebecause...... (three places)(three places) (three reasons)(three reasons)

The Irish came The Irish came becausebecause...... (three places)(three places) (three reasons)(three reasons)

Emigrant – Emigrant – definedefine

Immigrant – Immigrant – definedefine

What is an emigrant?

An emigrant is a person who leaves a country.

What is an immigrant?

An immigrant is a person who settles in a new country.

Throughout history, millions of immigrants have come to America.

Throughout history, millions of immigrants have come to America.

In the first half of the 19th Century, most immigrants came from Germany, Scandinavia, or Ireland.

In the first half of the 19th Century, most immigrants came from Germany, Scandinavia, or Ireland.

Most immigrants came to the

United States by crossing the

Atlantic Ocean in the steerage

areas of ships.

For these immigrants, the crossing of the Atlantic was horrifying.

For these immigrants, the crossing of the Atlantic was horrifying.

The Irish sailed in vessels known as ‘famine ships.’

They were called famine ships

because the Irish were fleeing a

terrible famine in their homeland.

Hundreds crowded below decks.

Disease spread rapidly, and 20% of the immigrants died.

Why would immigrants risk so many Why would immigrants risk so many dangers and hardships to reach America?dangers and hardships to reach America?

A push-pull factor is a factor that pushes people out of their native lands or pulls them

toward a new place.

Immigrants came to America because of a variety of push-pull factors.

There are five typical

push factors.

There are five typical

push factors.

• population growthpopulation growth

• crop failurescrop failures

• religious persecutionreligious persecution

• political turmoilpolitical turmoil

• population growthpopulation growth

• crop failurescrop failures

• religious persecutionreligious persecution

• political turmoilpolitical turmoil

Three pull factors led immigrants to the United

States.

Three pull factors led immigrants to the United

States.

• political or religious freedompolitical or religious freedom• economic opportunityeconomic opportunity• land ownership land ownership

• political or religious freedompolitical or religious freedom• economic opportunityeconomic opportunity• land ownership land ownership

1. What were the push-pull factors that led to

immigration?

• PUSH:• Population growth• Agricultural changes• Crop failures• Industrialization• Religious/political unrest

PULL:• Religious freedom• Economic opportunity• Abundant land

Government oppression was one cause of immigration.

Government oppression was one cause of immigration.

In 1849, a revolution by intellectuals seeking democratic reforms

was put down in Germany.

In 1849, a revolution by intellectuals seeking democratic reforms

was put down in Germany.

Liberals were

arrested and

imprisoned.

The liberal German

emigrants sold their farms, their shops, and all their belongings.

The liberal German

emigrants sold their farms, their shops, and all their belongings.

They withdrew their savings They withdrew their savings and and sailed sailed forfor AmericaAmerica..

They withdrew their savings They withdrew their savings and and sailed sailed forfor AmericaAmerica..

Many German immigrants arrived with some money and a valuable skill. They set up businesses or bought farms in

Midwestern cities or in the countryside.

Many German immigrants arrived with some money and a valuable skill. They set up businesses or bought farms in

Midwestern cities or in the countryside.

Most German immigrants settled in the Midwestern United States,

especially Wisconsin.

Most German immigrants settled in the Midwestern United States,

especially Wisconsin.

Some Germans were drawn to Some Germans were drawn to TexasTexas, where a group of German

nobles bought land and sold it in parcels to German immigrants.

Germans also settled in Eastern cities, where they opened businesses as bakers, butchers, carpenters, printers, shoemakers, and tailors.

2. Where did most German

immigrants settle?

2. Where did most German

immigrants settle?

• The upper Midwest, especially Wisconsin

• Texas

• Eastern cities

Although there was some anti-Although there was some anti-immigrant resentment from native-immigrant resentment from native-

born Americans, born Americans, most German most German immigrants made a immigrants made a good life good life for for themselves and their familiesthemselves and their families..

Although there was some anti-Although there was some anti-immigrant resentment from native-immigrant resentment from native-

born Americans, born Americans, most German most German immigrants made a immigrants made a good life good life for for themselves and their familiesthemselves and their families..

In Ireland, a massive crop

failure caused a

huge wave of immigration.

In Ireland, a massive crop

failure caused a

huge wave of immigration.

Economic conditions had been Economic conditions had been getting worse in getting worse in IrelandIreland for for

generations.generations.

Economic conditions had been Economic conditions had been getting worse in getting worse in IrelandIreland for for

generations.generations.

In Ireland, poor people lived on a half dozen potatoes and a cup of milk

each day.

In Ireland, poor people lived on a half dozen potatoes and a cup of milk

each day.

But in the late But in the late 1840s1840s, a , a disease disease called called blightblight struck struck and and nearly wiped out nearly wiped out the the

entire potato crop. entire potato crop.

But in the late But in the late 1840s1840s, a , a disease disease called called blightblight struck struck and and nearly wiped out nearly wiped out the the

entire potato crop. entire potato crop.

With their major source of food

gone, hundreds of Irish peasants died

each month.

With their major source of food

gone, hundreds of Irish peasants died

each month.

Eventually, over a Eventually, over a million people million people are believed to have are believed to have starvedstarved..

Eventually, over a Eventually, over a million people million people are believed to have are believed to have starvedstarved..

Two million Two million others others left left IrelandIreland, , with with 1.5 million1.5 million

coming to coming to AmericaAmerica..

Two million Two million others others left left IrelandIreland, , with with 1.5 million1.5 million

coming to coming to AmericaAmerica..

Most of these emigrants were tenant farmers and

unskilled laborers.

Most of these emigrants were tenant farmers and

unskilled laborers.

3. What were the results of the Potato Famine?

• Over a million people starved to Over a million people starved to death in Ireland.death in Ireland.

• Two million others left Ireland, Two million others left Ireland, most settling in America.most settling in America.

• Over a million people starved to Over a million people starved to death in Ireland.death in Ireland.

• Two million others left Ireland, Two million others left Ireland, most settling in America.most settling in America.

Money to pay for their passage came from relatives, relief organizations

and local Irish governments.

Money to pay for their passage came from relatives, relief organizations

and local Irish governments.

Most Irish immigrants arrived in America without

enough money even to buy a train ticket to the frontier, let alone to buy land.

Most Irish immigrants arrived in America without

enough money even to buy a train ticket to the frontier, let alone to buy land.

Unable to move any

further inland, where

homesteads were

available, the Irish had to

make a life for themselves in the eastern

cities.

Unable to move any

further inland, where

homesteads were

available, the Irish had to

make a life for themselves in the eastern

cities.

The Irish had to take whatever jobs they could find as laborers, cooks and servants.

The Irish had to take whatever jobs they could find as laborers, cooks and servants.

They lived in crowded, unhealthy apartments in cities like New York

and Boston.

They lived in crowded, unhealthy apartments in cities like New York

and Boston.

Cities over-crowded with new immigrants suffered from many

problems.

Cities over-crowded with new immigrants suffered from many

problems.• Housing shortages• Cramped apartment

buildings that lacked sunlight and fresh air.

• Outdoor toilets that overflowed, spreading disease

• Depressed urban neighborhoods, filled with crime

How did the arrival of so many immigrants affect

U.S. cities?

The arrival of so many immigrants caused U.S. cities to grow rapidly,

leading to overcrowding, disease, and

crime.

Immigrants were frequent victims of prejudice.

Prejudice is a

negative opinion

that is not based on

facts.

Americans had mixed feelings about immigrants.

Americans had mixed feelings about immigrants.

While factory owners welcomed immigrants as a new source of cheap labor, native-born workers saw them as competition for jobs.

While factory owners welcomed immigrants as a new source of cheap labor, native-born workers saw them as competition for jobs.

The Irish were hated almost as much as blacks

among most working class

Americans during the mid-1800s, because both groups were

willing to work for low wages.

The Irish were hated almost as much as blacks

among most working class

Americans during the mid-1800s, because both groups were

willing to work for low wages.

Many Protestant Americans especially objected to

the presence of Irish

immigrants.

Many Protestant Americans especially objected to

the presence of Irish

immigrants.

Many Protestant Americans

distrusted Roman Catholics. They feared that the

Irish would remain loyal to the pope in Rome, who could control America through their

votes.

Many Protestant Americans

distrusted Roman Catholics. They feared that the

Irish would remain loyal to the pope in Rome, who could control America through their

votes.

In addition to being Catholic, the Irish were also criticized

for their fondness for

whiskey. Likewise, the

Germans had a reputation for drinking beer.

In addition to being Catholic, the Irish were also criticized

for their fondness for

whiskey. Likewise, the

Germans had a reputation for drinking beer.

Anti-immigrant feeling was

especially strong among nativists.

A nativist is a native-born

American who wanted to

eliminate foreign influence.

Some U.S.-born citizens were Some U.S.-born citizens were prejudiced against immigrants prejudiced against immigrants

because they believed that foreigners because they believed that foreigners could not learn American ways.could not learn American ways.

Some U.S.-born citizens were Some U.S.-born citizens were prejudiced against immigrants prejudiced against immigrants

because they believed that foreigners because they believed that foreigners could not learn American ways.could not learn American ways.

They also feared that immigrants might come to outnumber

native-born Americans.

5. Why were some U.S.-born citizens prejudiced against immigrants?

5. Why were some U.S.-born citizens prejudiced against immigrants?

• They believed that foreigners They believed that foreigners could not learn American ways. could not learn American ways.

• They feared that immigrants They feared that immigrants might come to outnumber native-might come to outnumber native-born Americans. born Americans.

• They believed that foreigners They believed that foreigners could not learn American ways. could not learn American ways.

• They feared that immigrants They feared that immigrants might come to outnumber native-might come to outnumber native-born Americans. born Americans.

Nativism was one response to immigration. Various organizations and secret societies were created to

limit and control immigration.

Nativism was one response to immigration. Various organizations and secret societies were created to

limit and control immigration.

Typical goals of the nativist groupsTypical goals of the nativist groups

• Prohibit Catholics and aliens from holding public office

• Reduce the number of immigrants admitted to the country

• Limits on the voting rights of immigrants who became citizens

• Prohibit Catholics and aliens from holding public office

• Reduce the number of immigrants admitted to the country

• Limits on the voting rights of immigrants who became citizens

The Know-Nothings, the most influential nativist party, supported political candidates and even won some state and national posts

in the 1850s.

The Know-Nothings, the most influential nativist party, supported political candidates and even won some state and national posts

in the 1850s.

• Know-Nothings wanted to limit the number of immigrants arriving each year.

• They wanted to keep Catholics out of the government.

• They also wanted a 21-year waiting period before granting citizenship to immigrants.

• Know-Nothings wanted to limit the number of immigrants arriving each year.

• They wanted to keep Catholics out of the government.

• They also wanted a 21-year waiting period before granting citizenship to immigrants.

Nativism began to die down by the

1850s. The Know-Nothing party lost support as

people grew tired of its

secrecy and hatred.

Nativism began to die down by the

1850s. The Know-Nothing party lost support as

people grew tired of its

secrecy and hatred.

6. What was the Know-Nothing Party, and what was its point of view about

immigration?

• It wanted to ban Catholics and the foreign-born from holding office.

• It also called for reductions in immigration.

• It wanted a 21-year wait to become an American citizen.

More importantly, the

conflict between

immigrants and the native-born

was being overshadowed by the growing

divisions between North

and South.

More importantly, the

conflict between

immigrants and the native-born

was being overshadowed by the growing

divisions between North

and South.

Why did each nationality come

to America?

Where did they settle?

Why did they settle there?

Scandinavians wanted to buy

cheap land.

Germans sought economic

opportunity

The Midwest, esp. Minnesota and

Wisconsin

Lakes, forests, and cold winters were

like home.

Midwest (Wi), Texas, and Eastern

cities

Good climate for oats; land offered

by G. nobles; small business owners

Irish fled poverty, famine, and British

rule

East Coast cities (Boston, NYC, Philadelphia,

Baltimore)

Too poor to buy land, few skills;

stayed where their boats landed

Copy the following chart onto the top one-third of NB p. 23.

Push Factors Pull Factors

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.

2.

3.