1.4 REVISION WORKSHOP

1. Constructing Graphs

2. Interpreting Graphs

3. Scale

4. Taonga

5. Q&A

GRAPHING SKILLSA ‘how to’ guide to constructing the perfect

graph for any occasion

What must every good graph have?

Frame

Accuracy/Axes labelled

Colour

Key

Title

Scale (even with no line breaks)

Bar Graphs

• Bar graphs are used to show comparisons between 2

different sets of data

• There are 2 different types of bar graphs• Histograms (this is where all the bars are touching). These are used for

continuous data e.g. weight of snapper caught

• Column graphs (this is where there are gaps between bars). These are

used for non-continuous data e.g. colour of cars

How to draw a bar graph

1. Draw a x (horizontal) and y (vertical) axes using a ruler

2. Choose an appropriate scale for the vertical axis. Make sure this starts at zero and goes up in EVEN amounts

3. Label the y (vertical) axis with what data is being shown and put the measurement units in brackets

4. Label the x (horizontal) axis with the data being shown

5. If your data is continuous, start your bar right next to the y axis and make sure your bars are touching. If your data is separate, leave a gap between the y axis and your first bar.

6. Make sure your bars are all of equal width and that any gaps between bars are all the same width if drawing a histogram

7. Label each bar below the x axis

8. Shade in the bars

9. Give the graph an appropriate title. This should include the type of graph, both labels of the axes and year of data if known

Example of a bar graph

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Bar graph showing GNP per person (US$) for selected countries in 2001

Country

GN

P p

er

pe

rso

n (

$U

S)

Y axis labelled

with units and

data being

shown

Scale

goes up in

equal

amounts

and starts

at zero

Title includes type of graph, labels

of both axes and year of data

Bars all

equal size

and gaps

consistent

All bars

labelled and

correctly

shaded

X axis labelled

with data

being shown

Percentage bar graphs

• A percentage bar graph is another type of graph used to

shown percentage figures

• It is easier to construct than a pie graph as you only need

a ruler and you don’t need a compass or protractor

How to draw a percentage bar graph

1. If not already done, convert the statistics to percentage figures (amount divided by total amount and times by 100). Check the total equals 100%

2. Rank the % from highest to lowest

3. Rule up a bar 10 cm long and 3cm wide

4. Give your map a scale, write 1cm = 10% or 1mm = 1%

5. Measure the highest % along your bar and rule a line where it finishes (e.g. for 55% you would measure 5.5cm down the bar)

6. Continue to plot the rest of the points working your way from the highest % to the lowest %

7. Shade in each segment a different colour and rule up a key

8. Give the graph an appropriate title including the type of graph, data being shown and year the data is for

Example of a percentage bar graph

Percentage bar graph showing the type of employment in India for 2009

Appropriate title given which

includes type of graph, data

shown and year of data

Key is clearly

labelled and

colours used

Data is

added onto

bar from

highest % to

lowest %

Scale is provided along bottom

of graph OR you could have

just written 1cm = 10%

Line graphs

• Line graphs are used to show changes over time

• Generally if your data is set over a period of years, you

are probably going to need a line graph.

e.g. Population of New Zealand from 1981 - 2001

• Remember line = time

Year 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

Population 3,194,500 3,313,500 3,516,000 3,762,300 3,912,100

How to draw a line graph

1. Rule a y (vertical) axis and x (horizontal) axis

2. Label the x (horizontal) axis Time (could be years or months)

3. Mark the time frames along the x axis, this must start at the y axis and gaps between each period of time should be consistent e.g. 1 cm for every 5 years

4. Identify the highest number for the data to be placed on the y (vertical) axis and work out an appropriate scale

5. The scale up the y axis must increase in equal amounts and start at zero

6. Label the y axis with the data being shown and units

7. Use crosses to plot the statistics on the graph making sure each cross is directly above the year it is for

8. Join the crosses with a line

9. Give the graph an appropriate title which includes the type of graph, labels of the y and x axis and date range of data

Example of a line graph

Y axis

labelled

with data

shown

Data starts at

zero and go

up in even

amounts

Dates start on y

axis, no gap

between first data

point and axisX axis labelled with time and years

increase at regular intervals

Appropriate title given with type of graph,

data being shown and date range given

Line graph showing reported tetanus cases by year 1945-2003

Each point

plotted

accurately and

joined by a line

Climate graph

• Climate graphs are used to show the average monthly

rainfall and average temperature for an area over a year

• They have 3 axis, the left axis is used for rainfall, the right

axis is used for temperature and the bottom axis is for the

months of the year

• There are TWO types of graphs to be added onto this.

• Rainfall is drawn using a BAR graph

• Temperature is drawn using a LINE graph

How to draw a climate graph

1. Label the left hand axis Rainfall (mm) and choose an appropriate scale and go up in even amounts, starting from zero.

2. Label the right hand axis Temperature (ºC) and choose an appropriate scale to go up in even amounts. This can start below zero if you need to.

3. Label the bottom axis, Months and write the 1st letter of each month in each of the 12 columns

4. Plot the data for rainfall using the left hand axis and by ruling bars that take up the whole column.

5. Shade in the bars BLUE

6. Plot the data for temperature using the right hand axis. Plot each temperature point in the MIDDLE of the month column.

7. Connect each temperature point with a smooth RED line and join these to the right and left hand side axes

8. Give your graph an appropriate title which includes the type of graph, place it is for and the year of the data if provided

Example of climate graph

Temperature

is shown

using a LINE

graph and is

done using

RED

Left hand axis

shows temp,

axis labelled

with ºC

Title includes LOCATION

and GRAPH TYPE

Rainfall is

shown using a

BAR graph

and is shaded

in BLUE

Points for the temperature

are plotted in the MIDDLE

of a column and joined with

a SMOOTH curve

Right

hand axis

shows

rainfall.

Axis is

labelled

with mm

Months are represented

down the bottom with a

letter

Interpreting climate graphs

• Know your seasons – in the Southern hemisphere: Winter

is June, July, August, Summer is December, January,

February

• Look at which seasons are the driest or wettest by adding

up the amount of rainfall for the seasons

• Calculate what seasons are the hottest or coldest by

averaging up the temperature for winter and summer (add

temperature for 3 months together and divide by 3)

• Figure out the temperature range of the area (highest

temperature minus the lowest temperature = temperature

range)

Statistical Mapping

• A statistical map is when you draw a series of small

graphs over a map all with the same scale.

• The graph is located on the map where the information is

for

e.g. if you had population information for Auckland,

Wellington and Christchurch. You would draw a

small bar graph for each, you would draw Auckland’s

population graph on where Auckland is on the map,

Wellington’s population graph on where Wellington

is on the map etc.

How to draw a statistical map

1. Choose a suitable graph form for the type of information

given e.g. percentage bar graph, bar graph

2. Decide on a scale you will use for the whole map e.g.

1cm = 100,000 people or 1mm = 1%

3. Write the scale for the graphs on your map

4. Draw individual graphs using the above scale on each

region to display the data needed

5. Shade in the graphs and create a key if needed

6. Give the map an appropriate title including type of

graph, information being shown and year of data

Example of a statistic map

Pictographs

• Pictographs are a type of graph that use symbols or

pictures that represent an amount of data

• You could be asked to interpret the information on one of

these (USE THE KEY) or complete one already started for

you

• If you need to complete one, use the symbol/picture given

and check the key to see how much each picture

represents. It is okay to only use ¼ or ½ of a symbol if

needed

How to interpret a pictograph

• Look for the key

• This will tell you about how much each symbol/picture represents

• Use the key to add up how much is for each day, if only half a symbol, only add half the amount in the key

Scatter graphs

• Scatter graphs are used to show a relationship between

two sets of data.

• The relationship may be negative if one set of data

increases as the other decreases

• The relationship can be positive if both sets of data

increase

• There may be no relationship if your crosses end up all

over the show

How to draw a scatter graph

1. Determine which set of data is independent (not reliant on the other) and which set of data is dependent (relies on the other)

2. Rule a x (horizontal) axis and label with independent set of data title. Look at the highest value of this data and work out an appropriate scale to go up in even amounts starting from zero

3. Rule a y (vertical) axis and label with the dependent set of data title. Look at the highest value of this data and work out an appropriate scale to go up in even amounts starting from zero

4. Give the graph an appropriate title including the type of graph, labels plus units used on both axes and the year of data if given

5. Use crosses to plot the points where the 2 sets of data meet for each. Label each point with it’s name OR use a key

6. Rule a line of best fit through the crosses. This line should show the general trend of the graph and should go through the pathway of the most amount of crosses. It does NOT connect the crosses

Example of a scatter graph

Scatter graph showing relationship between $ GDP per person and % Adult literacy for selected countriesY axis labelled

with

DEPENDENT

variable and

units

Scale starts at

zero and goes

up in even

amounts

Appropriate title given

starting with type of

graph, 2 axes labels and

who data is for

X (horizontal) axis labelled with

INDEPENDENT set of data and units

Line of best fit

drawn

Each point plotted

accurately where 2

sets of data meet

and labelled with

name

How to interpret a scatter graph

This means as

one set of data

increases, the

other set

increases also

This means

there is no

relationship

between the 2

sets of data

This means as

one set of data

increases, the

other set

decreases

• A correlation means a relationship, how the sets of data affect one another

Axes Graph

Choropleth Map

Comparative Column Graphs

Dot Distribution Map

Proportional Circles Map

Triple Axes Graph

Stepwise Migration Model

Urban Zone

Models

WORKING OUT RATIO SCALE1m = 100cm

1km = 100,000cm

So if you measured on your topographic map and 3cm = 1km how would you change this into a ratio scale?

1. Firstly you write out…

3cm=1km then…

2. You need to change the km into cm therefore….

3cm = 100,000cm but…

3. A ratio must start with 1 therefore you need to divide both sides by 3 SO…

4. 1cm = 33,333cm and as a ratio 1:33,333

TaongaThis is the Maori concept you will need to apply to the given

resources in the 1.4 exam and it is the same as your practice exam.

“A resource either physical or cultural that can be found in the

environment”

• Natural features could be lakes, rivers, mountains etc.

• Cultural features could be people, Te Reo, whakapapa etc.

The question could ask you to describe the Taonga, explain its

significance or say what is being done to protect certain Taonga

ANY

QUESTIONS?