14 lab features and techniques

7/30/2019 14 Lab Features and Techniques

1/13

MCOLCIN]B WBKEOAKCI

W]CAOAOL[

Noiaobtrcaoaolsmlir@ldcai/knd

&13


2/13

Icm 3=/ Hbcturbs cog Wbkeoaqubs AA

Icm ct c Licokb

Nmjbktavbs

Chtbr kndpibtaol teb icm) teb stugbot waii mb cmib tn:

Rsb senrtkuts/

Haog nmjbkts %usb vcranus sbcrke nptanos!/

Xabw nmjbkt gbpbogbokabs/

Kndpcrb nmjbkts cog dcppaols/

Rsb teb Nvbrvabw waognw/

Knpy nmjbkts ckrnss dcppaols/

Gurctano

Weas icm senuig tcfb cpprnxadctbiy 70 daoutbs/

3= $ = PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb


3/13


Bxbrkasbs

Bxbrkasb 3: [enrtkuts

[tbp 3/ Krbctb c senrtkut tn snurkb/

Bxpcog teb [ecrbg^[tugbot hnigbr:

Bosurb teb dcppaol hrnd teb prbvanus icm as npbo ao teb

wnrfpickb cog kiakf$cog$grcl teb BDPINQBB snurkbgbhaoatano aotn teb dcppaol/

Cs teb kursnr botbrs teb wnrfspckb) teb akno senuig innf

cs hniinws:

Ah at gnbs ont) stcrt nvbr cog dcfb surb teb nmjbkt as mbaol

grcllbg ao hrnd teb [ecrbg^[tugbot hnigbr/ No rbibcsaol

teb dnusb muttno) teb hniinwaol gacinl mnx cppbcrs:

Wn knpy co nmjbkt hrnd c secrbg hnigbr%rctebr teco krbctaol c senrtkut!) eniggnwo teb KW]I fby mbhnrb grnppaol tebnmjbkt/

Kiakf no Qbs tn krbctb teb senrtkut dcfb surb at gnbsotscy Knpy/

Web kurvbg crrnw ao teb uppbr$ibht knrobr nh teb snurkb

gbhaoatano senws tect teb snurkb as c senrtkut:

PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb 3= $ ;


4/13


[tbp =/ Gn ont scvb kecolbs/

Gasknoobkt hrnd teb [tugbotxx hnigbr cog gn ont scvb teb

kecolbs hrnd teb prbvanus ibssno/

Bxbrkasb =: Web Haog Hbcturb

Web Gbsalobr aokiugbs teb Haog Obxt cog Haog ao \nrfspckb

hbcturbs tn ebip haog kniudos nr pnrts ao rbpnsatnry nmjbkts) nrstraols ao teb nutput waognw/ Weas kco mb vbry ebiphui ao coy

oudmbr nh skbocrans aokiugaol:

Wrckaol teb adpckt nh kecolb ternule c dcppaol/

Gbmullaol co aovciag pnrt/

]bknloazaol c daskcikuictbg pnrt vciub/

Gbtbktaol c dcppaol inlak hinw brrnr/

3/ Rsb teb Haog ao \nrfspckb hbcturb/

Web Haog ao \nrfspckb hbcturbsbcrkebs cii nh teb trcoshnrdctanos ao tebwnrfspckb hnr pnrt nr trcoshnrdct anoocdbs/ At kco sbcrke hnr kniudo) pnrt nrtcmib ocdbs tect dctke teb sbcrke straol/Web sbcrke kco spco ckrnss cii ocdbs aoteb wnrfspckb) nr ckrnss teb musaobssocdb nh c tcmib) kniudo nr pnrt/ Websbcrke kco mb kcsb sbosatavb cog dctkeno c wenib wnrg/

Npbo teb stugbotxx hnigbr/

Npbo teb d^NG[^BDPINQBB^xx dcppaol/

Kiakf teb Haog ao \nrfspckb muttno nr kennsb Bgat |Haog ao \nrfspckb/

My gbhcuit) at as ont kcsb sbosatavb/Enwbvbr tebrb crb cggatanoci kebkfmnxbstn sbibkt) weake waii hnrkb at tn mb/

Ao teb Haog \ect habig) botbrtypb^kngbcog kiakf no

teb Haog Onw muttno/

3= $ 7 PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb


5/13


Web kenakbs crb tn sbcrke hnr habig ocdbsnr tcmib ocdbs dctkeaol teb sbcrke tbxt/Ah Habigs as sbibktbg) teb Gbsalobrsbcrkebs hnr kniudo nr pnrt ocdbsdctkeaol teb sbcrke tbxt/ Ah Wcmibs assbibktbg) teb Gbsalobr sbcrkebs hnr tcmibocdbs dctkeaol teb sbcrke tbxt/

Web Gbsalobr scvbs teb icst 30 sbcrkestraols usbg) ao teb grnp $gnwo iast hrndmnte teb Haog ao wnrfspckb cogHaog Obxt %gaskussbg ao teb obxt stbp!/

Gnumib$kiakf no teb bxp^NG[^BDPINQBB rbsuit/

Ao teb Aknoak vabw) Haog ao\nrfspckb gnbs teb scdb teaol/Enwbvbr) teb trcoshnrdctano nmjbkt wnuigecvb tn mb npbobg tn teb Onrdci vabw tnsbb teb pnrt/

Ontakb tect teb wnrfspckb as rb$pnsatanobg sn tect

bxp^NG[^BDPINQBB as ao teb tnp ibht knrobr/

KiakfKinsb/

[tbp =/ Rsb teb Haog Obxt hbcturb/

Web Haog Obxt hbcturbs sbcrkebs hnr ckniudo nr pnrt ocdb %nr coy sbt nhkecrcktbrs ao c ocdb! ao teb hniinwaol

nmjbkts: trcoshnrdctanos) dcppibts) cogsnurkb cog tcrlbt gbhaoatanos/

Roiafb Haog ao \nrfspckb) tebHaog Obxt hbcturb sbcrkebs nob nmjbktct c tadb/ At kcoont sbcrke duitapibnmjbkts ct teb scdb tadb/ Web HaogObxt hbcturb wnrfs ao bcke Gbsalobrtnni/

Ao cggatano) teas as teb noiy wcy tn gn c huiitbxt sbcrke ao coy nh teb tcms ao teb Nutput

[bibkt teb [nurkb Suciahabr trcoshnrdctano/

BotbrBDPINQ ao teb Haog mnx no teb [tcogcrg tnnimcr/

%Web sbcrke as ont kcsb$sbosatavb/!

[bibkt Bgat | Haog Obxt nr kiakf teb Haog Obxt muttno nr

Huoktano fby H;) tn sbcrke hnr teb straol

Web Gbsalobr haogs teb harst nkkurrbokb nh teb sbcrke

PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb 3= $ 2


6/13


waognw %b/l/) [cvb) Xciagctb)

Gbmullbr) btk/!/ Weas hbcturb asbxtrbdbiy usbhui webo gbmullaol/[bibkt c saolib trcoshnrdctano nr kiakf aoteb Nutput waognw mbhnrb pbrhnrdaol tebsbcrke ntebrwasb) teb Haog Mnx waiirbdcao lrcybg nut/

straol/

Prbss Botbr clcao tn sbcrke hnr teb obxt nkkurrbokb nh tebsbcrke straol/

Bxbrkasb ;: Xabw Gbpbogbokabs

[tbp 3/ Rsb teb Xabw Gbpbogbokabs hbcturb/

Web Xabw Gbpbogbokabs hbcturb as cquakf cog pnwbrhui wcy tn gn cgbpbogboky cociysas no vartuciiy coynmjbkt ao teb rbpnsatnry/ Weas as bspbkaciiypnwbrhui mbkcusb at kco mb bxbkutbg hrndteb Gbsalobr tnni/

C sadpib bxcdpib as webo c snurkb obbgstn mb kecolbg/ Xabw Gbpbogbokabswaiisenw cii nh teb dcppaols cssnkactbg wateteb snurkb/ Ao turo) Xabw Gbpbogbokabsno tensb dcppaols adpcktbg my tebsnurkb kecolb agbotahabs teb sbssano tcsfs

cssnkactbg wate teb dcppaols/

Ao teb Ocvalctnr waognw) bxpcog teb Wcrlbts ongb ao teb

cssalobg [tugbot^xx hnigbr/

Web hnigbr dust mb npbo%cktavb! ao tebwnrfspckb hnr teas hbcturb tn wnrf/

]alet$kiakf no teb NG[^KR[WNDB]^CKWAXB tcrlbt

gbhaoatano cog sbibkt Gbpbogbokabs



7/13


Ckkbpt teb gbhcuit sbttaols cog kiakfNF/ Ontb ats

gbpbogbokabs aokiugaol teb d^NG[^KR[WNDB]^CKWAXB

dcppaol/

]alet$kiakf teb d^NG[^KR[WNDB]^CKWAXB dcppaol cogsbibkt Xabw Gbpbogbokabs/Ontb ats gbpbogbokabs

aokiugaol teb AOXNAKB snurkb gbhaoatano/

Bxbrkasb 7: Kndpcraol Nmjbkts

[tbp 3/ Kndpcrb aostcokbs wateao dcppaols nrdcppibts/

Ao Dcppaol Gbsalobr) npbo teb dcppaold^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW^xx /

]alet$kiakf no teb ebcgbr nhjor^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW cogsbibkt Kndpcrb Nmjbkts

[bibkt srt^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW cs Aostcokb = cogkiakfnoteb Kndpcrbmuttno/

Cii gahhbrbokbs waii cppbcr ao rbg/ No teb Kiakf ternule teb gahhbrbot tcms tn sbb coy gahhbrbokbs)

PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb 3= $ <


8/13


Pnrts tcm) ontb teb pnrt ocdbs tect crbealeialetbg ecvb agbotakci ocdbs cog crbsenwo ao teb scdb rnw/ Ontb cisn tectteb N]GB]^GCWB pnrt ecs c gahhbrbotgctc typb cog prbkasano cog as hurtebrealeialetbg ao rbg/

senwo ao rbg tbxt/

[tbp =/ Kndpcrb tcrlbt gbhaoatanos/

NG[^BDPINQBB^]NNFAB cogGAD^]BP waii mb usbg ao teb ictbr icms/Enwbvbr) teby crb lnng bxcdpibs tngbdnostrctb teb hbcturb/

Adpnrt NG[^BDPINQBB^]NNFAB cog teb GAD^]BP tcmibs

hrnd teb tcrlbt gctcmcsb/

Websb cggatanos senuig ont mb scvbg chtbr teas ibssno/

Webrb as nob fby gahhbrbokb mbtwbbo teasusb nh teb Kndpcrb hbcturb) cog teb icst/Web gacinl mnx hnr aoatactaol teb kndpcrbonw ecs c Mrnwsb muttno tect waii ciinwsbcrkeaol ternule cii npbo hnigbrs hnrnmjbkts nh teb scdb typb/

Bxpcog teb Wcrlbts ongb ao teb Ocvalctnr waognw cog

puii NG[^BDPINQBB aotn teb \crbenusb Gbsalobrwnrfspckb/

]alet$kiakf no NG[^BDPINQBB) sbibkt Kndpcrb Nmjbkts

cog c gahhbrbot gacinl mnx waii cppbcr/

Kiakf no teb Mrnwsb muttno tn teb ralet nh teb Wcrlbt =:waognw/

Clcao) cii gahhbrbokbs wnuig cppbcr ao rbg/Ao teas kcsb) teb gahhbrbokb as teb tcmibocdb/

Graii gnwo ternule teb cssalobg stugbot hnigbr tn teb

Wcrlbts ongb tn sbibkt NG[^BDPINQBB^]NNFAB/ KiakfNF/

Kiakf no teb Kndpcrb muttno cog vabw teb Kniudos tcm/



9/13


Kinsb cog try teb scdb stbps wate teb GAD^]BP tcmib/

Kndpcrb NG[^BDPINQBB tn GAD^]BP/

Kniudos tect gn ont dctke my ocdbcppbcr no gahhbrbot iaobs/ Webrb as onteaolao rbg tn aogakctb coy gahhbrbokbs/ Noiywebo teb kniudo ocdbs crb teb scdb waiigahhbrbokbs cppbcr ao rbg/

Kiakf no teb Kndpcrb muttno cog vabw teb Kniudos tcm/

[tbp ;/ Kndpcrb dcppaol aostcokbs/

Gasknoobkt hrnd teb [tugbotxx hnigbr cog gn ont scvb teb

kecolbs hrnd teb prbvanus ibssno/

Npbo teb [tugbotxx hnigbr/

Npbo teb [ecrbg^[tugbot hnigbr/

Ao teb [tugbotxx hnigbr) npbo teb

d^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW^xx dcppaol/

[bibkt Dcppaols | Kndpcrb hrnd teb dcao dbou/

Kiakf no teb Mrnwsb muttno hnrDcppaol = cog sbibkt teb

d^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW^xx dcppaol ao teb

[ecrbg^[tugbot hnigbr/



10/13


Kiakf no Kndpcrb muttno/

Clcao) coy gahhbrbokbs waii mb ealeialetbg ao rbg/ Fby

gahhbrbokbs waii mb iastbg no teb [uddcry tcm) suke cs ao

teas kcsb:

Aostcokb srt^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW as prbsbot noiy ao

dcppaol ao ynur hnigbr/

Kiakf no teb Aostcokbs tcm cog ao teb Wrcoshnrdctanos

Aostcokbs) cog sbibkt teb cll^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROWaostcokb/

Kiakf no teb Kndpcrb Aostcokbs muttno/

Kiakf ternule teb tcms tn haog teb gahhbrbokbs/

Web noiy gahhbrbokb senuig mb no teb Prnpbrtabs tcm teb

[nrtbg Aoput hicl wcs sbt tn Wrub hnr teb dcppaol ao ynurhnigbr/

Kinsb teb [ecrbg^[tugbot hnigbr/

Bxbrkasb 2: Nvbrvabw \aognw

Weas hbcturb cssasts wate dcobuvbraol crnuog dcppaols wate

dcoy trcoshnrdctano aostcokbs/

[tbp 3/ Rsaol teb Nvbrvabw \aognw/

Crrcolb teb npbo d^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW^xx dcppaol tnteb Onrdcivabw usaol Icynut | Crrcolb Cii/

[bibkt Xabw | Nvbrvabw \aognw: nr sbibkt teb muttno/



11/13


Grcl teb mnx crnuog tn rb$pnsatano teb dcppaol ao teb

wnrfspckb/

Grcw c mnx crnuog c knupib nh trcoshnrdctanos ao teb

wnrfspckb/ Nmsbrvb tect teb sbibktbg nmjbkts crb

ealeialetbg ao rbg ao teb Nvbrvabw waognw/ Web Nvbrvabw waognw rbdcaos no tnp nh coy kiabot

cppiakctano %ont just teb Gbsalobr! uotai kinsbg/

Bxbrkasb 8: Knpyaol cog Pcstaol Nmjbkts

[tbp 3/ Knpy cog pcstb nmjbkts/

Npbo teb d^NG[^N]GB]^CDNROW^xx dcppaol/

Crrcolb teb dcppaol tn teb Aknoakvabw/

Grcw c mnx crnuog teb Bxprbssano) [nrtbr cogCllrblctnr/ Nmsbrvb tect tebar nutiaob kecolbs tn senw

teby crb sbibktbg/

Prbss Ktri$K tn knpy/

Krbctb c obw dcppaol vac Dcppaols | Krbctb cog sbibkt tebgbhcuit ocdb/

Kiakf ao teb wnrfspckb cog prbss Ktri$X tn pcstb/

Gasknoobkt hrnd teb [tugbotxx hnigbr watenut scvaol

kecolbs/

]bhbrbokb

[enrtkuts

Nob nh teb pradcry cgvcotclbs nh usaol c senrtkut as

dcaotbocokb scvaols/ Ah c kecolb as obbgbg tn cii aostcokbs nhco nmjbkt) dcfb teb kecolb tn teb nralaoci rbpnsatnry nmjbkt cog

cii senrtkuts tn at waii cutndctakciiy aoebrat tensb kecolbs/ Ao

knotrcst) ah tebrb crb duitapib knpabs nh co nmjbkt) bcke waii obbgtn mb upgctbg/ Ontb tect kecolbs kco cisn aovciagctb dcppaolscog sbssanos/

Web fby as tn usb teb gbpbogboky cociysas hbcturbs tn gbtbrdaob

teb adpckt nh teb kecolb cog pico ckknrgaoliy/ Ah teb kecolb as

obbgbg addbgactbiy) tbdpnrcraiy dcfb c knpy nh teb nmjbktuotai teb senrtkut kco mb upgctbg/



12/13


[enrtkuts ecvb teb hniinwaol cgvcotclbs nvbr knpabg rbpnsatnry

nmjbkts:

Ciinw teb gbvbinpbr tn dcaotcao c knddno rbpnsatnry

nmjbkt ao c saolib inkctano/

Nmjbkts aoebrat cii kecolbs/

Prnvagb gbvbinpbrs tn c sbt nh prbgbhaobg dbtcgctc my

aoknrpnrctaol teb senrtkuts aotn tebar wnrf aostbcg nh

gbvbinpaol rbpnsatnry nmjbkts aogbpbogbotiy/

[ecrb kndpibx dcppaols) dcppibts nr rbuscmib

trcoshnrdctanos ckrnss hnigbrs cog rbpnsatnrabs %ah teb

rbpnsatnry enusaol teb secrbg hnigbr as c linmci

rbpnsatnry!/

[cvbs spckb ao teb rbpnsatnry my dcaotcaoaol c saolib

rbpnsatnry nmjbkt cog usaol senrtkuts tn tect nmjbkt)

aostbcg nh krbctaol knpabs nh teb nmjbkt ao duitapib

hnigbrs nr duitapib rbpnsatnrabs/ Cs wate knpyaol

nmjbkts) teb gbstaoctano hnigbr dust mb npbo tn teb

cpprnpractb tnni/ [enrtkuts kcoont mb krbctbg tn

nmjbkts hrnd ono$secrbg hnigbrs/

Kndpcraol Nmjbkts

Web Gbsalobr ciinws gbtcaibg kndpcrasno nh twn rbpnsatnrynmjbkts nh teb scdb typb/ Weas aokiugbs snurkbs) tcrlbts)trcoshnrdctanos aostcokbs) dcppibts) dcppaols cog

dcppaol.dcppibt gbpbogbokabs/ Web kndpcrasno kco mb mcsbg

no twn nmjbkts wateao teb scdb dcppaol) twn nmjbkts ckrnssnpbo hnigbrs nr ckrnss rbpnsatnrabs %b/l/ $ Gbvbinpdbot) Wbst)

cog Prnguktano!/

Rsb teb hniinwaol tnnis tn kndpcrb snurkbs) tcrlbts) nr

trcoshnrdctanos:

[nurkb Cociyzbr $ Kndpcrb twn snurkbs) twn snurkb

senrtkuts nr c snurkb wate c snurkb senrtkut

\crbenusb Gbsalobr$ Kndpcrb twn tcrlbts) twn tcrlbt

senrtkuts nr c tcrlbt wate c tcrlbt senrtkut/

Wrcoshnrdctano Gbvbinpbr $ Kndpcrb twn rbuscmib

trcoshnrdctanos) twn rbuscmib trcoshnrdctano senrtkuts)

nr c rbuscmib trcoshnrdctano wate c rbuscmib

trcoshnrdctano senrtkut/

3= $ 3= PnwbrKbotbr 1/x Ibvbi A Gbvbinpbr Icm Luagb


13/13


Dcppaol . Dcppibt Gbsalobr $Kndpcrb twn snurkb

aostcokbs) twn trcoshnrdctano aostcokbs) twn tcrlbt

aostcokbs nr twn dcppibt aostcokbs/ Aostcokbs nh

gahhbrbot typbs kcoont mb kndpcrbg %b/l/ $ snurkb

aostcokb wate c trcoshnrdctano aostcokb!/Knpyaol ( Pcstaol Nmjbkts

Web gbvbinpbr kco knpy cog pcstb nmjbkts hrnd dcppaols cog

dcppibts wateao teb scdb hnigbr/ Nob nh teb pradcry

cgvcotclbs as teb cmaiaty tn sbibkt dnrb teco nob nmjbkt ct c tadb

cog pcstb teb nmjbkts aotn c dcppaol) dcppibt nr mnte/

Fbbp teb hniinwaol knokbpts ao daog webo knpyaol cog pcstaol

nmjbkts wateao c hnigbr/

Nmjbkts kco mb knpabg hrnd coy dcppaol nr dcppibt ao

c hnigbr tn coy obw nr bxastaol dcppaol nr dcppibt aoteb scdb hnigbr/

Duitapib nmjbkts kco mb knpabg hrnd teb wnrfspckb/

[bibktbg nmjbkts kco mb vabwbg my kennsaol Xabw |

Nvbrvabw/ [bibktbg nmjbkts waii cppbcr ao kninr/

Nmjbkts kcoont mb knpabg hrnd c senrtkut tn c dcppaol

nr dcppibt/ Onr as at ciinwbg tn pcstb nmjbkts aotn c

senrtkut tn c dcppaol nr dcppibt/

14 lab features and techniques

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