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Breeding and seed production of silver pompano

(Trachinotus blochii, Lacepede) at the Mariculture

Development Center of Batam

Nur Muflich Juniyanto, Syamsul Akbar and Zakimin

The Indonesian marine finfishaquaculture sector has a new potentialspecies, silver pompano (Trachinotusblochii, Lacepede). Silver pompano is apelagic and active species that is easyto domesticate and culture in tropicalmarine waters.

The Silver pompano belongs to theCarangidae (trevally and jacks) andlives in the coral reef areas of less than7 meters depth (Paton, et.al., 1989).According to Borut Forlan (2004), Silverpompano live in the open sea and arefound in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacificoceans. Juvenile silver pompano arecommonly found in sandy areas or nearsandy-clay estuary water. At the juvenilestage they tend to group together,becoming solitary as adults (Bianchi,G., 1985). Sand molluscs and otherinvertebrates are the main natural foodof this fish (Bianchi, G., 1985).

Silver pompano was introduced from

Taiwan, China because it is the mostpopular species cultured in Taiwan, butit is also found in Indonesian waters.It takes 3 years for the fish to matureas broodstock (Anonymous, 2007).As the fish grow fast and fetch a goodmarket price it has a good potential foraquaculture in the Asia-Pacific.

At present the Mariculture DevelopmentCentre of Batam has been successfulin breeding and producing the seed ofsilver pompano so that the fingerlingscan be produced locally for grow out

and reduce reliance on importatedfingerlings from overseas sources.

The price of silver pompano isaround Rp. 60.000/kg or about US$6/kg, almost the same as the price forgrouper. However, the silver pompanois easier to farm, faster growing soshortening the grow out period, hasa high survival rate, is more diseaseresistant and can be stocked in floatingcages at around 3 cm size.

Broodstock

management

Broodstocks management, larvalrearing, nursery and post harvest arekey areas for the success of seedproduction. Broodstock are recruitedfrom cultured stock at the floating netcages. The fish that are selected forbroodstock should be at around 1 kgbody weight, have no abnormalitiesand the body should be propotionallybalanced. Broodstock are fed trashfish, pellets, vitamins and multivitaminsmixed at about 3-5% of the total body

weight. Water quality management isvital in order to succeed in production.The water exchange is about 400% in24 hours, and water quality parametersare maintained at pH 7.4-7.8, DO 4-6ppm, water temperature 29-31C andsalinity at 30-32 ppt.

Spawning technique

The capacity of the broodstock

spawning tank is 10 m and 10 fishesat 1:1 male to female ratio are kept inthe spawning tank. Male broodstock aresmaller than the females. The spawningpatten of silver pompano does not

follow monthly lunar cycles. Spawningis stimulated by hormonal treatmentand no natural spawning takes place atpresent. The HCG is administered byinjection to mature broodstock at 250IU/Kg dosage and fibrogen at 50 IU/Kgdosage. The injection has to be donetwice across a two day period. The eggsare usually released on the third daywith 60-70% fecundity and are about

800-850 microns in size.

Larval rearing

The capacity of the larvae rearingtanks is 6 m. The stocking density ismaintained at 200,000 eggs/tank or 20eggs/liter. The hatching rate of silverpompano eggs is about 65-75%.

A flow-through system is used for larvalrearing maintained at three liters/minuteincreasing to ten liters/minute at

the end of the larval rearing period.Phytoplankton Nannochloropsis sp isgiven during the first 14 days at 200liters in the morning and afternoon.Tank bottom cleaning by siphoning

Day Feed Compositions RemarksMonday Squids + pellets mixed + Biovit aquatic Pellet mixed (yellow eggs + pellets + squid oil)Tuesday Trashfish + pellets mixed + Biovit aquaticWednesday Trashfish + pellets mixed + Biovit aquaticThursday Squids + pellets mixed + Biovit aquatic + vitamin CFriday Trashfish + pellets mixed + Biovit aquatic

Saturday Trashfish + pellets mixed + Biovit aquatic + vitamin ESunday - Day off

Table 1. Feeding programs for silver pompano broodstock.

Silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii,

Lacepede).


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should commence at day ten in order tomaintain the water quality, and it shouldbe done every two days.

The larvae are fed with live feed (therotiferBrachionus plicatilis andArtemia)and artificial feed. Rotifers are givenfrom day three to day fourteen 5-15 indi-

viduals/ml and given three times a day(morning, afternoon and evening). Atday ten pellets are given in addition torotifer and the pellet is around 250-300micron in size.Artemia are given at dayfourteen at 0.25 individual/ml. At dayfifteen rotifers should be stopped andthe quantity of pellets increased every1-2 hours. At day eighteen the quantityof Artemia also should be increased to0.5 individual/ml and should be stoppedat day 22.

The harvesting of larvae is conducted atday 21 using a 500 microns scope net.After harvesting to the larvae are gradedand survival rate (SR) estimated.Normally the survival rate is around20-25%.

Nursery

The stocking density of seed in thenursery is maintained at 20 individuals/liter. In the nursery unit water exchangeis maintained at 200%. Siphoning

should be done twice a day in themorning and evening to clean wastesfrom the bottom of the tank.

Pellet feeds are used at nursery stageand the size of the pellets is dependingon the mouth size of the fish. The totalconsumption of pellets could reach 1kg/day especially on day 30. Gradingshould be done depending on thegrowth rate but should be at least every3 to 4 days.

Silver pompano is a suitable candidate

for marine finfish aquaculture inIndonesia because it is more tolerate towater quality problems, easy to adopt topellet feeds and grow fast. The growthrate of the larvae can reach 1 mm/day.

The table and graphic show the growthof silver pompano fingerlings. At day 35the larvae reached 3.4 cm in length andwere ready to be sold or to be culturedin floating cages.

At the end of rearing period the seedsdensity was 0.5 individuals/liter which

is about 21% survival rate. So fromstocking of 200,000 eggs 42,000fingerlings are harvested at the end of

the hatchery/nursery cycle. However,similar to other marine finfish speciessuch as grouper and golden trevally,deformities are also a problem, forsilver pompano a 5% deformity rate iscommon.

Before distributing to the farmersfeeding should be stopped for oneday so that the fingerlings are fastedand metabolic rate can be reducedduring the transportation to minimizelosses. The temperature of the water

Fertilised eggs.

Above/below: Larval development.


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for packing should be maintained at25C-27C and the ratio of water andoxygen is 1:3 at 200 fingerlings/bag.

Production constraints

of silver pompano

Although silver pompano is a goodcandidate for aquaculture in Indonesiait is not without problems. At seedproduction stage, stocking density playsan important role. As silver pompano isa very active and fast swimming species

so stocking density should be carefullyconsidered so that it allows plenty ofspace for the fingerlings to move aroundto reduce stress. The same applies totransportation offingerlings, they shouldbe packed at lower densities otherwisemortality rate is high. When the waterquality is not maintained at an optimum

level, disease may occur. So waterquality management is vital for successoffingerling production and to minimizedisease problems.

Conclusion

Silver pompano is not a new commodityin Indonesia, it is a well known wildcaught species in fishing communities.It is a suitable marine finfish aquaculturespecies because of its fast growthrate, easy weaning to pellet feeds and

wide tolerance of water quality. Silverpompano fetch a relatively high marketprice in Indonesia with good marketdemand. It has a good quality flesh thatis suitable for various cuisines and isaccepted by consumers in Indonesiaand in the region. Now that the tech-nology for seed production is available itis anticipated that the grow out industrywill take off in the near future, at least inIndonesia.

References

Helver (1976). Fish Nutrition. Academic Press.

London and New York.

Kungvankij. P, L.B Tiro, B.J Pudadera, I.O Potesta.

(1986). Biology and Culture of Sea Bass (Lates

calcarifer). Aquaculture Extension Manual No.

11. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development

Center. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Filipina.

Mokoginta. Ing, (1997). Formulasi Pakan Buatan

untuk Ikan Laut. Pertemuan Koordinasi dan

Pemantapan Perekayasaan Teknologi Lintas

UPT. Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan.

Piper. R. G, Ivan. B. M, Leo. E. O, Joseph. P. M,

Laurice. G. F, Jhon. R. L. (1982). Fish Hatchery

Management. United States Department of theInterior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington.

DC.

Tatam, S., Adi Hanafi, Shogo, K. (2003). Budidaya

Bawal Bintang di Keramba Jaring Apung. Balai

Besar Riset Perikanan Budidaya Laut Gondol,

Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan dengan

Japan International Cooperation Agency. Bali.

Tim Balai Budidaya Laut Batam. (1999).

Pembenihan Bawal Bintang (Trachinotus

blochii(Lecepede). Balai Budidaya Laut Batam

Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Departemen

Pertanian. Batam.

Watanabe, T., T. Arakawa, C. Kitajima and S. Fujita.

(1984). Effect of Nutrition Quality of broodstockDiets on Reproduction of Red Sea Bream. Bull.

of the Japanese Soc. of Sci. Fish 50.

Early juvenile.

Days Length average (cm)Growth(cm)

1 0.2 05 0.6 0.410 1.3 0.715 1.8 0.520 2.2 0.425 2.7 0.530 3.0 0.335 3.4 0.4

Table 2. Development of seed.

0

0, 5

1

1, 5

2

2, 5

3

3, 5

4

1 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5Days

Length(Cm)

Data on the growth of silver pompano.

14 juniyanto april 08

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