Interference Detection and Mitigationand

GNSS Jammers

This presentation does not cover government sponsored

jamming and testing

Jammers for Sale

Why Are Jammers Prohibited? • Jammers do not just weed out noisy or annoying

conversations and disable unwanted GNSS tracking.

Jammers can prevent emergency phone calls from getting through

Can interfere with law enforcement communications

Jammers can interfere with safety of life services

Known incidents of Interference

• Jammers' overwhelm anti-theft devices on cars and Trucks. 46 luxury cars returned to Port of Los Angeles discovered with GPS jammers attached to the batteries

• Have been used in vicinity of airports disrupting air traffic

• Establishing quiet zones and text-free zones in Churches and Schools

• Used to defeat the fleet tracking devices in company cars and trucks for theft of high value pharmaceuticals

• Used to defeat attempts to document road use for taxes

• Used to disrupt communications during commission of a robbery

• Used in vicinity of a major port disabling GNSS on large cruise ships attempting to dock

http://miamicaptain.com/

• These uses of jammers were illegal!

Interference at a “Highly Automated Container Port facility

Shanghai Harbor

One ship can bring as many as 19,000 6m containers

http://www.marinevesseltraffic.com

•U.S. process starts with problem report to NAVCEN or FAA

•Different than ITU form

• Problem rpt vs After action Rpt

• Service Center triage to confirm problem

• Initial interagency conference call to provide for a coordinated government response

• Priority assigned will determine level of response and agencies involved

• Phone system automatically connects all involved with that level of priority event

Interference Reporting in the U.S.

Operational impact of disruption determines priority level assigned

• Priority 1 (Active or Intermittent)

• Operational Effects: SEVERE

• GPS anomalies or disruptions affecting one or more user segments or Critical Infrastructure

• Priority 2 (Active or Intermittent) • Operational Effects: Moderate

• Priority 3 (Active or Intermittent)• Operational Effects: Minimal (or No)

» E-mail lists provide for situation report distribution to all who sign up for that level of priority event

» Initial Priority level assigned may be upgraded once operational impacts are confirmed.

» Additional interagency conference calls may raise level of priority and determine additional resources/agencies required

Regulations in the U.S.

U.S. Federal statutes and regulations generally prohibit the manufacture, importation, sale, advertisement, or shipment of devices, such as jammers, that fail to comply with FCC regulations.

Four different authorities:

• U.S. Federal Statutes – Communications Act

• Telecom Agency Rules – FCC

• The Criminal Code

• International Treaties

International

• The United Nations Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation is a multilateral treaty that was adopted by the International Conference on Air Law at Montreal on 23 September 1971.

• The Convention signatories agree to prohibit and punish acts that threaten the safety of civil aviation. It entered into force on 26 January 1973 after ratification by 10 nations. As of today, the Convention has 188 signatories.

• Several of the U.S. laws relevant to intentional interference and spoofing of civil aviation GNSS applications were enacted to satisfy obligations made per this Convention.

GNSS Jammers – National Legal Status(As Reported at ICG-9)

Jammers US RUS China EU

manufacture illegal illegal illegal Nation-by-nation

sell illegal illegal illegal illegal

export illegal illegal illegal Nation-by-nation

purchase Undefined (consumer import illegal)

illegal illegal illegal

own legal Undefined Undefined legal

use illegal illegal illegal illegal

ICG Interference Detection & Mitigation Task Force • Co-Chairs:

– Rick Hamilton, U.S., Co-lead– Weimin Zhen, China, Co-lead

• Members:– Attila Matas, ITU – Matteo Paonni, EU– Stanislav Kizima, Russia – Sergey Mitchenkov, Russia – Ivan Malay, Russia– Igor Zheltonogov, Russia– TANG Jing, China– WEN Xiong, China– SHEN Jiemin, China– Koji Nakaitani, Japan – Takahiro Mitome, Japan – Yoshimi Ohshima, Japan – Hiroaki Maeda, Japan – Frank Clark, USA

IDM Geolocation SystemsICG Interference Detection and Mitigation Workshops

• Workshop participants encourage system providers and user community members to evaluate the interference detection and characterization capabilities of the EU-funded DETECTOR project and consider testing a similar capability in other regions.

• Chronos Technology presented a briefing on the UK Sentinel Project targeting small jammers being used to defeat road use/tax monitoring. http://www.chronos.co.uk/files/pdfs/gps/SENTINEL_Project_Report.pdf

• Design Bureau «Vektor», Russia presented general guidelines and practical example of the analysis of spatial distribution of emissions in the frequency bands of GNSS

• China presented an overview of a grid detection capability they are experimenting with to protect certain critical infrastructure facilities.

• Harris Corporation presented information about their Signal Sentry 1000 system, demonstrating a real-time geo-location system

The ICG does not endorse any particular system and only provides this information for consideration

Conclusion

• The threat from jammers is real and growing. • Jammers are being used to commit crimes• “Personal Privacy Jammers” are being used to

defeat company tracking and road use monitoring• To fully utilize all the benefits and efficiencies of

GNSS, it is in all our best interests to consider enacting laws to combat the proliferation and use of illegal jammers in our countries

Back Up Slides

U.S. Federal Statutes – Communications Act

47 U.S.C. § 301 Unlicensed (unauthorized) operation prohibited.

“No person shall use or operate any apparatus for the transmission of energy or communications or signals by radio within the United States except under and in accordance with the Communications Act and with a license granted under the provisions of the Communications Act.”

U.S. Federal Statutes – Communications Act

47 U.S.C. § 302a(b) Manufacturing, importing, selling, offer for sale, shipment or

use of devices which do not comply with regulations are prohibited

• “No person shall manufacture, import, sell, offer for sale, or ship devices or home electronic equipment and systems, or use devices, which fail to comply with regulations promulgated pursuant to this section.”

U.S. Federal Statutes – Communications Act

47 U.S.C. § 333 – Interference to authorized communications prohibited

– “No person shall willfully or maliciously interfere with, or cause interference to, any radio communications of any station licensed or authorized by or under this Act or operated by the United States Government.”

Any person who is determined by the Commission, in accordance with paragraph (3) or (4) of this subsection, to have—(A) willfully or repeatedly failed to comply substantially with the terms and conditions of any license, permit, certificate, or other instrument or authorization issued by the Commission; (B) willfully or repeatedly failed to comply with any of the provisions of this chapter or of any rule, regulation, or order issued by the Commission under this chapter or under any treaty, convention, or other agreement to which the United States is a party and which is binding upon the United States; (C) violated any provision of section 317 (c) or 509 (a) of this title; or (D) violated any provision of Section 1304, 1343, 1464, or 2252 of title 18; shall be liable to the United States for a forfeiture penalty. “

“

U.S. Federal Statutes – Communications Act

47 U.S.C. § 503: Forfeitures

U.S. Federal Statutes – Communications Act

47 U.S.C. § 510: Forfeiture of communications devices

“Violation with willful and knowing intent Any electronic, electromagnetic, radio frequency, or similar device, or component thereof, used, sent, carried, manufactured, assembled, possessed, offered for sale, sold, or advertised with willful and knowing intent to violate section 301 or 302a of this title, or rules prescribed by the Commission under such sections, may be seized and forfeited to the United States. “

• marketing is prohibited unless devices are authorized and comply with requirements…or

• (2) “In the case of a device that is not required to have a grant of equipment authorization issued by the Commission, but which must comply with the specified technical standards prior to use, such device also complies with all applicable administrative (including verification of the equipment or authorization under a Declaration of Conformity, where required), technical, labeling and identification requirements specified in this chapter.”

Regulations in the U.S.

Telecom Agency Rules – FCC

47 C.F.R. § 2.803(a)

• 47 C.F.R. § 2.803(e)(4) – marketing is defined as “sale or lease, or offering for sale or lease, including advertising for sale or lease, or importation, shipment, or distribution for the purpose of selling or leasing or offering for sale or lease.”

Telecom Agency Rules – FCC

47 C.F.R. § 2.803(e)

The Criminal Code (Enforced by the Department of Justice)

• Title 18 of the U.S. Code (U.S.C.) contains the criminal and penal code of the U.S. government. It addresses federal crimes, criminal procedures, and general provisions.

• Section 32(a) includes a prohibition on acts that destroy or endanger an aircraft, including:

• Interference with a navigation facility with intent to endanger the safety of any person or with a reckless disregard for the safety of human life

• Communication of information known to be false and endangering the safety of any such aircraft in flight.

The Criminal Code

• Title 18, Section 35 - prohibits communication of information known to be false regarding an attempt made to do any act prohibited by 18 U.S.C.

• Title 18, Section 1030 (a)(5) – prohibits damaging a computer system.

• Title 18, Section 1362 - prohibits willful or malicious interference to U.S. government communications; subjects the operator to possible fines, imprisonment, or both (18 U.S.C. § 1362)

• Title 18, Section 1367(a) - prohibits intentional or malicious interference to satellite communications; subjects the operator to possible fines, imprisonment, or both (18 U.S.C. § 1367(a))

The Criminal Code

• Section 46308 of 49 U.S.C. stipulates that “a person shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both, if the person:

(1) with intent to interfere with air navigation in the United States, exhibits in the United States a light or signal at a place or in a way likely to be mistaken for a true light or signal established under this part or for a true light or signal used at an air navigation facility;

(2) after a warning from the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, continues to maintain a misleading light or signal;

(3) knowingly interferes with the operation of a true light or signal.”

The Criminal Code

• 49 U.S.C. section 46308 and 18 U.S.C. sections 32(a)–35 are referenced within FAA Order 6050.22c [5-3], which contains procedures for investigating and reporting radio frequency interference affecting the NAS.

• FAA Order 6050.22c includes an interagency agreement between the FAA, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and FCC on procedures the three agencies should follow to effectively interact in an attempt to locate, identify, and resolve any deliberate RFI acts such as “phantom controller” incidents.

The Criminal Code