13.6 pyramid models key concept pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem
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13.6 Pyramid Models
KEY CONCEPT Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem.
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13.6 Pyramid Models
energy transferred (10%)energy
lost (90%)
An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels.
• Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels.
• Between each tier of an energy pyramid, up to 90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat.
• Only 10 percent of the energy at each tier is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
energylost (90%)
energy transferred (10%)
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13.6 Pyramid Models
Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms.
• Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
75 g/m2
150g/m2
675g/m2
2000g/m2producers 2000g/m2
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13.6 Pyramid Models
• A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
5
5000
500,000
5,000,0005,000,000producers
• A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers.
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13.6 Pyramid Models
Inverted pyramid of numbers
This type of ecological pyramid is seen in parasitic food chain where one primary producer supports numerous parasites which support more hyperparasites.
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13.6 Pyramid Models
Partly upright pyramid of numbers
It is seen in the forest ecosystem where the number of producers are lesser in number and support a greater number of herbivores and which in turn support a fewer number of carnivores.