13.5 cycling of matter definitions hydrological cycle: pathway of water from the atmosphere to...
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
Definitions
• Hydrological cycle: pathway of water from the atmosphere to Earth’s surface, below ground, and back.
• Biogeochemical cycle: movement of a chemical through the biological and geological, or living and nonliving, parts of an ecosystem
• Nitrogen fixation: process by which certain types of bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen compounds
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
Opener
• Grab a half sheet from the front (picture- primary, secondary, tertiary consumer)
• Have out your homework questions from the article.
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
KEY CONCEPT Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem.
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
Water cycles through the environment.
• The hydrologic, or water, cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth.
• Organisms all have bodies made mostly of water.
precipitation condensation
transpiration
evaporation
water storagein ocean
surfacerunoff
lake
groundwater
seepage
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems.
• A biogeochemical cycle is the movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological parts of an ecosystem.
• The main processes involved in the oxygen cycle are photosynthesis and respiration.
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
• Oxygen cycles indirectly through an ecosystem by the cycling of other nutrients.
oxygen
respiration
carbondioxide
photosynthesis
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
How many people?
• School : 1400
• Charleston: 348, 046
• SC 4,561,242
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
Opener
• Study yesterday’s notes for a pop quiz
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
fossil fuels
photosynthesis
carbon dioxidedissolved in water
decompositionof organisms
respiration
carbondioxidein air
photosynthesis
combustionrespiration
• Carbon is the building block of life.– The carbon cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere,
through the food web, and returns to the atmosphere.– Carbon is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels.– Some carbon is stored for long periods of time in areas
called carbon sinks.
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
nitrogen inatmosphere
animals
denitrifyingbacteria
nitrifyingbacteria
nitrifyingbacteria
ammonium
ammonification
decomposers
plant
nitrogen-fixingbacteria in soil
nitrogen-fixingbacteria in
roots
nitrates
nitrites
• The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground.– Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia
through a process called nitrogen fixation.– Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in
nodules on theroots of plants;others livefreely inthe soil.
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
– Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into ammonium.
nitrogen inatmosphere
animals
denitrifyingbacteria
nitrifyingbacteria
nitrifyingbacteria
ammonium
ammonification
decomposers
plant
nitrogen-fixingbacteria in soil
nitrogen-fixingbacteria in
roots
nitrates
nitrites
– Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate.– Nitrogen moves through the food
web and returnsto the soil duringdecomposition.
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
Definitions
• Energy pyramid: shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels.
• Biomass: a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
KEY CONCEPT Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem.
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
energy transferredenergy
lost
An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels.
• Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels.
• Between each tier of an energy pyramid, up to 90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat.
• Only 10% of the energy at each tier is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms.
• Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
75 g/m2
150g/m2
675g/m2
2000g/m2producers 2000g/m2
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
• A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
5
5000
500,000
5,000,0005,000,000producers
• A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers.
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13.5 Cycling of Matter
Homework
Pg 423 1-10,13, 15, 17, 18-21, 39