PERCOBAAN III

ABSTRACT

Has been done experiment, entitled Analysis of Cation Group. The purpose of this experiment was to identify cation-cation is the solution and solid unknown by using this method separation "kemikalia liquid" which is based on the behavior metal ions that different when direaksikan with reagan reagan-specific. The principle of these experiments adalan of unacceptably high siltation and pengompleksan. The methods used in the experiment deposition on stilts. solution is unknown direaksikan with HCl, aquades, NH 3 , p. 2 SO 4 , Na OH, KI, Na 2 SO 3 , H 2 O 2 , KSCN. Result of this experiment is unknown I was Ba 2+ , unknown II there was no cation, unknown III, Ni 2+ , unknown IV was there is no cation, unknown V is Fe 3+ .

Keyword : kemikalia deposition liquid, cation, , pengompleksan.

TESTING III

ANALYSIS of the most abundant cation

I. The goal

Can identify cation-cation in solution and solid "unknown" by using this method separation "kemikalia chemistry" which is based on the behavior metal ions that different when direaksikan with reagan reagan-specific.

II. LITERATURE review

2.1 Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis using two different tests, that is reaction dry and wet reaction. Dry reaction can be applied substances to solid and reaction wetlands to substance in solution. Most reaction dry, described it can be used for an analysis of semimikro with only a small modification. Some tests that are useful can be done in a dry, namely without dissolves. An example of a reaction wet, techniques that are different in analysis of semimikro macro and micro-, (Svehla, 1990).

2.2 Analysis of Cation

2.2.1. Strong Cations Group I (silver, Ag)

Silver is refined tin, and white, malleable and clay. Density functional theory than (10.5 ibm generalized markup language -1 ) and melt in 960 0 C, did not remain in sulfuric acid hydrochloric acid, thin (1N) or nitric acid smart (2N).

The reaction

Ag+ + Cl- agcl

Silver with chloride ion using chlorine from hydrochloric acid smart will set up a sludge white silver chloride. However, if you use ion chlorine from hydrochloric acid deposition hue, so there will not be.

When diluted with water, harmony will shift back ibu and sediment appear again. By adding ammonia solution smart will melt sludge and form a complex ion diaminaargentat.

Reaction:

AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3 )2 ]+ + Cl - (Svehla, 1990).

2.2.2. Strong Cations Group II

a. Aluminum (Al- 3+ )

Aluminum is white, clay and malleable, is gray bubuknya, melt in 659 0 C. Hydrochloric acid thin easily dissolve this metal, dilution by seawater more slowly in sulfuric acid thin nitric acid or liquid. If it is added with ammonia, then reaction:

Al- 3+ + 3NH 3 + H 2 O Al(OH 3 ) + 3NH 4 - (Svehla, 1990).

b. Reciprocal (Pb 2+ )

Reciprocal is refined tin that is gray, with a high Density functional theory ibm generalized markup language (11.48 -1 at room temperature), dissolve easily nitric acid (8M), reaction:

3Pb + 8HNO 3 3Pb 2+ + 6NO 3 - + 2NO + 4D 2 O

But, if added HCl thin or H 2 SO 4 smart, had the effect that only a few. Because the formation timbel komplet chloride or timbel komplet sulfate is dissolved tin on the surface. A reaction between :

Pb 2+ + 2HCl - pbcl 2

PbCl that melt away white 2 deposits in hot water (33.4 gl -1 ) at 100 0 C, and only (9.9 gl -1 ) at 20 0 C. But, if dikes, washed in a way dekantasi and NH 3 smart added, her reaction:

PbCl 2 + 2NH 3 + 2D 2 O Pb(OH 2 ) + 2NH 4 + 2 Cl - (Svehla, 1990).

c. Iron (Fe 3+ )

Iron that pure is refined tin with white-silver a strong and tough, melt the Bible in 1535 0 C. Hydrochloric acid thin or thick and sulfuric acid quick melt iron and producing salt-salt ferrous (II) and gaseous hydrogen.

Salt-salt iron (III) was sent from oxide iron (III) Fe 2 O 3 and more stable than salt iron (II). In larutannya cation-cation Fe there are 3+ which are yellow young and if solution containing chloride, colors become stronger. Substances reduction kilns change ion iron (III) to iron (II) (Svehla, 1990).

d. Chromium (Cr 3+ )

Chromium is refined tin kristalin white, is not so clay and cannot be beaten easily, melt in 1765 0 C. Dissolved in HCl thin or hue. If they were not affected by air will set up a metal ions chromium (II).

Food allergy sign and Symptom of chromium with ion hydroxide of sodium hydroxide

Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3

This reaction reversibel, with a little additional acid, the sediment dissolved (Svehla, 1990).

2.2.3. Strong Cations Group III

a. Barium (Ba 2+ )

Barium is white silver, malleable and clay, which is stable in dry air. Barium react with water in humid air formed oxide or hydroxide, melt in 110 0 C. A reaction between sulfuric acid barium with liquid form sediment white barium sulfate (baso 4 ) that berbutir fine, weight and will be practically dissolved in water (2.5 mg/ -1 ) School Principals = 9.2 x 10 -11

Reaction:

Ba 2+ + SO 4 2- baso 4

BaSO 4 almost no dissolved in acid weak and the solution ammonium sulfate and dissolved good enough sulfuric acid in hue boiling (Svehla, 1990).

b. Magnesium ( Mg 2+ )

Magnesium is white, malleable and clay, melt in 650 0 C. Burn easily in the air or oxygen by issuing white light brilliance, formed oxide mgo and some nitrate Mg 3 N 2.

A reaction between magnesium and ion hid roksida of sodium hydroxide:

Mg 2+ + 2OH - sun(OH) 2

The white House magnesium hydroxide, did not remain in reagensia dissolve easily excessive but in salt-salt ammonium (Svehla, 1990).

2.2.4. Strong Cations Group IV

a. Copper (Cu 2+ )

Copper is refined tin pink, soft, malleable and soft, melt in 1038 0 C.

The reaction of brass with ion iodida of potassium iodida :

2Cu 2+ + 3I - 2CuI + I 3 -

Copper Deposits iodida white, but larutannya brown's parents, because the metal ions tri-iodida-iod.

b. Nickel (Ni 2+ )

Nickel is white silver that hard, to be tough malleable and very strong, melt in 1455 0 C. A reaction between nickel with ion hydroxide of sodium hydroxide :

Ni 2+ + 2OH - Ni(OH) 2

Nickel (II) hydroxide produce green color, the sediment could not get overwhelmed by the reagan excessive (Svehla, 1990).

2.3 The reaction Formation of complex

In qualitative analysis implementation inorganic many used the reactions that produce the formation complex. A ion (or molecules) complex bound from a single atom (ion) center and several Ligand that is tightly bound with atoms (ion) center. Number of relative these components in the complex on a stable appear to follow stakiometri that is very specific, although this could not be interpreted in scope of the concept velensi classic (Svehla, 1990).

2.4 Process of Sedimentation method

Process of Sedimentation done in such a way as to make it easier for teaching process isahannya. For example Ag dikes as agcl. Important aspects that need to be addressed in this method is lees have solubility that very little and can separate titrasi.

Sediment formed if solution to be too saturated with a substance at once. Solubility (s) sediment period with the concentration of solution molar saturated.

Solubility depend on :

a) The temperature

b) Pressure

c) Concentration materials

d) Composition solvent

e) Solubility sediment decreases if one of the ion allies there with excessive (Svehla, 1990).

Deposition is usually done in summer, because solubility increases with increasing temperatures. Sediment formed if solution to be too saturated with a substance at once. Solubility with the same with the concentration of molar solubility saturated (Underwood, 1986).

2.5 Solubility sludge

Sediment is a substance that separated themselves as a solid phase out of solution. Sludge could be crystal (kristalin) or colloids and can be issued and solution with filtering or pemusingan (centrifuge). Sediment formed if solution to be too saturated with a substance at once.

Solubility (s) a deposit, by definition is the same with the concentration of solution molar saturated. Solubility depends also on the nature and focus on other substances resulted from metal ions in mixed doubles, (Svehla, 1990).

2.6 Foot-washing sludge

The aim is to remove laundering sediment contamination on the surface. Electrolyte solutions For washing is strong and should contain ion similar with sediment to reduce solubility sediment.

Foot-washing solution can be divided into 3 groups :

1) Solution which prevents the formation colloids can lead to a paper filter it.

2) Solution that will reduce solubility and sediment.

3) Partial hidrolated protein milk such solution that can prevent salt dar i weak acid or base weak (Svehla,1990).

2.7 Results Times Solubility

A solution saturated salt that contain salt was that it was not dissolved, with excessive, is a system fluids to where the law in the mass was put into effect.

For instance, if the silver chloride is in harmony with a saturated, so these delicate balances that follows happened

AgCl Ag + + Cl -

This is a delicate balances heterogeneous, because there is no agcl in the initial phase crowded. While such ions Ag + and Cl - there are in the initial phase dissolved. Solar Radiation harmony can be written down as

Silver chloride concentration in the initial phase does not change and consequently it could be put into a new, the school principal solar radiation, called result times solubility.

The Principal = [Ag + ][Cl - ]

(Svehla, 1990)

2.8 Resume were Journal

International journals, entitled Identification of a novel Extracellular Cation-sensing G-protein-inches Receptor, said the couple group C G proteins receiver (receptors members) contain such as amino acids and cation-cation extracurricular that receive sense calcium is cellular protolype calcium that receive. Some of the cells of cells, such as osteoblast-osteoblast in bone, be sure to distribute kekalsium extracellular and lack CASR, in accordance with the extension of recipients sense. We had a test in the matter sense calcium for GPRC GA, the new identified is a member of the family. The line to GPRCGA with CAGR that conserved as a result of the calcium and kalsimemetik ikatan side effects. In addition calcium, magnesium, stransium, aluminum, gadolinium and kalsimimetrik MPS 568 suggested in a low dosage contains the design for GPRCGA with excessive expression in the cells human embryo, which is 293 cells. Also asteokalsim is ikatan protein in calcium expressed than dlama bones, low dosage contains stimulation such GPRCGA in pupils to calcium, but an inhibitor calcium inside diaktifasikan by CASR. Co-expression to 3 arrestin 1 and 2 regulator widowed signal protein RGS GPRS 2 or 4. a RLC A stimulus mengahambat poison C 3 , dominant negative G aq (305-359) and treated again with the poison perfusis penghambataktifitas for GPRCGA by cation ekstraselular. To transcription analytical shows that mice GPRCA is an expression mid-tissue in rats, including bones, kalvaria and cell line osteoblas MC3T3-e1. This Data contain additional sense amino acids, GPRCGA is a cation, Calcium imetic and sense of osteokalsin and candidates for meditation ekstraselularrespon-response sense calcium in osteobla-osteoblas and it is possible in tissue that other (Pieter, 2005).

In the journal entitled The Cation Distribution In Shythetic (Fe,Mn) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Graftonite-Type Solid Solutions , said that the nine (Fe 1 - x Mn x ) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 in solvent with (0,1x0,9) with the structure type graftonit has dipreparasi and disetimbangkan in 1070 K. The structure consists of 3 cation polihedra coordination with all these things will be tested; one oktahedron and two five-loordinasi with polihedra. The dimensions cells the new production unit with accurate information has been developed from data buiner-Hagg photografic in its phases. Massbauer Spektra launched a combined with neutron Newton diffraction (Fe 0 . 50 Mn 0.50 ) 30 (PO) 2 has been used to describe cation distribution with variations composition Mn 2+ included in oktahedral and Fe 2+ in coordination with the population 5 part has been agreed with choice cation (Anders, 1982).

In the journal entitled Analysis of Diffusion Mechanism of Cu in Polycrystalline Bi 2 Te 3 -Based Alloy Wheels with the Aging of some electrical Conductivity , explained about in a guide to drill Bi 2 Te 3 doped with Cu or halide Cu. Cu showing a super diffusion interstitial or in the position. As Cu shows doner property in Bi2 Te3 rows, with the thermoelektrik. This change with aging time, the mechanism diffusion polikristalin Bi2 Te3 Cu in march was forged by deformation plastic samples pressing heat is examined. As a result activation energy 9.44 lucas meliala/mol obtained for Cu dalkam samples. In addition, the changes in electrical conductivity decreases with aging time and is inversely proportional comparable with time aging. The cause is deposition Cu-oksidapada surface samples, pressing oxidation more atoms Cu or Cu+ . Two molecules oxidation Cu-based on the surface Bi2 Te3 is considered to be samples and the rate changes electrical conductivity function properly time aging explained (Fujimoto, 2007).

In international journals, entitled Comparative Quantitative Analysis of sodium, Magnesium, potassium and Calcium in Healthy Cuttlefish Back bone and Non-Pathological Human Elbow Bone , explained about energy dispertif technique irradiation X-ray that used to analyze squid backbone. The method addition standard used to determine concentration of Na, Mg, K, Ca. The order test consists of The(Li) as detector with resolution 160 ev in 5.9 kev would still be and source angular 55 Fe . Principle that is used is the number of price of concentration that had been known for analysing samples remove its known. From the data obtained in experiment had been found that the sample backbone squid there are elements Na, Mg, K, Ca. The Great concentration Na, Mg, K and Ca in squid tulangh behind almost the same with the concentration backbone man. Data yan g, this is that literature danb has been discussed in the process of learning (Ridvan, 2007).

In international journals, entitled Theorytical Analysis of Cation Ordering in Binary Rhombohedral Carbonate Systems, explained that the three parameters version of approximation between mos and tetrahedron method rhombohedral carbonate. A Model that phase diagram is enough to estimate qualitative teoritical is complete agreement with the phase balances high temperatures and with the structure testing and limits trust from extreme heat temperature that combined most abundant cation move with. In addition, there are many parameters interaction council who were asked to get proper topology at high temperatures phase diagram to predict the revolution groud state (a standard) with stoichiometry Ca3 Mg(CO3 )4 . the revolution cation in comparison phase 3:1 give tolerance trigonal destorsi that analog with Cu3 Au or the structure of the3 Ti (Benjamin, 1987).

In international journals entitled The Cation Distribution in Synthetic sun-Fe-Ni Olivines, said that in the distribution of making sun-Fe-Ni in olive tree with cooling temperature at 10000 C. Fe2+ , Sun2+ , Ni2+ occurs polulasi among M1 and M2 that has been determined by a combination spectroscopy Moosbauer and raw materials and were shipped technique is based on its bright-X, data that diffraction. Coefficient cation distribution Mg 2+ - Fe2+ , KD = [XFe (MI) XMg (M2)J/[XFe (M2).XMg (Ml)], near by the unity but content reduction nickel continued to increase. Ni2+ -( Mg2+ + Fe2+ ) cation distribution is close to Ni2+ -Mg2+ earlier reportedly widowed some artificial Ni-Sun in olive tree (Anders, 1982).

In international journals, entitled Mechasynthesis of Nanocrystalline Germinate Fe 2 GeO 4 with a Nonequilibrium Cation Distribution , explained that the first sistesis of iron germanium nanopartikel with average size crystal 11 nm disntesis with chemical process from the mix mechanical -Fe2 O3 /Fe/GeO2 in a room with the temperature that has been determined. Capability of Moosbauer structure spectroscopy items in a lokasikation not regularly, in synthesis produced by Fe2 GeO4 with normal structure (=0), a nanokristal synthesized Fe2 GeO4 meangadopsi structure spin with a ketidaksetimbangan cation distribution, (=0.67) a small structure quantitative by XRD and Tem said that nano becomes nature of a synthesis material (Bergmann, 2008).

International journals, entitled Analysis of Cation Valences and oxygen Vacancies in Magnetoresisteve Oxides by Electron Energy-Losses Spectroscopy, said that magnetic oxide have two different characteristics, namely magnetic oxide from (La,a0mno3 and (La,A) CoO3 , both characteristic this very special structure. Strong Cations and the gap valence mix oxygen is needed to offset cargo. With introduced cation doping, well, introduced is also different, so has the character that is different. This is very important in numerical terms unutkl determine the balanced by each of them, but this analysis is quite difficult, especially for the films thin. Results obtained is energy lost electrons spectroscopy (EELS) can be effective techniques to analyze Mn and Co magnetic oxide to using the ratio intensity white lines, leading to new keteknik kuantifikasi vacuum oxygen in functional and materials, good (Wang, 1998).

Journal entitled Identification of Aluminum-Regulated Now Unzipped by cdna-AFLP in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) : aluminum-regulated now unzipped for the metabolism of cell wall components, explains the poison Al is a major factor in productivity in a land. To know the mechanism for molecular from the poison Al and tolerance limit rice, cdna receive fragments polymorphisms that long-term (cdna-AFLP) which is used to identify regulations Al in its genes roots based toleration Al in rice tropical Alucena and sentifitas Al in lowland rice IRI552. 19 Functions that are known from gene that had been found among 34 transcript derivate fragments (tdfs) regulations by strain gauge Al. Identification result shows that strain gauge Al can induce biosynthesis of lignin and other cells that are of the component from the root (Mao, 2004).

Journal entitled Exchangeable Cation Distribution in Nickel and Magnesium Vermiculites , explains a strange thing that spread in X-ray that lies between shame-shame Bragg. It was all in learn in hydration sun and Ni-vermiculites that it could be seen that they all have been seen in the shape of the coastline tebalikdalam determined, axis Z* continue to be extended. This spread in show 2 dimension that was established in 2 replacement and strong cations from water molecules in layers. As has been booked in their respective fields, cation disituasisasikan in shame berperiodik amid the pace parameter 3a,b. Replacement cation distribution must be in accordance with distrubusi changes which had been in neutralising, therefore, it can all be concluded that the distribution, in the effectiveness perubaha negative (perbahan negative tetrahedral little positive change oktahedral) also can at least could make a little (Alcover, 1973).

2.9 Materials Analysis

2.9.1. Na OH

Physical Characteristics :

The point Cut into slices 38 0 C ,

Boiling point 139 0 C

Density 2.1 g /mL

Berisfat higroskpis

A white House

Chemical property :

Volatile

Excellent and wear protection

Used in making paper, soap detergents, etc.

A compound base (Mulyono, 2005).

2.9.2. KI

Physical Characteristics :

Have a mass of 4.99 g / mol

Balance yellow

Cut into slices 11.6 point 0 C

Boiling point 84.4 0 C

Chemical property :

Dissolved in ether

Not dissolved in water

Solvent non-polar (Basri, 1996).

2.9.3. NH 3

Physical Characteristics :

Fluid nodes

Smell sharply lower

The point Cut into slices -78 0 C

Boiling point 33.5 0 C

Sifak Chemical :

As a solvent in knee-jerk reactions free water

Dissolve easily in water

Alkaline (Mulyono, 2005)

2.9.4. Aquadest

Physical Characteristics :

Fluid nodes not smell

Without color

Boiling point 100 0 C,

The point Cut into slices 0 0 C

Index bias 1.332

Chemical property :

Is polar

Solvent is good for the various substance (Basri, 1996)

2.9.5. K 2 cro 4

Physical Characteristics :

Fluid yellow

The point Cut into slices 97 0 C

Density 2.73 g /mL

Chemical property :

Dissolve easily in water

Not dissolved in alcohol (Mulyono, 2005).

2.9.6. HNO 3

Physical Characteristics :

Inorganic acid

No color, it is not a bad smell

Excellent and wear protection

Density 1.89 g /mL

The point Cut into slices -41 0 C

Boiling point 83 0 C

Chemical property :

- Is as oksidator (Basri, 1996)

2.9.7. HCl

Physical Characteristics :

Solution -colored

Weight of 1.15 g / mol

Boiling point 85 0 C

The point Cut into slices -14 0 C

Chemical property :

Including strong acid

Be diluted with mereaksikan NaCl with H 2 SO 4 hue

Dissolved in water solvent (Mulyono, 2005).

2.9.8. Na 2 SO 3

Physical Characteristics :

- Solid white

Chemical property :

Dissolved in water

Easy beroksidasi, so many used as material for reduction kilns (Mulyono, 2005).

2.9.9. KSCN

Physical Characteristics :

A crystal-colored

The point Cut into slices 173 0 C

Weight of 1.89 g / mol

Chemical property :

Dissolved in acetone and alcohol

Cause irritation on the skin

Used in washing textiles (Basri, 1996 ).

2.9.10. H 2 SO 4

Physical Characteristics :

A clear

Without color, it is not a bad smell, becomes thick

Is hygroscopic nucleus

The point Cut into slices -10 0 C

Boiling point 315-338 0 C

Density 1.8 g / cm 3

Chemical property :

A strong acid

Used as a catalyst

Excellent and wear protection (Basri, 1996).

2.9.11. Pb(NO 3 ) 2

Physical Characteristics :

Form of white crystal

Without color

B closely molecules 331.23 g / mol

Density 4.59 g /mL

Chemical property :

Dissolved in water

Not dissolved in alcohol

D igunakan for making deodorant, detergents and reagan (Mulyono, 2005).

2.9.12. DM G

Physical Characteristics :

- Is iron (III) dimetil glioksin

Chemical property :

Late at the solution amoniakal

T erdiri from 1% dimetil glioksin in alcohol (Svehla, 1990)

III. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

3.1. Medical equipment and materials

3.1.1. Tool

- A Tube reaction

- Pipette drops

- Clipper

- A glass trophy

- Heating Spirtus

3.1.2. Material

- HCl - Na 2 SO 3 - KI

- NH 3 - H 2 O 2 - GDM

- K 2 cro 4 - KSCN - Aquadest

- HNO 3 - NH 4 no. 3 - Reagan sun

- H 2 SO 4 - Pb(NO 3 ) 2 - Samples Unknown

- Na OH - Na 2 HPO 4

3.2. Picture tool

Pipette drops reaction Tube glass Trophy Clipper

3.3. The scheme safety

3.3.1. Cation Known Group I Analysis

This separation and Identify The silver

3.3.2. Cation Known Analysis Group II

This separation and Aluminum Group Identification

3.3.3. Cation Known Analysis Group III

This separation and Identify The Alkaline Land

3.3.4. Cation Known Analysis Group IV

This separation and Identify The brass

IV. DATA

No.SampleResult

1.Samples Unknown I

+ HClTransparent

+ NH 3White clouded

+ H 2 SO 4There is a sludge white (Ba 2+ )

2.Samples Unkonwn II

+ HClTransparent

+ NH 3Transparent

+ H 2 SO 4Transparent

+ NH 3 + Na OHTransparent

+ HClTransparent

+ KIYellowish brown

+ Global warmingYellowish Brown (there is no deposit)

3.Samples Unknown III

+ HClWhite clouded

+ NH 3Transparent

+ H 2 SO 4Transparent

+ NH 3 + Na OHTransparent

+ HClTransparent

+ KIYellowish brown

+ Na 2 SO 3Yellowish brown

+ Na OHThere is a sludge green (Ni 2+ )

4.Samples Unknown IV

+ HClTransparent

+ NH 3Blue

+ H 2 SO 4Transparent

+ NH 3 + Na OHTransparent

+ HClTransparent

+ KIYellow

+ Na 2 SO 3Nodes yellowish

+ Na OHNodes yellowish (on)

+ Global warmingNodes yellowish (on)

5.Samples Unknown V

+ HClTransparent

+ NH 3Brown sludge

+ H 2 SO 4Sediment almost overnight.

+ Ml H 2 O Almost overnight.

+ Washed 1 mL waterA little brown sludge

+ Na OH + H 2 O 2Brown sludge

+ Global warmingSediment brown (on)

+ HCl + KSCNThere is a e ndapan red brick (Fe 3+ )

V. The HYPOTHESIS

This experiment to identify cation-cation in partnership with sediment is characterized by a color change the different deposits. Among color change sludge impact by cation-cation are:

Fe 3+ with KSCN formed a reddish brown deposits.

Pb2+ with H2 SO4 formed the white House.

Pb 2+ with K 2 cro 4 formed sediment yellow.

Ag+ with HCl formed the white House.

Cr3+ with Pb(NO3 )2 formed sediment yellow.

Ni 2+ with Na OH formed the green.

Al-3+ with NH3 forms sludge and white.

Mg2+ with Na OH formed the white House.

VI. DISCUSSION

This experiment entitled "Analysis of Cation Group" which aims to identify cation-cation in solution and solid "unknown" by using this method "kemikalia liquid" which is based on the behavior metal ions that different when direaksikan with reagan reagan-specific. Deposition experiment was Principles and pengompleksan. Deposition method is used in layers, which is the method that shows that if this time solubility (from) two salt that is very little that have one ion that period, quite different, but one of the salt will be present almost perfect before other separated.

Percob aan be done in such a way to look at the sediment gradually after added reagan-reagan is different. Sediment identify cation There is a contained. Sediment can arise, because the reagan cation, according to the nature.

In this experiment, will be done a test on 5 These solution unknown . Results obtained :

a) Test solution Unknown I

On experiments, this solution unknown I plus HCl, there is no change, fungis HCl here is that has been established salt chloride. Then added NH 3 , solution is still there is no change. The additional NH 3 for the test cation in group II. Then added H 2 SO 4 , and a change to the white House barium sulfate and strontium sulfate, but barium sulfate little dissolves. In strontium sulfate saturated, concentration ion sulfate high enough to cause deposition. While in barium, the result to The concentrations ion beyond time result solubility.

Reactions that occur :

Ba2+ + SO4 2- baso4 white

(Svehla, 1990).

b) Test solution Unknown II

Trial identification in unknown II showed no change, this means there is no cation in solution. After a plus HCl and NH3 , solution does not produce a sludge (did not show changes). After ditetesi H2 SO4 , solution is quite hot, then solution plus NH3 and Na OH solution is still there is no change. And Then added HCl, solution not menunnjukkan changes, after that, plus KI. Solution brown color, brown color itself derived from basic colors from solution KI. After all preferential treatment will be done,not in a specific cation and show that there is the solution unknown II. It is very likely that that is the solution unknown II is mineral water. It is very likely that the mineral water there is a cation, but in very small amount, so that he would not be detected or if discovered, has been terendapkan cation with another.

c) Test solution Unknown III

The solution unknown III, added solution HCl, there is no change. Function HCl as to deposit the silver. Then added NH 3 , but solution there is no change, plus H 2 SO 4 , solution is still did not show changes. Then added NH 3 and Na OH, solution remained unchanged. It is very likely that solution will not be present, because Ni 2+ is still in the compound in complex [Ni(NH 3 ) 6 ] 2+ .

Reactions that occur :

Ni 2+ + 2NH 3 + 2D 2 O Ni(OH) 2 + 2NH 4 +

Ni(OH) 2 + 6NH 3 [Ni(NH 3 ) 6 ] 2+ + 2OH -

(Svehla, 1990)

Then added HCl, f ungsinya to neutralise solution. Added Advanced solution KI into solution, and a yellowish brown turned into a. Solution KI function to restructure their Cu 2+ . Brown color that arise because of the I 3- , I 3- is that bind to Cu 2+ formed cui (white). Then added Na 2 SO 3 , solution to cloudy, after that, added Na OH, and a change to precipitate a green Ni(OH) 2 . Na OH function to restructure their Ni 2+ .

Reactions that occur :

Ni 2+ + 2OH - Ni(OH) 2 green

(Svehla, 1990).

d) Test solution Unknown IV

Trial identification in the fourth quarter solution unknown shows cation group IV, this solution is a bit color blue cation, which is the solution unknown IV is Cu2+ .

After plus solution HCl, the solution is still nodes, unchanged. Because, cation not dissolved Cu 2+ in HCl thin. Ketidaklarutan is partly due to the fact that potential elektrodanya positive. (+0,34V for partner Cu or Cu 2+ ). Refined tin with a positive potential standard can dissolves only in the acid that is mengoksida (HNO 3 ), while HCl is not acid that is mengoksida (Svehla, 1990).

A more positive potential, smaller its tendency to become the ion (Svehla, 1990).

Then added with NH 3 and disentrifus solution, the result has been turned into a blue crystal clear. The blue produced in this because it has been established a complex that contain ion complex maker sepura rose acids kuprat (II) with a reaction:

Cu(OH) 2 .cuso 4 + 8NH 3 2[Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2+ + SO 4 2- + 2OH -

(Svehla, 1990).

This reaction peculiar to ion Cu 2+ with the Ni 2+ .

After that, coupled with H 2 SO 4 , solution to nodes, then added HCl and the solution is still nodes. After that, added with a solution KI, the results are yellow. Next Na 2 So it was added by 3 , solution to yellow nodes, then added with Na OH, the result is still there is no change, then when heat and the result is still there is no change in unknown IV, namely in the form solution yellow nodes. On experiments ujinya this negative, it's because cation concentration that contained too little, and so cannot exceed Slc price, and it could not be terendapkan. It should be, after it was added by KI, will be formed sediment yellowish brown. Then added with NH 3 , the results are sediment dissolves. The additional H 2 SO 4 , HCl and NH 3 is to destroy ion complex of [Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2+ and dissolved formed ion Cu 2+ .

Reactions that occur :

2Cu 2+ + SO 4 2- + 2NH 3 + 2D 2 O Cu(OH) 2 .cuso 4 + 2NH 4 +

Cu(OH) 2 .cuso 4 + 8NH 3 2[Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2+ + SO 4 2- + 2OH -

(Svehla, 1990).

And the last plus H 2 O 2, and the result was a blue solution earlier. Additional functions H 2 O 2 is as oksidator.

Reactions that occur :

2Cu 2+ + 5I - 2CuI + I 3 -

(Svehla, 1990).

The test was done will be proven that there is a cation Cu 2+ , as it was in accordance with the characteristics of a cation Cu 2+ .

e) Test solution Unknown V solution (yellow)

Trial identification in unknown V show cation Fe 3+ . Strong Cations are found in group II lurking as hydroxide from amoniakal solution. Strong Cations Fe 3+ formed sediment brown.

First, a sample plus HCl, and has not seen changes. After that, coupled with NH 3 forms sediment brown.

Reactions that occur :

Fe 3+ + 3NH 3 + 3D 2 O Fe(OH) 3 + 3NH 4 +

(Svehla, 1990).

Minutes times solubility iron (III) hidrosida so small (3.8 x 10 -38 ) so deposition is perfect, even with the salt-salt ammonium differences of iron (III) nickel, cobalt, manganese, zinc and magnesium (Svehla, 1990).

After that, plus H 2 SO 4 and mL water, the sediment dissolves. Functions from the H 2 SO 4 is to dissolve hydroxide formed in sediment. Fungis H 2 O is to dissolve low impurities substances that are available in solution, so that a higher profit. Then added NH 3 and has been established sediment. The additional NH 3 is to test definitive Fe 3+ .

Then washed with H 2 O as a result there was a little bit sediment brown, then added with Na OH and H 2 O 2 and formed many sediment brown. Additional functions to restructure their Fe 3+ , so that by sediment Fe(OH) 3 brown. Function H 2 O 2 used as oksidator, then when heat and sediment is still. After that, plus HCl and KSCN and the result has been established sediment chocolate that is the compound complex Fe(SCN) 3 . The additional HCL and KSCN is used to test positive Fe 3+ . Additional KSCN to test positive Fe 3+ must be done in the atmosphere a little acid.

Reactions that occur :

Fe 3+ + 3SCN - Fe(SCN) 3

(Svehla, 1990).

The solution is acid, produced by color scarlet (differences from ion iron (II) , which is in the formation of a complex induced because iron (III) tiosianat that no berdisosiasi.

VII. CONCLUSION

7.1 Positive test at Ba 2+ , marked with the formation sediment white after adding H 2 SO 4 .

7.2 Tests positive in Ni 2+ , marked with the formation sediment green after adding Na OH.

7.3 Tests positive in Fe 3+ , marked with the formation sediment brown after adding KSCN.

7.4 Tests negative in samples 2, because it does not have been formed sediment.

7.5 Tests negative in samples 4, because it does not have been formed sediment.

VIII. List of LIBRARIES

Alcover, J. V, et al, 1973, Exchangeable Cation Distribution in Nickel and Magnesium Vermiculites, Clays and clay Minerals , 1973, vol.21 , pp.131 -136. Pergamon Release

Anders, G. N, 1982, The Cation Distribution In Shythetic (Fe,Mn) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Graftonite-Type Solid Solutions , American Mineralogist, volume 67, pages 826-832. 1982

Anders, G. N, 1982, The Cation Distribution in Synthetic sun-Fe-Ni Olivines, American Mineralogist , volume 67, pages site will likely be 1,206-1211. 1982

Basri, S, 1996, The Dictionary Chemicals Rineka reserved, Jakarta

Bergmann, I, 2008, Mechasynthesis of Nanocrystalline Germinate Fe 2 GeO 4 with a Nonequilibrium Cation Distribution , rev.adv.mater.sci . 18(2008) 349-352

Benjamin, P. B, 1987, Theoretical Analysis of Cation Ordering in Binary Rhombohedral Carbonate Systems, American Mineralogist, volume 72, pages 329-336, 1987

Fujimoto, S, et al, 2007, Analysis of Diffusion Mechanism of Cu in Polycrystalline Bi 2 Te 3 -Based Alloy Wheels with the Aging of some electrical Conductivity , Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Vol. 46, No. 8A,2007, pp.5033 -5039

Mao, C, et al, 2004, Identification of Aluminum-Regulated Now Unzipped by cdna-AFLP in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) : Aluminum-Regulated Now Unzipped for the Metabolism of Cell Wall Components , Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 55, No. 349, government regulation. 137-143, January 2004

Mulyono, 2005, The Chemical , PT Genesindo, Bandung

Pieter, F, et al, 2005, Identification of a novel Extracellular Cation-sensing G-protein-inches Receptor , The Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol. 280,No. 48,pp.40201-40209, December 2.2005

Ridvan, D, et al, 2007, comparative Quantitative Analysis of sodium, Magnesium, potassium and Calcium in Healthy Cuttlefish Backbone and non-Pathological Human Elbow Bone , volume 52,No. 5.2007

Svehla, G, 1990, text books Inorganic Qualitative Analysis of macro and Semimikro , PT Kalman Media Library, Jakarta

Underwood, 198 6, Chemical analysis Quantitative , Erlangga, Jakarta

Wang, Z.L, et al, 1998, Analysis of Cation Valences and oxygen Vacancies in Magnetoresisteve Oxides by Electron Energy-Losses Spectroscopy , mat.res . Soc. Symp. Proc.Vol.494.1998 Materials Research Sociaty

Starting with 1 mL solution known/unknown

sludge He : agcl (white)

pbcl2 (white)

solution Pb 2+ , Al 3+ , Fe 3+ , Cr 3+ , Ba 2+ , Mg2 , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ stored up for from Arians II

Sediment IB : agcl

solution ID : Ag(NH3 )

solution IC: Pb2+

Sediment yellow : pbcro 4 , which means Pb 2+ is no

Products

sludge and white, it means Ag2+ is

- washing with 0.5 mL H 2 O

- Exile wash

- Adding 0.5 mL H 2 O

- Global Warming boil

- Adding 3 drops NH 3

- Adding 0.5 mL H 2 O

- sludge disposal

- Adding 3 drops HNO3

- Adding 1 drops K2 cro4

Solution 2A of the group I : Pb2+ , Al3+ , Fe3+ , Cr3+ , Ba2+ , Mg2 , Cu2+ , Ni2+

solution 3A : Ba 2+ , Mg2 , Cu(NH 3+ )

Sediment 2B may : Al(OH)3 , Fe(OH)3 , Cr(OH)3 , Pb(OH)2

Sediment pbso4 or baso4 cast

solution 2C: Al 3+ , Fe 3+ , Cr 3+

Solution is thrown

Sediment 2D : Al(OH)3 , Fe(OH)3 , Cr(OH)3

solution point 2E : Al(OH) 3 , cro 4 2-

Sediment point 2E : feo3

solution 2D : cro4 2-

Sediment 2G : Al(OH)3

A red, there is a Fe3+

Sediment yellow pbcro 4 , which means Cr 3+

The red Al(OH) 3 , it means Al 3+

Result

Result

- Adding 1 mL NH 4 no. 3

- Global Warming 2 minutes

- Adding 1 drops lar. Pb(NO 3 )

- Adding 3 drops HCL

- Adding 1 drops KSCN

- Adding 0.5 mL H 2 O

- Exile wash

- Adding 2 drops HCL

- Adding 2 drops NH 3

Result

Solution 3A : Ba 2+ , Cu(NH 3 ) 4 , Ni(NH 3 ) 6 2+

Sediment 3B : baso 4 , which means there is no Ba 2+

Solution 3C : Cu2+ , Ni2+

Solution 4A : Cu(NH 3 ) 4 2+ , Ni(NH) 6 2+

Tamba h 8 drops NH 3 , added 6 drops Na OH and stir well. Ph Test, jira pH not 10 or more, added Na OH, sentrifus

Solution 4A : Cu(NH 3 ) 4 2+ , Ni(NH 3 ) 6 2-

solution 4C : Ni2+

Sediment 4B student. : cui

Sediment 4D : Ni(OH)2

A blue : Cu(NH 3 ) 4 2+ , Cu 2+ is

Result

Result

- Adding 8 drops NH3

- Adding materials 6 drops Na OH

- Testing pH

- Adding Na OH until pH 10

- Adding Na2 SO4

- Adding 5 drops Na OH

- Global Warming boil

- Adding Na OH until pH 10

- Adding 0.5 mL H 2 O

- Adding 1 drops HCl

- Adding 2 drops NH 3

- Adding 2 drops H 2 O 2

Added 2 drops HCl, sentrifus

Added 10 drops NH 3, 1 drops when mixing, sentrifus

Added 1 drops H 2 SO 4 , stir and sentrifus

Added HCl until a neutral (9-10) drops plus one drops, HCl

added 3 drops KI, stir it well. Brown arising there I 3- and invisible (yellowish brown) if sediment Cu 2+ is

An additional 2 drops H 2 SO 4

additional mL H 2 O

Stirring

Pensentrifusan

An additional 4-6 drops NH 3

Stirring

Pensentrifusan

Wash with 1 or 2 mL H 2 O , letting cuciannya. Added 1 / 2 mL H 2 O , 5 drops Na OH, and stir well. Added 3 drops H 2 O 2 , stir, heat 2 minutes, sentrifus

Result

Sediment 3D : Sun(OH)2 gelatin white

Wash your two times with ml H 2 O . Waste cuciannya. Added 1 drops HCl, 1 drops NH 3 and 1 / 2 ml H 2 O . Solution should approach pH 7. If a base, added NH 4 NO 3 drops in order to drop to acid. Added 3 drops solution Na 2 HPO 4 . stir waiting for 2 minutes and sentrifus

The "3E : Sun NH4 PO4 (white crystal). If the blue (because of a Cu2+ ) added 1 drops HCl and 2 drops NH3 . Sentrifus and a waste balance supermatannya

Wash your deposit is with 1 or 2 ml H 2 O . Solution sediment in 3 drops HCl, then added 3 drops reagan magnesium. Added Na OH with stirring spoon or rod alkalis solution to mix well.

Navy Blue (sediment flokulan), which means Mg 2+ is

Result

The red orange from Ni-dimetilglioksida, bearti Ni2+ is

_-1471527784.unknown