3/23/16

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Ethics&Privacy

PlanforToday

•  Ins:tu:onalReviewBoard(IRB)•  ReadingsforthisWeek– "Adap:vePrivacy-PreservingVisualiza:onUsingParallelCoordinates”

– "AgileEthicsforMassifiedResearchandVisualiza:on”

•  Tangen:allyRelatedGraphics/VisionTopics•  Assignment7:FinalProjectIdeas

•  ReadingforFriday

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•  WorldWarII:Germanphysiciansconductedmedicalexperimentsonconcentra:oncampprisonerswithouttheirconsent.TestedbloodcloYng(shoo:ngthem),vaccines(infec:ngthem),effec:venessofpoisonbullets,andeffectsofhighal:tudeandlowoxygen.

•  Inthe1950's,thalidomidegiventopregnantwomentohelpwithsleepandnausea,buttheydidnotknowitwasexperimentalnordidtheygivenconsent.

•  Tuskegee,Alabama(1940s-1970s):Low-incomeAfrican-Americanmaleswithhighincidenceofsyphilisinfec:onweregivenfreemedicalexamina:ons,butnottoldabouttheirdisease,andresearchersintervenedtopreventtreatment.

•  1961,Milgramobediencestudy(theshockmachine):lackofproperaben:ontodebriefing,didn'trevealthepurposeofthestudy,didn'tcomfortsubjectsethicalqualmsabouthavinginflictedpainonafellowhuman,didn'tofferhispar:cipantsanopportunitytooptoutofthestudy.

•  Zimbardo'sprisonexperiment(Stanford):ThestudydidmeetthecriteriaofhisIRBin1973!

•  Inthe70'svariousfederalregula:onsestablishedIRBatallresearchins:tu:ons.

Ins:tu:onalReviewBoard(IRB)

•  Privacy,Confiden:ality,Anonymity,andInformedConsent

•  Reducerisk(physical/mental/privacy)tothepar:cipantsengagedinresearch

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hbps://oasis.cs.rpi.edu/

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Spa:allyAugmentedReality(SAR)Projec:on

cameradetectsdesigngeometry

6projectorsaugmentdesign

designsketchedwithfoam-corewalls

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PlanforToday

•  Ins:tu:onalReviewBoard(IRB)•  ReadingsforthisWeek– "Adap:vePrivacy-PreservingVisualiza:onUsingParallelCoordinates”

– "AgileEthicsforMassifiedResearchandVisualiza:on”

•  Tangen:allyRelatedGraphics/VisionTopics•  Assignment7:FinalProjectIdeas

•  ReadingforFriday

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"Adap:vePrivacy-PreservingVisualiza:onUsingParallelCoordinates”,Dasgupta&Kosara,TVCG2011.

•  Differentpurposesfor“Visualiza:on”:–  Conveyinforma:onorart?Ismisleadingnecessarilybadwhenvisualizingforartpurposes?

Contextmabers.–  Findtheappropriatebalancebetweenart(eyecatching&memorable)andscien:ficaccurate

&honestdatapresenta:on.

•  Somevisualiza:ontechniquesarealreadyquitelossy(e.g.,piechart)orjustconfusing(e.g.,parallelcoordinates?)andobfusca:onmaynotbenecessary–  Makingfalseconnec:ons

–  Limitvisualiza:onto500pixelstothwartabacks(!?)

–  Roundingpixelcoordinates

•  Imprac:calintherealworld?

•  Somuchefforttomakeavisualiza:onlessuseful.(Whymakethevisualiza:onatall?Whoisthetargetaudienceofthisvisualiza:on?)

•  Needtoinves:gatereliabilityofdatabeforerepor:ngit

•  K-anonymity&l-diversity

•  (Trusted)serverdoesclustering&onlysendsclustersto(untrusted)client

•  Wri:ng

–  Nicetoreadabouttheprocessandideasfortechniquesthatul:matelydidn’twork

–  Wouldhavebeenbeberwriben/easiertoreadiftheyhadstatedupfrontwhattheywantedtoaccomplish

–  Diagrams&chartsnotwellexplained

•  Couldbefurthersecured:–  Don’tplaceunclustereddataonthepublicfacingmachine–  Don’teverre-clusterthedata(preventclusteringabacks)

•  Client-servermodel:Computa:on&networkingcosts?•  Howwelldoesthisworkforsmalldatasets?•  Hadn’tconsideredvisualiza:onasameansofdatabreach,

reassuringthatpeopleareresearchingtheproblem.•  Howmuchaccuracyinanalysisdowelose?

–  Obsuring&blurringdata(oppositeofourusualfocusonclarity&accuracy!)

•  Whataboutmoresophis:catedabacks?…?–  Maybethisisn’t100%secure,butit’simportanttodosomething!

•  WouldlikeauserstudycomparingtheirPrivacy-PreservingParallelCoordinatestooriginalfulldataParallelCoordinates.

•  Quasi-Iden:fiers(isananonymousformreallyanonymous?)•  Privacypoliciesthatdeclarehowtheycanandwillshareyour

personaldata…

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"AgileEthicsforMassifiedResearchandVisualiza:on”,Neuhaus&Webmoor,Informa:on,Communica:on&Society2012.•  Privacy,confiden:ality,anonymity,andinformedconsent

–  Minimizerisktopar:cipants–  Observa:onalstudydoesnotrequireconsent–  (current)IRBprocessdoesnot/cannotworkatmassivescale–  Asinglepersoncanmoreeasilydowhatusedtotakeateamofresearchersmuch

more:me.•  Agileethics:toohighleveltobeenforceable?•  Eventhoughindividualsmadethisdataavailable,itisresearchers

responsibilitytonotputthemindanger•  Notshowingindividuals,onlygeneraltrends•  Iftheresearchteam’sinforma:onissimilarlypublic/vulnerable,itsok?•  Geometryfortwiber•  Public-privategreyscale•  “Nowthatyou’vereadthis…Justbemorecareful,ok?”•  Wri:ng

–  Confusingpaperorganiza:on–  Lowresolu:onimages–  Unconven:onalacronyms–  Footnotesatendofpaper(preferatendofeachpage)

•  Jargon-y•  Unnecessarilylengthy?•  Websurfingisdangerous•  Twiberisscary(amountofpersonaldataavailablesurprising)– Userscan(now?)disableloca:ontracking– AreTwiber“protected”accountsnew?–  Readthefineprintbeforesharingyourdata!

•  TimeRosevisualiza:onisnewtome•  Scaberedtopics•  Fitnesstrackingapplica:onsoffertopostyourmorningrunonfacebookaredangerous

•  Proposedsolu:onsaretooidealis:c?

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SocietyofProfessionalJournalists'CodeofEthics•  Isthisactuallyused?Imprac:cal(won’thavealongcareer).Seemslikemanymediaoutletsdotheopposite– Examples?

•  Firstamendment,exposenega:vequali:es/ac:onsofpeopleinpower

•  Createemo:onsthatcaninfluenceviewers–Tuvesaystoavoidgarnishes(forthisreason?)

hbp://visual.ly/about/ethics

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Visual.ly'sCodeofEthicsforDataVisualiza:onProfessionals

•  Dataanalysisisimportant•  Toonarrowfocusoromissioncanleadtobias

•  Incorrectanalysismustbeavoided

•  Beopentocri:cism,learnfrompastwork

Interes:ngTidbits

•  Internetisanoceanofdata•  Researchresultspouredbackintooceanofdata•  Surveillance:Shoppingmallsareprivatespaces,butmadetofeellikepublicspaces

•  File/logplanneddatacollec:onsinadvance(pre-planningrequired,datamoreprecious)

•  Researchersshouldmakethemselvesequallypublic

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InformedConsent

•  Doyoucarefullyreadeverydocumentyousign?Every“agreetoterms”bubonyouclick?

•  Datacanbetakenoutofcontext,usedinwaysotherthanintended

•  Previously:requiredateamofresearcherstogatherdata

•  Now:asinglepersoncandoitalone-lostinformalpeerconsulta:onofethicsconcerns

•  Doesanindividualstudent’sgraderiseover:me(repeatedsubmissions)?

•  DostudentswhostartsubmiYngearlierintheweekhaveahigherfinalgradeforthathomework?

•  Dostudentswhosubmitmore:mesgethighergrades?

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Whatissufficienttoanonymizedata?

•  Removeexplicitiden:fiers•  Smalldatasetscauseproblems

•  Quasiiden:fiers•  Whatarethesensi:veabributes

•  Sani:zedataonthefly,constrainingtheinterac:on

•  Assumedataholderisawareofdatasensi:vity(andappropriatelyconcerned)

Privacy&Visualiza:on

•  Mostvisualiza:oncomputa:onassumesunrestrictedaccesstodata

•  Howdowedothiscomputa:onwithpar:alinforma:on?

•  Howdoyoudesignhardware/sovwaresystemtoensuredatasecurity?

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•  Whowouldpoten:allybenefitfromaccesstothisdata?(Whyisthisagreyarea?)– Scien:ficdiscovery–  Improvehealthcare

•  Whatdatahasprivacyconcerns?– Corporatesecrets– Healthrecords– Personalfinances– Personalloca:on

Riskstousers/par:cipants?•  Quasi-iden:fiers&Doxing/doxxing(documenttracing):

“Internet-basedprac:ceofresearchingandpublishingpersonallyiden:fiableinforma:onaboutanindividual.Themethodsemployedinpursuitofthisinforma:onrangefromsearchingpubliclyavailabledatabasesandsocialmediawebsiteslikeFacebook,tohacking,andsocialengineering.Itiscloselyrelatedtocyber-vigilan:sm,hack:vismandcyber-bullying.”(defini:onfromWikipedia)

•  Ifyou’renotinteres:ng(noworeverinthefuture),youprobablyhaveprivacy?

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Facebookgenera:onofoversharers?

•  It’syourchoicetoshareornotusetheserviceatall(Isthistrue?)

•  Genera:onthatbelievesprivacydoesn’t/can’texistforanyone.Istherenoworwillthereberegretforwhathasbeenshared?

•  Dowehaveanobliga:ontoeducateyounginternetuserson(lackof)onlineprivacy?Onhoweasyitistoconnectthedotsevenwithoutusernamesorobviousiden:fiers?

WhenareMITstudentsasleep?LeonLinandAaronScheinberg

hbp://tech.mit.edu/V132/N59/pressure/sleepinghours/index.htm

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HealthInsurancePortabilityandAccountabilityAct(HIPAA)•  LongTitle:“AnActToamendtheInternalRevenueCodeof1986to

improveportabilityandcon:nuityofhealthinsurancecoverageinthegroupandindividualmarkets,tocombatwaste,fraud,andabuseinhealthinsuranceandhealthcaredelivery,topromotetheuseofmedicalsavingsaccounts,toimproveaccesstolong-termcareservicesandcoverage,tosimplifytheadministra:onofhealthinsurance,andforotherpurposes.”

•  Unintendednega:veoutcomes–  Reducedretrospec:vechart-basedresearch(responsesdroppedfrom

96%to34%inonestudyonheart-abackfollowupsurveys)–  Legalis:cdetailsonprivacypreserva:ontechniqueshasmadeinformed

consentformsevenlongerandlessuser-friendly–  S:ffpenal:esforviola:ons,leaddoctorstowithholdinforma:on(even

some:mesfrompeoplewhohaverightstoseeit!)–  Expensivetoimplement–  Requirestraininghealthcareproviders

PlanforToday

•  Ins:tu:onalReviewBoard(IRB)•  ReadingsforthisWeek– "Adap:vePrivacy-PreservingVisualiza:onUsingParallelCoordinates”

– "AgileEthicsforMassifiedResearchandVisualiza:on”

•  Tangen:allyRelatedGraphics/VisionTopics•  Assignment7:FinalProjectIdeas

•  ReadingsforFriday

3/23/16

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Assignment7:FinalProjectIdeas•  ½pointsofaregular1weekassignment•  Invent2differentFinalProjectIdeas

–  “Who"(audience),"why"(researchques:on),"what"(thefinishedvisualiza:on)

–  Onetechnicalchallengefortheproject.Whatmakesitdifficult?Whatisapoten:al“risk”forcomple:on?Forexample:•  acquiringthedata,•  workingwithverylargedata,•  implemen:nganewvisualiza:ondesign,•  implemen:nganovelinterac:onscheme,or•  revisingthevisualiza:ondesigntovalidateyourhypothesis.

– Doyoualreadyhaveapartner?•  MakeLMSpostbyThursday•  Replyto3otherstudentsonLMSbyMonday

PlanforToday

•  Ins:tu:onalReviewBoard(IRB)•  ReadingsforthisWeek– "Adap:vePrivacy-PreservingVisualiza:onUsingParallelCoordinates”

– "AgileEthicsforMassifiedResearchandVisualiza:on”

•  Tangen:allyRelatedGraphics/VisionTopics•  Assignment7:FinalProjectIdeas

•  ReadingsforFriday

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ReadingforFriday:(chooseone)

•  “LabelMe:onlineimageannota:onandapplica:ons”Torralba,Russell,&Yuen,IEEE,2010

ReadingforFriday:(chooseone)

•  “QSplat:AMul:resolu:onPointRenderingSystemforLargeMeshes”,Rusinkiewicz&Levoy,SIGGRAPH2000