13-15 march 2002 power systems conference 2002 impact of distributed generation 1 harmonic and...

13-15 March 2002Power Systems Conference 2002Impact of Distributed Generation

1

Harmonic and Distributed Harmonic and Distributed Generation Interaction Issues in theGeneration Interaction Issues in theU.S. Navy All-Electric Ship ProgramU.S. Navy All-Electric Ship Program

Center for Advanced Power Systems Center for Advanced Power Systems Florida State UniversityFlorida State University

Dr. Thomas Baldwin, P.E.Dr. Thomas Baldwin, P.E.


2

Motivation Drivers

Newer Naval ships require significantly larger amount of energy and power (much greater than commercial ships)

Pulse weaponry

High-tech, high-power military loads

The need for higher installed power places demands on:Energy conversion

Power delivery system

Prompting a move to a common energy / power platform

Military requirements dictate the need forLow signatures (enemy identification)

Non-interference (compatible with military operations)

Damage tolerance (recovery and sustainability)


3

System Level Performance

Electric Ships are more than electric-drive systemsIncludes power generation, distribution, and controls

Other loads:Pulse-power and pulse-energy weaponry

Electro-magnetic assistance launch (EMAL)

Communication, computer, radar, and sonar

Hospitality and service loads

Power system design must be reliable and survivableGraceful degradation

Operational after attack damageUSS Cole - negative experience for the US Navy


4

System Philosophy

Currentsac – conventional technology, common machinesdc – electronic loads, energy storage, fuel cellshybrid – best of both worlds?Issues of controllability

stabilityharmonicsprotection

Challengesconversion between current formslosses


5

System Philosophy

Distribution system topologiesradial network

traditional method for general electrical loads on ships

loop-radial networkimprovement to reliability and handling pulse loads

zonal networkmesh (open or closed) network divided into controllable zonespower electronic devices (PEBBs) couple the zones together

controlled power flows, frequency/voltage conversions, filtering


6

Electric Ship System Concept

ShipServicePower

Main PowerDistribution

PropulsionMotor

MotorDrive

GeneratorPrimeMover

PowerConversion

Module

Electric DriveReduce number

of Prime MoversFuel savingsReduced

maintenance

Technology Insertion

Warfighting Capabilities

Vision

IntegratedIntegratedPowerPower

SystemSystem

IntegratedIntegratedPowerPower

SystemSystem

AllAllElectricElectric

ShipShip

AllAllElectricElectric

ShipShip

ElectricallyElectricallyReconfigurableReconfigurable

ShipShip

ElectricallyElectricallyReconfigurableReconfigurable

ShipShip

AutomationReduced

manningEliminate auxiliary

systems steam hydraulics compressed air

Increasing Affordability and Military Capability

Increasing Affordability and Military Capability

Courtesy, ONR


7

Reconfigurable, Survivable Power Systems

Power DensityEnergy DensitySystem

EfficiencyResource

Management and Control

Challenges:

POWER GENERATION MODULE

FUEL CELL

POWER DISTRIBUTION MODULES

ZONAL ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Ship Service Inverter Module (SSIM)

Ship Service Converter Module (SSCM)

Ship Service Converter Module (SSCM)SYSTEM

CONTROL

Power PortControl

Power Port

LOADSOURCEPEBB

POWER ELECTRONIC BUILDING BLOCK

COMBATCOMBATREADINESSREADINESS

CASUALTYSHIP WIDE

ELECTRICAL OUTAGE

COMBAT ELECTRONICS SHUT-DOWN

RECOVERY OF SUPPORT &

THEN COMBAT

TIMELINE MILLI-SECONDS SECONDS MINUTES +

COMBATCOMBATREADINESSREADINESS

CASUALTY

ISOLATION OF DAMAGE/

RECONFIGURE ELECTRIC PLANT

TIMELINE< 100 MILLI-SECONDS

DETECT FAULT~80 MICROSECONDS

2-8 SAMPLESCOMBAT SYSTEMS

STAY ON LINE

~ 1 MICROSECOND PER SWITCH

TODAY

FUTURE

6.301.280

Courtesy, ONR


8

Integrated Power System Approach

Flexible and Scaleable Power System

Power Generation Module

Power DistributionModule

PGM-4PGM-4

PDM-1PDM-1 PDM-1PDM-1 PDM-1PDM-1 PDM-1PDM-1 PDM-1PDM-1

PropulsionMotor Module

PropulsionMotor Module PGM-4PGM-4

PropulsionMotor Module

PropulsionMotor Module PGM-4PGM-4 PGM-4PGM-4PDM-4PDM-4

PDM-4PDM-4

PDM-1PDM-1 PDM-1PDM-1 PDM-1PDM-1 PDM-1PDM-1 PDM-1PDM-1


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Technology: PEBBs

Power Electronic Building Blocksmay consist of ac/ac, ac/dc, and dc/dc converters

performs multiple power system functions power flow control

voltage transformation

network protection

serves as interface and controllerbetween distribution zones

to energy storage systems, fuel cell generation

to pulse loads (e.g., EMAL, pulse weapons)


10

Technology: Propulsion Drives

Propulsion DrivesMove to propulsion pods

pm synchronous machines

ac induction motors

dc homopolar motor

Drive technologiesac / dc-bus / ac converter

ac / dc converter

dc / dc converter

cyclo-converter


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Harmonic Noise

Well-known fact that converters and drives inject harmonic signals onto the electrical network

supply-side noise can impact sensitive loads and network control and protection

load-side noise can impact machine performance, insulation life, and mechanical bearings

Cyclo-convertersalso introduce inter-harmonic signals as a function of the input and output frequencies


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Typical Harmonic Levels

Cyclo-converterat zero speed,showing classical harmonics


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Typical Harmonic Levels

Cyclo-converterat medium drivespeed, illustratedinterharmonics


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Harmonic Sensitivity

Sensitive ship loadsradar systems, communication systems

computer controls for weapons and navigation

technical issuesmilitary computer systems have long restart times

loss of critical loads are not acceptable to the Navy

Currently used harmonic mitigation methodsmotor-generator sets

isolated generation and distribution systems

isolating UPS (dc link)


15

Harmonic Mitigation

Typical Navy ship builder’s experienceDesign conversion of one class of submarines to an all-electric design

electric drive reduced propulsion drive system size and weigh – eliminated the mechanical gearboxpower system required extensive harmonic filteringconsequence: overall vessel design length increased by 10 feet

Novel Course of ActionHarmonic zones

some zones are permitted to operate with high levels of harmonic distortionzones are separated by PEBB unitsresearch of zonal approach is in the initial phase


16

CAPS Harmonic Research Program

Challenge: increasing prevalence of solid state switching converters on a closely coupled AC or DC network that may create problems of harmonic distortion, resonance between system components and system stability

Objective: characterize harmonic levels in an (isolated) integrated power system, which has yet to be built, and address any potential problems prior to construction

Task: investigate the effects of harmonics in ship power components and loads, looking at parametric studies, hypothetical operating situation, and new technologies for power conversion, control and filtering

Analyze zonal distribution system with mixed levels of harmonic distortion


17

CAPS Harmonic Research Program

System and model verification initiativeUSCG Healy

EMTDC studies

on-board harmonic measurements during maneuvers

real-time digital simulation of primary propulsion system

Parametric studies on zonal distribution system

Simulation studies of converters, drives, and PEBBsTime-domain computer simulations

Hardware-in-the-loop tests on prototype power-electronic equipment


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Simulation & Modeling

Simulation of tightly-coupled power systems with power electronics and weak generation sources

In the utility world, power system problems have been approached through simulation and modeling

initially with scale analog modelsin the last 30 years with digital modeling

Ship propulsion systems are modeled digitallyusing techniques developed primarily for mechanical and control system

The heavy use of power electronics in ship systems creates a need to understand the system performance


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USCG Healy Studies

Ship power system modelingmodel development (Aug 2000-June 2001)

propulsion load models of ship hydrodynamics

propulsion drives, motor, and control system

generation control and dynamics

model verification (comparison with CG results)(Apr 2001-Nov 2001)

performance design criteria

ship design-phase simulations

recorded data from ship data acquisition system


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USCG Healy Program

Ship’s one-line diagram


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Real Time Modeling

Utility industry uses real time digital simulation for hardware-in-loop testing of control systems and protective devicesCAPS is acquiring a commercial real time simulation system sufficient to model a mid-sized ship systemR-T simulator will be evaluated for performance with closely-coupled systems by studying the USCG Healy systemStructure a research program focused on advancing the real time simulation capability


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Power Test Bed

CAPS is combining real-time simulation with power component testing in a hardware-in-the-loop facility to create a unique testing environment that will:

provide capability to control source and load characteristics for hardware under test to emulate an actual power system conditionprovide dynamic response to equipment under testprovide wide range of voltages & frequenciesprovide the capability to create system configurations that model new designs and applicationsprovide easy reconfiguration capability for diverse equipment under test


23

G

CAPS Test Facility115 kV

Transmission Lines

(2) 30/40/50 MVA Transformers

Feeders to Innovation Park

Feeders to NHMFL

CAPS System

12.47 kV Main Experimental Bus

5 MVA Transformer 12.47kV / 750 / 1500

5 MW Converter4-Q Operation

DC Experimental BusAdjustable: 500 to 2000 V 5 MVA Variable

Voltage / Frequency Inverter

4160 V AC Experimental Bus

(2) 2.5 MW Dynamometers

Experimental Loads

S

2 MW Bi-Directional Chopper

BWX 100-MJ SMES Magnet Energy Storage

HTSSubstation

Gas Turbine Generators(2) 2.5 MW

To Perdom Generation Plant

To Hopkins Generation Plant

3.5 MVA Transformer 12.47kV / 4160

Levi Steet Substation

Utility System

FCL

2.5 MVA Transformer 4160 / 450 V

M

MCCC

D

C

D

5000 hp Motor Test CellTest Machine and Controls

G

~= ~

=

~=


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Summary and Conclusion

Only an integrated power system makes economic sense for warships

Large-scale use of power electronic devices in close-coupled systems cause harmonic problems at levels rarely encountered in utility or industrial environmentsAll-electric ships need novel concepts for its integrated power systemBuilding of knowledge base for modeling and simulation is neededReal-time simulation with power system components as hardware-in-the-loop will offer unique opportunity to study harmonic issues

13-15 march 2002 power systems conference 2002 impact of distributed generation 1 harmonic and...

Documents

power systems conference

controlled power flows

higher installed power

electricdrive systems

auxiliary systems

sustainability slide

onr slide

filtering slide