13-14perceptualorganizationandinterpretation

7/30/2019 13-14PerceptualOrganizationandInterpretation

1/36

Myers EXPLORINGPSYCHOLOGY

Modules 13-14Perceptual

Organization

and

Interpretation


2/36

Perception

Perception takes over where sensation stops

Perception is an act ive andconst ruct iveprocessof how we interp ret and organize

sensat ions How the brain interprets and makes sense of

incoming messages.

John Locke: We must learn to perceive, we areborn blank slates.

Immanuel Kant: We are born with innate categoriesof thought which facilitate perception.


3/36

Perceptual Organization

Gestalt

An organized

whole.

Tendency to

integrate pieces of

information intomeaningful wholes.


4/36



5/36


Form Perception

Form perception composed of severalphenomenon

Figure ground

Grouping

Depth Perception

Perceptual constancy


6/36

Form Perception

Figure and Ground

Figure and Ground: Organization of the visual fieldinto objects (figures) that stand out from their

surroundings (ground).Figure = Important Ground = Not Important


7/36

Form Perception

Grouping

Grouping

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into

coherent groups.

Grouping Principles Proximity: group nearby figures together

Similarity: group figures that are similar

Continuity: perceive continuous patterns Closure: fill in gaps

Connectedness: spots, lines and areas are seen as

unit when connected


8/36

Form Perception

Grouping

Proximity Similarity

Continuity Closure Connectedness

Gap between

A & n is small

Gap between

y & S is large


9/36

FormPerception

Grouping


10/36

Form Perception

Grouping

Gestalt

grouping

principles are

at work here:

your brain

imposes a

sense ofwholeness that

is not there.


11/36

Form Perception

Grouping

The whole is

more than the

sum of itsparts.


12/36


Depth Perception

Depth Perception

Ability to see objects in three dimensions

Allows us to judge distance


13/36


Depth Perception

Binocular Cues

Binocular Cues:Depend on use of two eyes.

Retinal disparity

Images from the two eyes differ

Closer the object, the larger the disparity

Convergence

Neuromuscular cue

Two eyes move inward for near objects Binocular Accommodation

Eyes must accommodate differently for slightlydifferent views.


14/36


Depth Perception

Binocular Cues

Retinal Disparity and Convergence


15/36

Depth Perception

Monocular Cues

Monocular Cues: Available to either eye alone Relative Size: Smaller image is more distant.

Interposition (a.k.a. Overlap): Closer object blocks distant

object.


16/36

Depth Perception

Monocular Cues

Linear Perspective: Parallel lines converge with distance. Relative Clarity: Hazy object seen as more distant.


17/36

Depth Perception

Monocular Cues

Relative Height: Higher objects seen as more

distant.

-As the land gets

higher vertically in the

picture, we view it as

further away.

-Above the horizon thisrelationship reverses

and clouds which are

lower are seen as

further away.


18/36

Depth Perception

Monocular Cues

Relative Brightness: Closer objects appear

brighter.

Relative Motion: Closer objects seem to

move faster.


19/36

Depth Perception

Monocular Cues

Texture coarse --> closefine --> distant


20/36

Perceptual Constancy

We perceive Objects in our world as stable and theenvironment as changing rather than the reverse

We perceive changes in shape, size, color, orbrightness as a function of distance, lighting, ormovement.

Size-familiar objects retain their size regardless of

distance Shape-familiar objects retain shape regardless ofangle of view

Brightness-familiar objects retain their color despite

differing illumination


21/36


Shape Constancy


22/36


Color Constancy


23/36


Shape and Size Constancies


24/36



Size-Distance Relationship


25/36





26/36





27/36





28/36


Lightness Constancy


29/36


Lightness Constancy

P t l O i ti


30/36


Other Senses

The equally spaced ticks of a clock areperceived in pairs, tick-tock.

THEDOGATEMEAT Is this The dog ate meat or is it The do

gate me at?

When we first hear a foreign language it isreally hard to hear word breaks.

Gestalt principle of proximity allows Braille orMorse code to be sensible.

P t l I t t ti


31/36

Perceptual Interpretation

Two Conflicting Views

Immanuel Kant (Nature): Knowledge comes fromour inborn ways of organizing sensoryexperiences.

John Locke (Nurture): Through our experience we

also learn to perceive the world. People born with cataracts can immediately sensecolors and figure-ground distinctions after thecataracts removed, thus supporting Kants notion

of innate perceptions. However, these same people could not identify bysight those objects which they were familiar with bytouch, thus supporting Lockes notion of learnedperception.

P t l I t t ti


32/36


Perceptual Set

What you see in the

center is influencedby Perceptual Set: A

mental predisposition

to perceive one thing

and not another.

P t l I t t ti


33/36


Perceptual Set

Flying Saucers or Clouds?



34/36


Perceptual Set

Context Effects



35/36


Perceptual Set

Context Effects

We often interpret ambiguous situations based onthings around it.

In spoken language, homophones are totally

ambiguous.

The window pane/pain was raised.

Standing alone, the word pane/pain is

indistinguishable In context, it is quite easy to determine

If someone proposes a tax on senators, we needto distinguish, based on the context, whether the

speaker was promoting a tax or attacks.

P t l I t t ti


36/36


Perception and the Human Factor

Human Factors: A branch of psychology which studies

and implements the natural way to do things to make

them easier for humans.

13-14perceptualorganizationandinterpretation

Documents