Bentor, Sheena Estrella S. BS in Management IV January 23, 2013

P.I. 100

1st long Exam

Part 1

1. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about the ancient Philippine political institutions.

The unit of social organization with broader political, economic, and

religious features than the family was the barangay, headed by the native

chieftain called datu or rajah. Early Filipino settlements varied in

population sizes. Some were inhabited by thousands of people while

others were small, composed of some few scattered family members.

In the Ancient political institution we have the datus, babaylans, and the

panday/bagani. The datu is the head or the chieftain of the community. It

is the executive and legislative body (making and execution of laws.) The

community would serve the datu in times of war, travel, farming,

harvesting and fishing. Laws of the barangay may be written or unwritten.

Also, there is the council of leaders. In making the laws, the datu

recommends a law while the council of elders reviews and agrees while

the umalahokan announces to the barangay the agreed law. The datu are

the political leaders of the barangay. Next, we have the Babaylans. They

are female priest and is said that they can communicate with the gods.

The babaylans are the religious leader that is equivalent to the modern

day priests. People always ask for wisdom from the babaylans. Lastly, the Panday/Bagani are the

warriors and of military body.

2. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about political institutions in the Philippines under Spanish rule.

In 1565-1821, Captaincy-General was administered by the Spanish

King through the viceroyalty of Nueva Espana and the Real y Supremo

Consejo de las Indias are the administrator overseeing the colonies of the

Spanish empire. This is all what we call the Spanish Crown.

Bureaucracy in the colonial Philippines may be divided into different levels

of administration: Central or national level, provincial, city, municipal and

barrio. The central or national level is governed by the gobernador-

general. He is the commander-in-chief of the army and the navy, the

President of the Supreme Court and the Vice-real patron who has the power

over ecclesiastical appointments in the church and the right to supervise

mission work. The Alcalde Mayor/ Provincial Governor governed the

pacified provinces and districts while the Corregidors governs

corregimiento/unpacipied military zones. They exercise executive and

judicial powers and have the special privilege of engaging in the trade

through the indulto de comercio (privilege the alcaldes enjoyed between

1751-1844 before being abolished.) The ayuntamiento or the city

government was formed in 1889. In 1894, there were 8 ayuntamientos:

Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Jaro, Batangas, Albay, Nueva Caceres, and Vigan.

Ayuntamientos are composed of, for example Manila Cabildo, two alcaldes ordinaries, a number of

regidores, an alguacil mayor and escribano.

Datu

Babaylans

Panday/Bagani

Spanish Crown

Governor General

Alcalde Mayor

Ayuntamiento

Gobernadorcillo

Cabeza de Barangay

In the municipal level, it is headed by the gobernadorcillo or little governor. This is the highest

position that a Filipino could achieve during that time. If you are any Filipino or Chinese mestizo, 25 yrs.

old, literate in oral or written Spanish and is a former cabeza de barangay for 4 years, you could be a

gobernadorcillo. He is then assisted by 3 supernumeraries or inspectors in supervising matters such as

boundaries of cultivated fields, branding livestock, police and constables. Also, assisting are 4 tenientes

segundos. Lastly, we have the barrio governed by the cabeza de barangay which acts as the tax and

contribution collector for the gobernadorcillo. When you are a cabeza de barangay you are exempted from

taxation, and with your 25 years of service, you will be exempted from forced labor. To be able to hold this

position, you should have literacy in Spanish, has good moral character and has property ownership.

3. Analyze and compare the changes of the ancient Philippine political institutions and the Hispanized

Philippine political system and government.

Long before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the natives had a civilization of their own, a

civilization that partly came from the Malay settlers and partly to the response to the new environment.

Since a datu rule a barangay and the word barangay originated from the word balangay (boat),Fr. Juan de

Plasencia speculated that the datu arose from the captain of a boat migrating to the Philippines with his

family, relatives and servants. During the pre-colonial period, trading was one of the reasons why there

are immigrants here in the Philippines that later on became the datu/raja. The datus/raja were those

wealthy and of high status immigrants from the neighboring places like Indonesia and Borneo. The factors

that influenced the creation of such pre-colonial political institutions are trading that brought the

rajas/datus in the Philippines and some other chieftains, religion which is visible during that time, and the

war wherein you will see the warrior class. In pre-colonial times, people strongly believed in diwatas, anito

and some other entity. This is the reason why there are babaylan (lady priest), because they are believed

to have the ability to talk to the higher beings and can grant your wishes with the use of rituals. Moreover,

at this point in time, war is already present between the barangays, caused by the death of someone

belonging to one barangay without just reasons, having the warriors as one of its political institution.

On the other hand, during the Spanish rule, there was another set of institution that was imposed.

The datus that were once the chieftains of the barangay and enjoying high priveleges were undressed of

this royalty and roles. The datus once hereditary position became subject to Spanish appointment. Now,

the basis for these political institutions is according to the colonizers, considering the Spanish to be the

ones to rule the natives or the indios. Indios were limited to gobernadorcillo as the highest position that

they can attain. The institutions were the result of dividing the regions by the Spaniards into areas based

on their bureaucratic structures. In such institutions, education or being well conversed with Spanish, the

goals of the royal crown and its functions, is of much importance. This serves as the basis in attaining

your post within these institutions.

With these differences and changes in the political institutions, the natives and the datus/raja learn

to adapt and grab the opportunities that are present in order to survive and still live with some of the

privileges that they have before.

4. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about the ancient Filipino social

stratification.

The ancient Filipino social stratification was divided into three classes: the

nobles, the freemen, and the dependents. The nobles, consisting of the chiefs

or the datus and their families, they are the ruling class which had started to

accumulate land that it owned privately or administered in the name of the clan or

community. They wielded tremendous influence in the barangay and enjoyed

certain rights that were not usually enjoyed by the other members of the society.

Next, we have the intermediate class of freemen called the maharlika. This social

class was composed of free men and dependents who had earned their freedom,

but they are bound to follow the chief to war. Also, they pay no taxes. Moreover,

the nobles

the freemen

the dependents

occupying the lowest stratum were the dependents or oripuns and known as alipin among the

Tagalogs. There were two kinds of alipin, the aliping namamahay and the aliping sagigilid. The aliping

namamahay had his own family and house and only serve his mater during planting and harvest season,

helped in the construction of his house and served visitors. The sagigilid, on the other hand, owns no

property, lives with the master and could not marry without the latters consent.

5. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about Hispanized Filipino social straticifation.

The Peninsulares which included the Spanish friars are the highest class in the

Hispanized Filipino social stratification. They are the pure blooded Spaniards

born in Spain (the Iberian peninsula). These Peninsulares are considered the

wealthiest and most politically powerful among the social classes. Moreover,

they have the highest positions in the government and are referred to as

Kastilas. Next in the stratum are the Insulares. They are of Spanish ancestry but

born in the Philippines. The clase media or middle class consisted of four

subclasses: the Spanish mestizos (mestizos de Espanol); the principales;

ilustrados; and the Chinese mestizos (mestizos de Sangley). The mestizos

or half breed, which initially referred only to those of Spanish-native descent, had

an indio parent and a Spanish or Chinese parent. Mestizos, in general,

constituted no more than 2% of the population. In addition to, a principales is

someone that is a previous datu/raja during the pre-hispanic period, the rich

plantation owners, and the local officials or ex-officials such as the

gobernadorcillo. During the colonization, the Spaniards bought the loyalty of the

datus and collaborated with the elite. The Ilustrados (Spanish for erudite,

learned or enlightened ones), constituted the wealthy Filipino educated class

during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. It is said that they

were the middle class educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist

ideals. Lowest in the social classes were indios. They are all native Filipino, born in the Philippines with

both indio parents.

6. Analyze and compare the changes between the ancient Philippine social stratification and the

Hispanized Filipino social stratification.

The ancient Philippine social stratification as I have observed, is that it is based on whether they

have descended from the ruling class or the datus, the intermediary class wherein they have not acquired

debts that will subject them to slavery and/or slaves or the dependents that were freed from their

indebtedness. This social stratification follows a simple structure, and belonging to a lower class is the

result of indebtedness, caught during the baranganic wars and if you were born with parents from the

lower stratum.

On the other hand, during the Spanish rule, the social stratification was based on the nationality or

the place of your origin (place of birth) and genetic make-up. If you are a pure blooded Spanish and were

born in Spain, you belong to the highest class in the social stratification. Belonging to the ruling class

during the pre-colonial period gives you a higher rank than the ordinary masses but lower than those with

Spanish blood or mestizos.

Test II.

1. What is political socialization theory? Discuss how it can be utilized in the study of the life and works or

Jose Rizal.

Peninsulares

Insulares

Mestizos

Ilustrados

Principales

Indios

According to the discussion of Prof. Pernia, political socialization is the process by which

individuals in a given society become acquainted with the political system and which to a significant

degree determines their perceptions of politics and their reactions to political phenomena(Lawson). Also,

according to Fred Greenstein, we use past events as foundations in our understanding with the present

and a springboard for the future. So in the study of the life and works of Jose Rizal we can use the three

levels of analysis: personal level that refers to the events in ones personal life, nation-state or domestic

level indicating the immediate environment, and global or world system levels that influenced his works

greatly. To further understand the life and works of Rizal, we can take a look at the agents of socialization.

First, we have the institutions. It consists of the educational system, mass media and military

(conscription). We can dig into what type of educational system or institutions were so directly linked that

contributed to Rizals knowledge and intellect. Second, peer groups are those people who share a level of

social standing and age (school or work). Who were the individuals influential to Rizal? Third, we have the

primary groups. These are the groups where people have close and informal relationships and share

same values. Who and what constitutes Rizals family and immediate friends? As a child, who was the

most influential to him and served as his first teacher? We all know, probably, that Rizals mother was the

most influential person to him during his childhood and she was his first teacher. Lastly, we have the

secondary groups. These are groups where people have formal and impersonal relationships (church,

parties, unions). Upon growing, we may ask, who were Rizals immediate association outside his family?

Who were those friends and circles lose and influential to him and in what sense? When Rizal was

growing up and was sent to study abroad, he joined some unions wherein he gained connections that

helped him in his endeavors for his country.

Thus, with these guidelines, we will be able to see and evaluate the story behind the big picture of

the life and works of Jose Rizal. It will help us in understanding the situations or the era where Rizal

belongs.

2. What is your stand regarding the debate between Jose Rizals reformation movement and Andres

Bonifacios nationalist revolutionary struggle? Who do you think should be the Philippine National Hero?

What do you think constitutes being a hero?

I stand for the reformation movement of Jose Rizal. Why? Because claiming for the Philippine

independence is not an easy step and bloodshed will not guarantee the well-being of our motherland and

its inhabitants. Reform is needed because the people governing the country including the friars are

abusing the powers that were given to them that resulted to the sufferings of the natives. If we can have

reform, we can be properly represented in the Spanish Congress so that they will know the exact and

factual situations that are happening in the Philippines. Another is that the natives will be given the

opportunity to learn the Spanish language and to remove the friars that are very abusive of their powers.

In my point of view, during those times, the Philippine is not yet ready for complete independence

because no one is still capable of handling and giving a structure to the complex archipelagic situation of

the Philippines. I also believe in 1Rizals political view that a conquered country like the Philippines should

not be taken advantage of but rather should be developed, civilized, educated and trained in the science

of self governance. I think Rizal should be the Philippine National Hero because even though he did not

approved of the revolution and bloodshed, he inspired a lot of people and triggered their desire for

independence and reform. He was the one who made them see the realities of the Philippines. For me,

what constitutes a hero is that, a hero is someone who died fighting for his own principle, independent

thinker and is nationalistic.

3. Enumerate the economic and socio-cultural institutions in the Philippines under Spanish rule and

discuss its effect on the development of Jose Rizals ideas and writings.

The economic and socio-cultural institutions in the Philippines under the Spanish rule are Taxation without

representation, Polo y Servicio, Encomienda: Royal and Private, Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade, Royal

Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895), Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814), and

Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utilities Development. Because of the injustices happening

in these economic and socio-cultural institutions, it sparked the drive for reformation of Rizal. He was able

to illustrate in his works the things that he wants to express, the events happening in the Philippines that

the Spanish Crown and the world doesnt know. He was able to illustrate how the friars abuse their

powers, the violations of human rights of the people and the tyrannical governance of the Spanish

administrators.

4. Enumerate the socio-political and economic events in Europe that help to shape Jose Rizals ideas and

works.

Renaissance the rebirth of the classical ideas of the Greek.

Cultural movements where political phenomenon should be interpreted through religious doctrines

Great Age of Exploration or Discovery the period of Portuguese and Spanish pioneer oceanic

explorations

First European colonization wave the creation of colonies in India and other Asian countries.

The French Revolution

The Age of New Monarchs

Formation of states and the rise of modern states

Wars of Religion: Catholic Church and Protestant Reformation

Spread of Mercantilism

5. Discuss the six patterns of local responses or resistance waged by the Filipinos against Spanish

regime.

The Native Revolts. The Filipinos began to fight Spaniards the moment they settles permanently in 1565

and continued this resistance to the end of their rule in 1898. The revolts were categorized into three:

personal and religious motives, resistance to Spanish-imposed economic and religious institutions, and

land problems. The revolts were personally led by former datus and maharlikas, as well as babaylans and

katalonas, who had lost their prestige and power in their communities with the coming of the Spaniards,

and were supplanted by leaders chosen by the Spaniards and by the Spanish friars. Also, the Spanish

institutions of taxation, forced labor, galleon trade, indulto de commercio, and monopolies were persistent

irritants that caused a lot of revolt to happen. And these revolts all failed because of the absence of a

national leader, lukewarm spirit of nationalism among Filipinos due to its archipelagic nature, and

inadequate training and preparation for warfare.

The religious movement was an uprising due to the continuous Hispanization of the Filipinos through

religion was in line with Spains policy of Gospel, Gold, and Glory. There were various attempts to

Christianize the community however, there are still some who keep their old beliefs instead of embracing

the new religion. Some of the uprisings were: Miguel Lanab and Alababan (1625-1627) compelled the

Isnegs to turn back from Christian faith and escape to the mountains; Tapar who proclaimed himself as

God Almighty.; Francisco Rivera (1718) who instructed his adherents to give back the rosaries,

scapularies and other religious objects to the Dominican missionaries; and Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz

of the Cofradia de San Jose.

The secularization movement. Secularization is a process by which the society is slowly transforming

from that having close identification with the religious institution to a more separated relationship. It was

also considered as the dawn of Philippine Nationalism, particularly after the execution of the GomBurZa.

During this time, there were two kinds of priest: the regulars and the seculars. The regular priests

belonged to religious orders. Their main task was to spread Christianity (e.g. Franciscans, Dominicans,

Recollects and Agustinians.) On the other hand, the secular priests did not belong to any religious order.

They were specifically trained to run the parishes and were under the supervision of the bishops. A royal

decree was issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes or the

transfer of parochial administration from regular friars to the secular priests. The GomBurZa headed the

secularization movement which alleviated the plight of Filipino priests by insisting on the prior right of the

native secular clergy to assignment in parishes over that of the friars newly arrived from Spain. Sad to

say, a mock trial at Fort Santiago on February 15, 1872, they were sentenced to death by means of the

garrote, a Spanish strangulation by an iron collar tightened by a screw.

About 200 Filipino military personnel of Fort Felipe in Cavite staged a mutiny on January 20, 1872 that

led to the execution of the GomBurZa. The mutineers were led by Sergeant Fernando La Madrid. The

mutiny was caused by the removal of personal benefits of the workers such as tax and forced labor

exemptions upon the order of the new Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo. With the mutiny, Izquierdo

used it to target the GomBurZa and other notable Filipinos known for their liberal thinking. During those

times, the Central Government in Madrid was already strongly considering a decree that disallowed the

friars to concern themselves with these kinds of matters. Afraid of losing power, they presented the Cavite

mutiny to the Central Government as a conspirary, allowing them to condemn, exile and execute many.

The Propaganda Movements (reformation) was waged by the ilustrados like Jose Rizal. It is also the

height of La Solidaridad. They used the media as a form of expressing their ideas against the Spaniards.

The motive of this movement is reformation but in the following forms: Philippines being represented in

the Spanish Congress, Philippine to become a province of Spain. Reforms are what they wanted, not

separation, reforms to remove the friars and to learn the Spanish language so that all natives can

understand. In addition to, the KKK & Nationalist revolution was the last of the six patterns. The aid of

Andres Bonifacio was to kill the Spaniards so the natives will live. One solution was to wage an armed

revolution on a national level. During this time, the Filipinos were united,

Sources:

1http://www.slideshare.net/RizdelRio/rizal-as-a-political-philosopher

http://www.philippinealmanac.com/history/the-social-classes-in-the-history-of-the-philippines-1498.html

http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=pre-

colonial+period+in+the+philippine+history&source=bl&ots=gv4jTMX5XD&sig=4Dn9gDo-

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http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines/23714/The-Spanish-period

http://www.slideshare.net/Noctis747/social-classes-12942253

http://www.thepinoywarrior.com/2012/01/spanish-filipino-caste-system.html

Agoncillo, Teodoro (1970) History of the Filipino People

Philippine History 2004 Edition by M.C. Halili

P.S. Sir walay enye ako laptop :D dili mugana ang alt+164.. :D