12.2 notes special inheritance. autosomes--22 pairs of chromosomes in a human sex chromosomes--23rd...
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12.2 Notes
Special Inheritance
Autosomes--22 pairs of chromosomes in a human
Sex chromosomes--23rd (last) pair of chromosomes Ex. XX-female XY-male
The male always determines sex of offspring
22 Autosomes Sex chromosomes
Sex-linked traits--traits located on sex chromosomes Ex. In drosophila (fruit flies), XR = red eyes,
Xr = white eyes (located on X chromosome)
Cross white eye male (XrY) with red eye female (XRXR)
Xr Y
XR
XR
XRXr XRY
XRXr XRY
Phenotypic ratio--50% male 50% female 100% red eyes
White-eyed male (XrY)
Red-eyed female (XRXR)
Offspring: All red eyed
Cross red eye male (XRY) with red eye female (XRXr)
XR Y
XR
Xr
XRXR XRY
XRXr XrY
Phenotypic ratio--Female: 100% red-eye Male: 50% red-eye 50% white-eye
White-eyed male (XRY)
Red-eyed female (XRXr)
Simple Mendelian Inheritance--Inheritance controlled by either dominant or recessive alleles Not all traits are either dominant or
recessive, some are in between
Incomplete dominance—the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is an intermediate (blend) of the 2 homozygous individuals (neither allele is dominant)
RR= red flower WW= white flower RW(heterozygous) = pink flower
R R
W
W
RW RW
RW RW
Cross red with white--The offspring are all pink because that color is in between 2 homozygous phenotypes
Red (RR)
White (WW)
Offspring: All pink flowers
W
W
RW
RW
RW
RW
Co-dominance--The phenotype of both homozygous individuals to be present in the heterozygous individual
BB = black chicken WW= white chicken BW (heterozygous) = black and white chicken
B B
W
W
BW BW
BW BW
Cross black with white chicken--The offspring are all black and white because that is a combination of both homozygous phenotypes
Blood type An example of co-dominance in humans Example of multiple alleles, there are
more than 2 alleles for this trait It is determined by the presence or
absence of proteins (chains of amino acids) on the surface of blood cell
Mixing incompatible blood types can cause the cells to clump together, which can cause a person to die
Human Blood Types
Phenotype
Genotype Blood cell surface molecules
Type A IAIA or IAi A molecule
Type B IBIB or IBi B molecule
Type AB IAIB A and B molecules
Type O ii No molecules
Alleles IA and IB –are co-dominant to each other
Allele i –is recessive to both IA and IB
Type O blood—universal donor Has no proteins on the blood cells so any blood
type can receive it Type AB blood—universal acceptor
Has both A and B proteins on blood cells so this blood type can receive type A, B, AB, or O blood
Cross parent with A ( IAi) blood with a parent with B blood (IBi)
IA i
IB
i
IAIB IBi
IAi ii
Genotypic ratio
1 IA IB : 1 IA i : 1 IB i : 1 ii Phenotypic ratio (blood type)—1 type AB : 1 type A : 1 type B : 1 type O
Multiple alleles— traits controlled by more than 2 alleles Ex. Mouse hair color is controlled by
different alleles, black, brown, gray, albino, etc…
Polygenic inheritance--Trait that is controlled by 2 or more different genes
Ex. Blood pressure is controlled by genes for weight, cholesterol, kidney function, etc…