121915234-modal-verbs

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7/18/2019 121915234-Modal-Verbs


F R O N T L I N E E N G L I S H

G R A M M A R S E R I E S

D i a n e H a l l & M a r k F o l e y

MODAL

VERBS

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M O D A L V E R B S

W r it te n b y - E s c r i t o p o r :

D i a n e H a ll & M a r k F o l e y

T r a n s l a t e d b y - T r a d u c i d o p o r :

E d u a r d o R o s s e t

P u b l i s h e d b y - E d i t a d o p o r :

E d i t o r i a l S t a n l e y

L a y o u t - D i s e n o y M a q u e t a c i o n :

A n g e l a G o m e z M a r t i n

D e s i g n f r o n t p a g e - D i s e n o p o r t a d a :

D I S E N O I R U N E S

© 1 9 9 8 D i a n e H a l l & M a r k F o l e y

© 2 0 0 3 E d i t o r i a l S t a n l e yA p d o . 2 0 7 - 2 0 3 0 0 I R U N - S P A I N

T e l f . 9 4 3 6 4 0 4 1 2 - F a x . 9 4 3 6 4 3 8 6 3

r i c h a r d @ s t a n l e y f o r m a c i o n . c o mw w w . g e n t e d e l l i b r o . c o m

I S B N : 8 4 - 7 8 7 3 - 3 6 7 - 1

D e p . L e g . B I - 1 2 9 5 / 0 3

P r i m e r a edition 2 0 0 3

P r i n t e d a t - I m p r i m e :

I m p r e n t a B e r e k i n t z a

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C O N T E N T S

P r o l o g u eI n t r o d u c t i o n 2

1 C a n / C a n ' t / b B e a b l e t o 5

E x e r c i s e s 7

2 C o u l d / C o u l d n ' t / B e a b l e to 1 0

E x e r c i s e s 1 2

3 S h o u l d / O u g h t t o / H a d b e t t e r 1 4


4 M u s t / H a v e t o 1 7


5 N e e d ( t o ) 2 2


6 W i l l/ W o n ' t 2 5


7 S h a l l / S h a n ' t 3 0


8 W o u l d 3 3


9 M a y / M i g h t 3 8


1 0 U s e d to 4 3E x e r c i s e s 4 4

S u m m a r y 4 6

C o n s o l i d a t i o n e x e r c i s e s 5 1

A n s w e r s t o e x e r c i s e s ( U n i t s 1 -1 0) 6 5

A n s w e r s t o c o n s o l id a t io n e x e r c is e s 6 8

G l o s s a r y 7 0

M

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MODAL VERBSP R O L O G U E

M o d a l V e r b s a r e a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e E n g l i s h

l a n g u a g e . E a c h M o d a l V e r b s c an h a v e s e v e ra lm e a n i n g s a n d s e r v e d i f e r e n t f u n c t i o n s , a l l o f w h i c h

a r e c o v e r e d i n t h i s b o o k .

L o s v e r b o s m o d a l e s f o r m a n u n a p a r t e i n t e g r a l d e l

i d i o m a i n g le s . C a d a v e r b o m o d a l p u e d e t e n e r v a r ie ss i g n i f i c a d o s y l l e v a r a c a b o d i f e r e n t e s f u n c i o n e s , t o d a s

l a s c u a l e s s e c u b r e n e n e s t e l ib r o .

W h a t t h i s b o o k c o n s is ts o f : E n q u e c o n s i s t e e s t e l i b r o :1 0 m a i n u n i t s . E a c h u n i t e x p l a i n s a n d p r a c t i s e s

o n e o f t h e t en m o d a l v e r b s .

i f A d e t a i l e d s u m m a r y i n w h i c h t h e m o d a l v e r b s a r e

p r e s e n t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e ir m a n y v a r i e dm e a n i n g s ( a b i li ty , p e r m i s s i o n , o f f e r s , e t c . ) .

5 5 A s e r i e s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x e r c i s e s . T h e s e

e x e r c i se s p r a c t i s e a l l th e m o d a l v e r b s i n v a r y i n g

c o n t e x t s .

S i F u l l a n s w e r s to all e x e r c i s e s .

K S E n g l i s h - S p a n i s h g l o s s a r y o f w o r d s / p h r a s e s

w h i c h o c c u r i n t h e e x e r c i s e s i n s t r u c t i o n s .

K e y f e a t u r e s o f t h e b o o k :C l e ar a n d p r e c is e G r a m m a r e x p l a n a t io n s in

S p a n i s h .

E x e r c i s e s i n t h e t e n m a i n u n i t s l i n k e d v e r y c l o s e l y

t o t h e G r a m m a r e x p l a n a t i o n s .

M o r e t h a n 7 0 a l l - E n g l i s h E x e r c i s e s .

C o m p r e h e n s iv e c r o s s r e f er e n c i n g b e t w e e n u n i t s ,

a n d b e t w e e n t h e s u m m a r y a n d i n d i v i d u a l u n i t s .

W h o i s t h e b o o k f o r ?T h e b o o k i s d e s i g n e d f o r i n t e r m e d i a t e s t u d e n t s o f

E n g l i s h , w h o a r e w o r k i n g b y th e m s e l v e s o r i n a s c h o o l

o r l a n g u a g e i n s t i t u t i o n . S t u d e n t s a b o v e a n d b e l o w

i n t e r m e d i a t e le v e l w i l l a ls o g a i n m u c h i n d i s p e n s i b l e

k n o w l e d g e a b o u t t h e m e a n i n g o f m o d a l v e rb s f r o m

t h i s b o o k .

1 0 u n i d a d e s p r i n c i p a l e s . C a d a u n i d a d e x p l i c a y

p r a c t ic a u n o d e l o s 1 0 v e rb o s m o d a l e s .

U n r e s u m e n d e t a l l a d o e n e l q u e s e p r e s e n t a n l o s

v e r b o s m o d a l e s s e g u n s u s s i g n i f i c a d o s ( h a b i l i d a d ,p e r m i s o , o f e r t a , e t c . ) .

U n a s e r i e d e ejercicios d e consolidation. E s t o s

e j e r c i c i o s p r a c t i c a n t o d o s l o s v e r b o s m o d a l e s e n

d i f e r e n t e s c o n t e x t o s .

S o l u c i o n a r i o d e l o s e j e r c i c i o s .

G l o s a r i o e s p a n o l / i n g l e s d e p a l a b r a s / f r a s e s

u t i l i z a d a s e n l a s i n s t r u c c i o n e s d e l o s e j e r c i c i o s .

P r i n c i p a l e s

c a r a c t e r i s t i c a s d e l l i b r o :E x p l i c a c i o n e s e n e s p a n o l c l a r a s y c o n c i s a s .

E j e r c i c i o s d e l a s 1 0 u n i d a d e s p r in c i p a le s

r e l a c io n a d a s c o n la s e x p l i c a c i o n e s g r a m a t ic a l e s .

M a s d e 7 0 e j e r c i c i o s e n i n g l e ' s .

U n a r e la t io n e n t r e la s u n i d a d e s y e n t re e l r e s u m e n

y l a s u n i d a d e s i n d i v i d u a l e s .

P a r a q u i e n e s e s t e l i b r o ?E s t e l i b r o e s t a d i s e n a d o p a r a e s t u d i a n t e s d e i n g l e s ,

d e n i v e l m e d i o , a u t o d i d a c t a s o q u e e s t u d i e n e n u n a

a c a d e m i a o i n s t i t u t e . L o s e s t u d i a n t e s q u e t e n g a n u n

n i v e l s u p e r io r o i n f e r io r a l m e d i o t a m b i e n o b t e n d r a n d e

e s t e l i b r o u n o s c o n o c i m i e n t o s i n d i s p e n s a b l e s s o b r e e l

s i g n i f i c a d o d e l o s v e r b o s m o d a l e s .

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MODAL

VERBS

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Q e s e s u n v e r b o m o d a l ?

L o s verbos m odales s o n diferentes d e l o s demas verbos tan to e n s u significado como e n s u

comportamien to g ram at ical (vease , a con t inuat ion , com o se comportan lo s verbos m odales).

H a y diez verbos modales:

ca n should m ust shall

could ought to will would

A d e m a s de estos verbos modales, hay otros

cinco verbos y expresiones q u e p u ed en fu n -

cionar de la m isma manera . Estos s o n :

be able to

have to

need (to)

had betterused to

m ay

might

TODOS ELLOS

S E V E R A N

D E T A L L A D A M E N T E

E N ESTE LIB R O.

Q u e q u i e r e n d e c i r lo s v e r b o s m o d a le s?L a caracteristica de los verbos modales es que a men u d o

tienen diferentes significados y diferen tes f u n c i o n e s . F o r

ejemplo, el verbo modal could puede expresar:

u n a capacidad o habil idad en el pasado:W hen I was young I c o u l d run very fast.Cuando yo era joven (era capaz) de correr muy rdpido.

posibilidad d e presente y d e f u t u r o :

He's very tall. H e c o u l d be a basketball player.Es muy alto. Podria serjugador de baloncesto.

I f i t snows tomorrow, w e c o u l d g o skiing. Si nieva manana podriamos ir a esquiar.

L OS VER B OS MODALES

S E U S A N M U C H O E N

I N G L E S Y E S NEC ESAR IO

T A N T O E N T E N D E R L O S

C OMO TENER LA

C A P A C I D A D D E U S A R L O S

D E M O D O C O R R E C T O .

pe t i t ion :

C o u l d I a s k you a

question?

Podria hacerle una

pregunta?

p e r m i s o :

C o u l d I use your telephone?Podria usar su telefono?

s u g e r e n c i a s :

How about going out tonight. W e c o u l d go to

the theatre.Que tal si salimos esta noche? Podriamos ir al

teatro.

y deduction:

H e c o u l d n ' t have done it . He wasn't here.El no pudo haberlo hec ho. No estaba aqui.

M O D A L V E R B S

INTRODUCTION

Que

t

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< ; C 6 m o s e c o m p o r t a n lo s v e r b o s m o d a l e s ?

H a y r e g l a s g r a m a t i c a le s e s p e c i a le s p a r a l o s v e r b o s m o d a le s :

L o s v e r b o s m o d a l e s s o n d e f e c t i v e s , e s d e c i r , n o s e c o n j u g a n e n t o d o s l o s t i e m p o s .

N o t ie n e n t ie m p o s p a s a d o s o f o r m a s e n g e r u n d i o .

N o a n a d e n una -s en t e rc e r a p e r s o n a del s i n g u l a r , del p r e s e n t e (he, she, it).

I m u s t / H e m u s t g o h o m e .Y o debo/ E l debe ir a casa.

N o u s a n d o ( o d i d ) e n l a f o r m a in t e r ro g a t iv a y n e g a t i v a .

C a n you...?I can't. . .

V a n s e g u i d o s p o r e l i n f i n i t i v e s i n t o .

L a s d o s e x c e p c i o n e s a e s ta re g l a s o n o u g h t t o y u s e d t o .

I can d a n c e . (No: I can to d a n c e )Y o s e / p u e d o bailar .

N o t i e n e n i n f i n i t i v o ( n o s e p u e d e d e c i r t o c a n , t o m u s t, e t c . ) .

N o s e p u e d e n c o m b i n a r c o n l o s v e r b o s a u x i li a re s .

N o se p u e d e d e c i r I w i ll m u s t . .. , I h a v e must.. . .

P u e d e n i r s e g u i d o s p o r h a v e + p a r t i c i p i o .

H e s h o u l d h a v e w r i t t e n .E l deberia haber escr i to.

T h e y m u s t h a v e p a s s e d t h e i r e x a m .Ellos deben haber aprobado su examen. Presente:

I m u s t go h o m e .Debo ir a casa.

S e p u e d e v e r q u e a f i n d e e x p r e sa r t ie m p o s d i f e r e n t e s

y f o r m a s v e r b a le s c o n v e r b o s m o d a l e s , g e n e r a lm e n t e Y o tema que ir a casa.

r e c u m m o s a o t r o s m e d io s d e e x p r e s io n , p o r e je m p l o :

h a d t o , w i l l h a v e t o e n v e z d e m u s t : F i i t u r o :

I m il h a v e to go h o m e soon.T e n d r e que ir a casa pronto .

Presente:

pasado:

I had to go home>

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; , C o m o u s a r es t e l i b r a ?

Este l ibra consiste en diez unidades, cada una de las cuales contiene explicaciones y e jem-

plos de los verbos modales. Estas explicaciones estan m uy re lacionadas con los ejercicios

que v an a con tinuacion .

Puede elegir entre hacer todos lo s ejercicios del l ibra comenzando por la pagina 1 hasta la

unidad 10, o usted pu ede elegir la unida d que quiera.

E l sumario (summary) divide los verbos modales por sus f u n c i o n e s (habil idad, permiso,

etc.) . Hay muchas referencias en las secciones gramaticales de las diez unidades.

U n a serie de ejercicios de consol idat ion (con solidation exercises) va a continuacion del

sumario. Se practican los verbos modales en combinaciones diferentes para comprobar que

s e entiende el significado en su c o n j u n t o . Hay respuestas a todos los ejercicios y finalmente

h a y un glosario (glossary) de palabras y f r a s e s de los ejercicios.

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C A N - C A N ' T - B E ABLE TO

C a n / B e a b l e t o - H a b i l i d a d

S e u s a c a n para describir u n a habilidad

e n p r e s e n t e . L a f o r m a n e g a t i v a e s

cannot (o can't). Cannot solo se usa

generalmente e n u n a f o r m a d e hablar

m u y formal :

T a m bi en se usa can y can ' t con

v e r b o s de sensacion (see, feel, taste,

hear, smell) para descr ibir el uso

a c t i v o del sentido:

I can speak three languages, but

I can't swim.Y o se hablar tres idiomas, pero no se nadar .

C a n y o u drive?jSabe usted conducir?

I can't see you.No puedo verte.

I c a n s m e l l something burning.Huelo a algo quemdndose.

N o s e u s a c a n para describir habilidad e n e l pasado o e n e l f u t u r e , usamos u n a f o r m a d e b e

able t o .

S e u s a w a s able to/were able t o para describir u n a habi lidad q u e s e u s o e n u n m om ent oe s p e c i f i c o e n e l pasado:

H e r c a r broke down yesterday, b u t s h e w a s able t o repair i t .A ella se le es tropeo el coche ayer, pero pudo repararlo.

They missed the last bus last night, but they w e r e able to get a taxi.Perdieron el u l t imo autobus ayer noche, pero pudieron coger un taxi .

5 5 Pero f i j e s e que cuando se habla acerca del pasado y se quiere describir una habilidadg e n e r a l m a s q u e u n a habilidad q u e s e u s a e n u n m om ento especif ico, s e puede usar could

(vease 2 . 1 , pagina 10) :

W hen I w as a chi ld I could run very fast .Cuando era nino corria m u y rdpido. (podia correr)

S e u s a will b e able t o para describir u n a

habilidad e n e l f u t u r e :

A t the end of the course I' l l be

a b l e t o speak German fluently.

A final de curso podre hablar ale-man conflu idez.

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C a n n o tiene f o r m a infinitiva ( n o s e puede d ecir

I 'd l ike to can ski) o f o r m a s d e part icipio.

T e n e m o s q u e usar b e able t o despues d e verbos

o f r a s e s q u e v a y a n seguidas d e u n infinitive o

ge r und i o ( e j em plo : enjoy, hate, love, l ike,

would, etc.)

C a n s e u s a p a r a d e s c r i b i r p o s i b i l id a d e s

generates o teoricas. Es la clase de posibilidad

q u e n o esta relacionada c o n u n a situacion o

m o m e n t o e s p e c i f i c o . T i e n e u n s i gn i f i c a do

parecido a sometimes:

I ' d like t o b e a b l e t o swim.M e gus tar ia saber nadar.

I love b e i n g a b l e t o hear t h e

birds sing.M e encanta poder oi r cantor a

los pdjaros.

The sea can be very

dangerous.El mar puede ser m uy pel igroso .

N o s e u s a normalmente c a n para u n a posibilidad teorica s i n o s re fer imos a l pasado, a l

f u t u r o o al m om ento presente (e l momento de hablar). Se usa m ay o might (vease 9.1 ,p a g i n a 38).

L a except ion es cuando se

h a b l a a c e r c a d e a r r e g l o s

personates e n f u t u r o :

W e can meet you at the cinema at eight o'clock.Nos podemos ver en e l c ine a las ocho .

C a n / C a n ' t - P e r m i s o y p e t i t i o n

C a n e s l a forma usua l d e pedir y conceder perm iso e n ingles. E n u n a si tuacion form al s e

puede usar may, might o could (vease 2.4, pagina 12; 9.2, pagina 39):

T a m b ie n s e puede usar c a n parahacer peticiones o para pedir a

alguien que haga algo por usted:

Can't se usa para negar el

p e r m i s o o pa r a dec i r q u e

algo esta prohibido. (Vease

tambien mustn't 4.1, pagina

C a n w e smoke hi here? Y es, you can.Se puede fuma r aqu i? S i , s e puede .

C a n I borrow the car tonight?t o m a r e l coche pres tado es ta noche?

C a n you help m e with the crossword?^M e p u ed e a y u d a r co n e l c r u c i g r a m a ?

C an I use your phone? No, you can't.<;Puedo u s a r su telefono? No, no p u ed e .

Y o u can't smoke on the underground in London.No se puede fuma r en e l me t ro de Londres .

puedo

17):

Can - Posibilidad

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C a n /C a n 't h a v e • D e d u c t i o n n e g a t i v a

S e u sa c a n ' t p a r a d e d u c c i o n e s n e g a t i v a s s o b r e e l p r e s e n t e , c u a n d o se q u i e r e e x p r e s a r

ce r teza de que a lgo no es c ie r to . En es te sen t ido ca n ' t es lo con t ra r io de m u s t (vease 4.3,

pag ina 18):

T he exam can' t b e di f f i cu l t - everyone passes it!El examen no puede ser mu y d i f i c i l - todo el m undo lo aprueba!

S e u s a ca n ' t have + par t ic ip io pa ra hace r u n a deduc t ion log ica sob re e l pasado . Es to se

p u e d e c o n s i d e r a r c o m o l o c o n tr a ri o d e m u s t h a v e + part ic ip io (vease 4.3, p a g i n a 19):

Sh e can' t have gone o u t - h e r coat's sti ll i n t h e hall.

No puede haber salido - su abrigo todavia estd en elvestibulo.

1

Rel lene lo s huecos c o n can o be able to .

1 . When I f i n i s h m y medical degree I will b e able to work a s a doctor.

2 . Julian's a weightlifter. H e l i f t over 2 0 0 kilos.

3 . T h e exam wasn't to o d i f f i c u l t . I answer most o f t h e questions.

4 . Would y o u like speak a foreign language?

5.1 g o t home late yesterday s o I record th e T V programme f o r you.(negative)

6 . M y brother's slightly colour-blind. H e tell th e difference betweengreen a n d brown, (negative)

i. Amanda's just got a place at art school. She paint really well.

8 . O u r children really e n j o y play in their o w n garden.

9 .1 hope that b y th e e n d o f th e course y o u speak French quitef l u e n t l y .

1 0 . 1 lost m y house keys yesterday b u t luckily I g e t i n through th ew i n d o w .

1 1 . What a delicious soup! I taste a l l those f r e s h herbs f r o m your

garden.1 2 . I really like watch n e w f i l m s o n satellite television.

EXERCISE 1

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R C I S E 2

C om ple te la s f r as e s y unal as c o n l o s dibujo s .

1 . N o w I t h r o w a w a y t h e s e L -p l a t e s !

2 . B y Fr id ay y o u sw im a h u n d r e d m e tre s .

3 . T h e r a in ' s t e r r i b l e .I s e e a n y t h i n g !

4 . I'd l ik e s n o w b o a r d l ik e t h a t .

5.I en joy h e l p p e o p l e .

E X E R C 1 S E 3

Senate la s frases c o r r e c t as , A o B .

1 . A E a t in g s w e e ts is ab l e to r u i n y o u r t e e th .

B E a t in g s we e ts c a n r u i n y o u r te e t h .2 . A M y h o u s e c a n g e t v e r y co ld i n t h e w i n t e r .

B M y h o u s e c a n g e t v e r y c o l d n e x t w in t e r.

3 . A T h e s e d a y s t r a v e l l i n g c a n b e v e r y e x p e n s i v e .

B T h e s e d a y s t r a v e l l i n g is a b l e t o b e v e r y e x p e n s i v e .

4 . A S o m e t o r t o i s e s c a n l ive to b e a h u n d r e d .

B M y t o rt o is e c a n l iv e t o b e a h u n d r e d .

5 . A T h e m o t o r w a y s c a n b e v e r y b u s y t h i s w e e ke n d .

B T h e m o t o rw a y s c a n b e v e r y b u s y a t t h e w e e ke n d s .

E X E R C I S E 3

i Q u e d i r i a u s te d e n e s t as s i tuac io n e s ? E s c r iba u n a p r e g u n t a u s a n d o ca n y e l v e r b oqu e es ta entre p a r e n t e s i s

1 . Y o u a r e a t t h e c h e c k - i n d e s k a t t he a i r p o r t . Y o u h a v e a l a r g e b a g a n d y o uw a n t t o t ake i t o n t h e p l a n e w i th y o u . (take)

C a n I take this bag on the p lane?

2 . Y o u w a n t to b o r r o w £1 0 f r o m a f r i e n d , (lend)

ISE 2

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3 . Y o u a r e a t th e r a i l w a y s t a t i o n a n d y o u w a n t to k n o w th e t i m e o f t h e n e x tt r a in t o P a r i s , (tell)

4 . Y o u a r e t a lk ing t o t h e c a s h i e r in a s h o p . Y o u w a n t to p a y b y c r e d i t c a r d , (pay)

5 . Y o u a r e in a b a n k . Y o u w a n t to c a s h s o m e c h e q u e s , (cash)

6 . Y o u g o i n to a r e s t a u r a n t w i th a f r i e n d a n d t h e r e is a n i c e t a b l e n e a r th ew i n d o w , (si t)

7 . Y o u b o u g h t a s h i rt y e s t e r d a y w h i c h i s t oo s m a l l . Y o u take i t b a c k t o t h e s h o p .(change)

E X E R C I S E5

Mire es te extra c to d e u n f o ll et o d e u n a a g e n d a d e

v i a j e s y u s e l a i n f o r m a t i o n p a r a c o m p l e t a r la s f r a -s e s c o n can o can't .

1 . Yo u s m o k e o n L u x A i r f l i g h t s .

2 . Y o u take u p t o 2 0 kilos o f b a g g a g e .

3 . Y o u u s e m o b i l e p h o n e s .

4 . Y o u w a t c h a m o v i e d u r in g th e f l i g h t .

5 . Y o u b u y d u t y f r ee g o o d s .6 . Y o u b r i n g a l c o ho l i c d r i n k s o n t o th e

p l a n e .

E X E R C l S E 6

Un a lo s n u m e r o s c o n la s le t r a s p a r a hacer f ra ses correc ta s .

LuxAlR FLIGHTS

1LuxAir flights a r e complete ly

non-smoking.

' The baggage al lowance is 20kg.

' Use of mo bile phones is forbidden .

A m ovie will be shown dur ing th e

f l i g h t .

D u t y f r e e goods will b e available

f o r purchase dur ing t h e f l ight .

Passengers a r e n o t permitted t o bringalcoholic d rinks onto th e plane.

1 . T h e y c a n 't h a v e s p l it u p . . .

2 . T h e y c a n 't b e a w a y o n h o l i d a y . . .

3 . H e can't h a v e s to l en th e c a r . ..4 . S y l v i a c a n 't h a v e l o s t a l l h e r m o n e y ..

5 . John can't b e t h i rs t y a l r e a d y . ..

6 . S h e c a n 't b e a s o l d a s y o u s a y .. .

A h e 's j u s t h a d a dr ink .

B I saw t h e m t o g e t h e r y e s t e rd a y .

c h e r skin i s s o s m o o t h .D she's g o t a b r a n d n e w M e r c e d e s .

E th e l i g h t s a r e o n i n t h e i r h o u s e .

F h e c a n ' t d r i v e .

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C O U L D - C O U L D N ' T - B E A B L E T O

C o u l d / C o u l d n ' t - C a p a c i d a dS e usa could para describir una habil idad general que existia en el pasado:

Pero cuando se describe el

uso presente de una habil idad

e n u n momento especi f ico e n

el pasado, no se usa could, se

u sa w a s a b l e / w e r e a b l e t o

(vease 1.1, pagina 6 )Sin embargo, se usa could para describir

e l uso de una hab i lidad en un m om ento es-

p e c i f i c o en e l p a s a d o con los v e rb o s de

sensation (see, feel, taste, hear, smell):

W hen I w as a chi ld I c o u l d run very fast.Cuando yo era nino corria m u y rdpido. (podia correr)

Her car broke down yesterday, but

s h e w a s a b l e t o repair i t .

A ella se le averio e l coche ayer, pero

pudo arreglarlo.

I c o u l d hear a n ow l last night.

Oi un buho ayer noche.

(pude oir)

§ La f o r m a negativa d e could es could n o t (n o rmalme n te couldn't e n e l hab la d iar ia) .

Couldn't s e puede usar para u n a f a l t a general d e habilidad e n e l pasado.

o u n a f a l t a d e habil idad especifica e nel pasado:

I c o u l d n ' t swim until I w a s f i f t e e n .Y o no sabia nadar hasta los qu ince anos .

The teacher c o u l d n ' t answer my question.i El profesor no pudo responder a m i pregunta. (N o supo)

Couldn't se puede usar para describir una habilidad q ue exist ia en un m om ento especifico

e n el pasado pero que no se uso:

The mechanicc o u l d n ' t

repair my car yesterday.El mecdnico no me pudo arreglar el coche ayer .

Para describir habilidad en el

presente se usa can (vease 1.1)p a r a hab i l idad en e l f u t u r e se

u s a will b e able to (vease 1.1)

C o u l d - P o s i b i l i d a d

S e usa could para describir una posibilidad en el f u t u r o :

If m y sales figures don't improve next month I c o u l d lose m y job.Si las cifras d e m i s ventas no mejoran e l m e s q u e viene podria perder m i empleo.

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T a m b i e n se usa c o u l d p a r a d e s c r i b i r _ W h e r e's m y s h i r t ?u n a p o s i b i h d a d en el p r e s e n t e : estd mi camim?

T h e r e c o u l d b e i n t e l l i g e n t l i f e o n o t h e r — I 'm n o t s u r e . I t c o u l d b e o v e r t h e r e ,planets. No estoy seguro. Podria estar alii.

Podria haber vida inteligente en otros planetas.

C o u l d s e u s a p a r a d e s c r i b ir u n a p o s ib i li d a d m u y r e m o t a , alg o d e lo q u e n o e s t a m o s s e g u -

r o s . Si la p o s i b i l i d a d es mas s e g u ra u s a m o s m ay o m i g h t ( v e a s e 9 . 1 ) .

Se usa c o u l d n ' t o can't p a r a d e c ir que a l g o d e f m i t i v a m e n t e no es p o s i b l e en el p r e s e n t e o

e n e l f u t u r e . S i s e q u i e r e d e c i r q u e a l g o p o s i b l e m e n t e n o s u c e d e r a s e u s a m a y n o t o m i g h t

n o t ( v e a s e 9.1). C o m p a r e lo s e j e m p l o s q u e v ie n e n a c o n t in u a t io n :

She c o u l d n ' t b e c o m e a t e a c h e r - she's not p a t i e n t e n o u g h .Ella nopodria serprofesora - no tiene bastante paciencia..

She m i g h t not b e c o m e a t e a c h e r - she's t h i n k i n g of s t u d y i n g l a w .Ella podria no hacerse profesora - estd pensando en estudiar derecho.

Could have - P o s i b i l i d a d o h a b i l i d a d e n e l p a s a d o y p a r a l a c r i t i c a

" 3 S e u s a c o u l d h a v e + p a s a d o M y b o s s o f f e r e d m e tw o h o l i d a y d a t e s l a s t

p a r a d e s c r i b i r u n a p o s i b i l i d a d y e a r . I c o u l d h a v e g o n e i n J u n e o r i n J u ly .

q u e existia e n e l pasado: Mijefe m e propuso dosfechas para m is vacadones

el ano pasado. Podia haber ido en junio o en julio.Tam bien se puede usa r could

h a v e + p a s a d o p a r a d e s c r i b i rYo u

didn'tock th e door last

n i g h t .a lg o q u e e r a p o s i b le e n e l p a s a - S o m e o n e c o u l d h a v e c o m e in .

d o p e r o que no s u c e d i o :No

cerrastela

puertaayer noche.

Cualquierapodia haber entrado.

E s t o i n c l u y e u n a h a b i li d a d I c o u ld h a v e h e lp e d h e r w i t h h e r h o m e w o r k ,e n el p a s a d o q ue e x i s t i a p e r o but I was too tired

q u e no s e u so en una o c a s i o nYo podiahaberlaayudado con la tareadelcolegio,

especilica:

peroestaba demasiado cansado.

L a f o r m a n e g a t i v a c o u l d n ' t h a v e + p a r t i c i p i oH e c o u l d n t h a v e d o n e i t , h e

s e usa p a r a h a c e r una d e d u c c i o n n e g a t iv a s o b r e el .

p a s a d o . Se p u e d e c o n s i d e r a r c o m o lo c o n t r a r i oEl no pudo haberlo necho, no

de must h a v e + participio ( v e a s e 4.3): estaba aqui

C o u l d h a v e se u s a , a m e n u d o , p a r a c r i ti c a r ala g e n t e p o r a l g o q u e

n o h i c i e r o n en el p a s a d o :semanas! Podias haberme telefoneado!

Donde

pero

wasn't here.

I didn't hear from you for two weeks!

You could have phoned me!

No he tenido noticias tuyas desde hace dos

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C o u l d - P e r m i s o , p e t i t i o n y s u g e r e n c i a s

Could se usa de una manera cortes para pedir

permiso o para ped ir a lgo . Es m as cor tes y m as

f o r m a l que c a n . (vease 1.3):,

Tambien se usa could p ara

hacer sugerencias. Las sugeren-

cias con could son un poco m as

sugerentes q u e c o n c a n : —

C o u l d I use your bathroom?iPodr ia u sar su bano?

C o u l d yo u lend m e 1 0 pounds?iPodr ia pres tarm e 10 l ibras?

H ow about going out tonight? We c o u l d

g o for a meal.u e tal si sa l imos es ta noche? Podr iamos ir a cen a r .

1

Escr i b a d e n u e v o e s t a s f r a s e s c o r r e c t a m e n t e .

1 . W h e n I w as a ch i ld I was able to s ki b e t t e r t h a n m y b r o t h e r .

2 . I t w as so c o l d y e s t e r d a y I wasn' t able to f e e l th e t i p s o f m y f i n g e r s .

3 . M y c o m p u t e r b r o ke d o w n l a s t W e d n e sd a y , b u t t h e e n g i n e e r could f i x i t .

4 . T h e j e w e l s w e r e s t o le n f r o m th e s h o p , b u t t h e police could g e t t h e m b a c k .

5.1 l o s t m y d i c t i o n a r y y e s t e r d a y a n d I was n 't able to f i n d i t a n y w h e r e .

6 . The e a r t h q u a k e was t e r r ib l e - we were a ble to f e e l the w h o le h o u s e s h a k in g !

E X E R C 1 S E 2

Escr i b a f r a s e s s o b r e p o s i b ili d a d e s f u t u r a s e n c a d a d ib u j o . C o m b in e la s p a l a b r a s d e

c a d a c o l u m n a c o n e l v e r b o m o d a l a p r o p ia d o .

Wigs

M e n

R ob o t s

Scientists

ChildrenPeop l e

get the vote

live to the age of 200

discover operations in hospitals

have fash ionable again

b e com e oil on the moonp er fo rm b ab ies

Q

EXERCISE

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| E X E R C I S E 3

C omple te cada frase co n c o u l d o c o u l d n 't.

1 . K a r e n d i d n 't go to un ive r s i ty so sh e b e c o m e a teacher .

2 . My son was o n l y f i f t e e n s o h e vo te in the e lec t ion .

3 . —Where 's th e h a m m e r ? —It be in the g a r a g e . Wh y d o n ' t y o u l ook the re?

4 . S a r a h h e l p y o u wi t h yo u r acco un t s , sh e knows a l o t a b o u t f inance .5 . If you n e e d s o m e m i lk, y ou t ry t h e co r n e r s ho p ; it s t ays o pe n l a t e .

6 . S i m o n b e i n J apan - h e h a s n ' t g o t a pas s po r t .

XERClSE 4

U s e l a i n f o r m a c i o n d e l a c a s i l l a

p a r a u n i r a u n a p e r s o na c o n c a d a

u n a d e l a s s i tuac i o ne s .

Mar io n i s a co o k

Liz l ives next door

Ka ren i s r ich

Kat ie c a n s ew

R a lp h o w n s a b i g c a r

D a v i d i s a t eache r

Ahora u se l o s n o m b r e y u n a f o r m a d e could p a r a c o m p l e ta r la s frases .

i . Katie could have repaired th e ho le in m y j acke t , b u t sh e w a s t oo b u s y .2 . corrected m y e s s ay , b u t h e c o u l d n ' t b e bo t he r e d .

3 . pr e pa r e d l un ch , b u t s h e g o t a t ake - away i n s t e ad .

4 . g i ve n u s a l i f t , b u t h e d i d n ' t o f f e r .

5 . looked a f t e r m y ca t , bu t she d i d n ' t wan t to .

6 . lent m e s o m e m o n ey , bu t she was too m e a n .

E X E R C I S E 5

U se l a i n f o r m a t i o n d e l o s d i b u j o s p a r a c o m p l e ta r lo s m i n i d i a l o g o s . U se could y l o sv e r b o s y sustant ivos e n l a s cas i l las .

g o t o f ly t o t h e c o u n t r y N e w Y o r k

w r it e a b o u t d r iv e to N a p o l e o n th e c i n e m a

b u y s o m e C D s

— W h e r e s h a l l w e g o o n h o l id a y t h is y e a r ?

— We

— W h a t s h a l l w e d o t o n i g h t ?— We

— W h a t d o y o u f e e l l ike d o i n g a t t h ew e e k e n d ?

— W e

— H a v e y o u g o t a n y ideas f o r m y h i s t o r ye s s a y ?

— Yes , y o u

— Wh a t d o y o u t h in k I sh o u l d s p e n d t h ism o n ey o n ?

— Y o u

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SHOULD • O U G H T T O • H A D BETTER

S h o u ld /O u g h t to / H a s b e t te r - C o n s e j o s y r e c o m n d a c i o n e s

Se usa should y ought

t o ( y l a s fo rmas negativas

shouldn't y oughtn't) para

c o n s e j o s e n general y para

h a c e r recomendaciones :

Y o u look pale. Y o u s h o u l d / o u g h t t o s e e a doctor.Estds pdlido. Deberias i r al medico.

Y o u s h o u l d n ' t / o u g h t n ' t t o talk a n d e a t a t th e same t im e .No deberias hablar y comer al mismo t iempo.

H ad better es mas f u e r t e que should y ought to . En el ingles hablado se suele usar la

f o r m a contracta 'd better. La f o r m a negativa es ha d ( 'd ) better n o t .

H a d better s e u s a para d a r

c o n s e j o s e n si tuaciones don de

h a y a l g u n a urgencia , y para d a r

a v i s o s yamenazas : .

I can smell something burning. W e ' d better

phone the fire service.Huelo a quemado. Mas vale que Home a los bomberos .

You'd better put that necklace back or I' l l report

you to the police.M a s vale que devuelvas el collar o l lamare a la policia.

A U N Q U E HAD BE T T E R PARECE UNA FORMA EN PASADO

SOLO SE P U E D E U S A R E N SITUACIONES PRESENTES Y

F U TU R AS. NO SE P U E D E U S A R E N PASADO.

S h o u l d h a v e / O u g h t t o h a v e / O u g h t t o h a v e - E m m p a s a d o sS e u s a should have + participio u ought t o have + part ic iple para hablar acerca d e

algo q u e salio m a l e n e l pasado . S e u s a para cri ticar a alguien p o r s u s acciones pasadas o

f a l t a de action:

Y o u g o t w et? Y o u s h o u l d h a v e / o u g h t t o h a v e t a k e n a n umbrella.jTe mojas te? Deberias haber cogido un paraguas .

T h e road w a s icy . Y o u s h o u l d n ' t h a v e / o u g h t n ' t t o h a v e d r i v e n s o fast!La carretera es taba helada. No deberias haber ido tan deprisa.

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S h o u ld /O u g h t t o - P r o b a b i l i d a d

S e p ue d e usa r should y ough t to para expresar a lgo que es p robab le en e l mom ento de

hablar o e n e l f u t u r o :Mary i sn ' t here . S h e should/ought to be back later .

Mar ia no estd aqui. Deberia estar de vuelta m a s tarde.

Se puede usar should have + parti-

c ipio u ought to have + part ic ipio

p a r a describir algo q u e f u e posible e n

el pasado. Puede describir algo que se

esperaba que suced ie ra en e l pasado

pero que no sucedio:

W h y did he fail that exam? H e should

h a v e / o u g h t t o have passed i t easily.^Por q u e suspendio ese examen? Deberia

haberlo aprobado fdcilmente.

5 3Should have + participio y ought to have + participio tambien se pueden u sar para a lgoq u e se esperaba que sucediera pero que no se sabe actualmente si sucedio o no:

I don't know where h e i s . H e should h a v e / o u g h t t o have arrived yesterday.No se donde estd. Deberia haber l legado ayer .

E X E R C I S E 1

C o m p l e t e t res de l as frases c o n u n a f o r m a d e had better y cinco de l as frases c o n u n a

f o r m a d e should.

1 . Look, someone is trying to break into that house. We phone the

police.

2 . If you've g o t a headache, y o u smoke! (negative)

3 . T h e engine's getting very hot. I think w e slow down.

4 . Y o u s a w Sonia stealing money f r o m th e till? Y o u really tell th e boss.

5 . It's starting to rain. Y o u bring th e washing in .

6 . You're getting fat! Y o u e a t s o much, (negative)

7.That lake might be deep. You let the children play near it. (negative)8 . T h e food a t that n e w c a f e is delicious. Y o u t ry i t some day.

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R C I S E 2

Estudie la s s i t uac io ne s y c o mp le te la s f ra se s . U s e u n a f o r m a d e ought to e n c adar e s p ue s t a .

1 . C l a r e ' s c a r b r o k e d o w n . S h e f o r g o t to h a v e it s e r v i c e d .

Sh e ought to have had it serviced.2 . M i c h a e l ' s h o u s e wa s b u r g l e d . H e f o r g o t to l o c k th e d o o r .

H e

3 . S a n d r a wa s l a te fo r w o r k . S h e o v e r s l e p t , (negative)

S h e

4 . T h e P r e s i d e n t lost th e election. H e didn't p r o m i s e to c u t t a x e s .

H e

5 . T h e p a t i e n t d i e d . T h e d o c t o r d i d n ' t g i v e h i m a n y a n t i b i o t i c s .

T h e d o c t o r

6 . T h e n e w h o u s e c o l la p s e d . T h e b u i ld e r u s e d c h e a p m a te r ia ls , (negative)H e

7 . T h e p a r t y w a s n 't v e r y g o o d . T h e y d i d n 't i n v ite H a r ry .

T h e y

3

Use la i n f o r m a t i o n q u e s e d a e n la casi l la p a r a c as ar la s p r e g u n t a s c o n l a s r e s p ue s t as .

• The dry cleaner expects y o u r jacket to be r e a d y on T h u r s d a y .

• Sarah is a student.

• Youkeep clean shirts in the wardrobe.

• Jackie's course ends n e x t month.

• Youbelieve the present arrived yesterday.

• You t h i n k the mechanic repaired the car and returned it t h i s morning.

• Youexpect a letter to arrive tomorrow.

1 . W h e r e ' s m y c l e a n s h i r t? A It s h o u l d b e i n t h e w a r d r o b e .2 . W h e n ' s t h a t l e t t e r a r r i v i n g ? B S h e s h o u l d b e h o m e n e x t m o n th .

3 . W h a t h a p p e n e d to t h e p r e s e n t I s e n t ? c It s h o u l d h a v e a r ri v e d y e s t e r d a y .

4 . W h e r e is S a r a h ? D It s h o u l d b e h e r e t o m o r ro w .

5 . W h e n ' s J a c k i e c o m i n g h o m e ? E S h e s h o u l d b e a t c o l l e g e .

6 . W h a t ' s h a p p e n e d t o m y j a c k e t ? F It s h o u l d b e b a c k b y n o w .

7 . W h a t h a p p e n e d t o m y c a r ? G It s h o u l d b e r e a d y o n T h u r s d a y .

ISE

EXERCISE

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MUST • H A V E TO

E l verbo m u st es defectivo (no se puede usar en todos lo s t iempos. Vease: ' C o m o se

compor tan los verbos modales? ' ) . Usamos la forma have to donde no se puede u sa r must:

AFIRMATIVA N E G A T I V A

P R E S E N T E

F U T U R O

P A S A D O

P R E T E R I T O

P E R F E C T O

m u s t / h a v e t o

m u s t /w i l l have t o

had to

h a v e h a d t o

m u s t n ' t /d o n ' t h a v e t o

mustn't/won't h a v e t o

d i d n ' t have t o

h a v e n ' t h a d t o

I NT ERROG A T I V A

m u s t I?/do I h a v e t o ?

m u s t I?/wil l I h a v e t o ?

d i d y o u h a v e t o ?

h a v e y o u h a d t o ? ,

E N E L I N G L E S B R I T A N i C O H A V E / H A S G O T T O A M E N U D O S E U S A E N P R E S E N T E .

E N E S T E L I B R O S E U S A L A F O R M A M A S S E N C I L L A Y M A S C O M U N E N E L I N G L E S

A M E R I C A N O : H A V E T O / H A S T O .

M u s t /M u s tn 't /H a v e t o / D o n 't h a v e t o - O b l i g a c i o n

S S e usan tanto must como have to para expresar u n a obligacion posi t iva: .

Y o u must eat al l your vegetables!D eb es co m er toda la verdura!

Y o u hav e to shower before entering the swimming pool .

D e b e s ducharte antes d e entrar e n l a piscina.

H ay una pequena di ferenc ia ent re el signif icado de must y have to en form a af i rm at iva :

Cuando se usa must, el que

h a b l a e x p r e s a u n a o b l i g a c i o n

que el o ella siente:

I must d o some physical exercise.Debo hacer a lgo de ejerc i c io fisico.

Pero cuando se usa have to , el que habla

es ta jus to expresando u n hecho, u n a obliga-

c ion desde ' fuera ' , por e jemplo, una ley ou n a regula t ion:

Look at the s ign . You have to stop here.

Mira la ser ia l T i enes q u e p a r a r t e a q u i .

E n ingles, se usa mustn't para expresar un a obligacion negativa, po r ejemplo, un a obliga-

c ion de no hacer a lgo:Y o u

mustn'topen the present before your birthday!

No debes abr i r e l regalo antes de tu cu m p l ea n o s !

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Como se v io con una ob l igac ion pos i t iva , mustn't

expresa los sent imientos del que habla . Cuando la obl i - gac ion v iene d e l 'exterior' d e l q u e hab la , genera lmente

se usa can't (vease 1.3) o not al lowed to:

Se usa couldn't o wasn't /

weren' t a l lowed to expresa We

were

n 't a l l o w e d to wear jewe l lery a t school.prohibition en e l pasado: No se nos permi t i a l l e v a r joyasen la escuela.

Se usa l a f o r m a negat iva del verbo have to para expresar la ausencia de obl igacion en

todos lo s t i empos :

T he children don't h a v e to go to bed early tonight. They're on holiday.

Los ninos no tienen necesidad de ir a la cama temprano hoy. Estdn de vacaciones.

W e d i d n ' t have to pay for the museum, it's free o n Sundays.No tuvimos que pagar para entrar al museo, es gratis los domingos.

Ta m b i e n se p u e d e u s a r ne e dn' t para expresa r ausenc ia de obl igac ion (vease 5 .1) . As i

como con must y mustn't , needn' t expresa lo s sentimientos del que habla:

Y o u n e e d n ' t go to school today as you're n ot feel ing well .

No tienes por que ir al colegio hoy, pues no te sientes bien.

... m i e n t r a s don't have to/doesn'tYou

d o n ' t have to

g°to scho°l toda

yas it's

have to expresa un hecho: Sunday.No tienes que i r al colegio hoy pues es domingo.

M u s t - F u e r t e r e c o m e n d a c i o n

Se dice must para recom endar a lgo :You must see the new art

exhibition.Debes ver la nueva exposicion de arte.

T a m b i e n s e p u e d e u s a rW e really must have a holiday,

must para expresa r a lgo queVerdaderamente debemos tomarnos unas vacaciones.

rea lmente queremos hacer :

M u s t - D e d u c t i o nT he t ickets must be in my bag! I put

Se u sa must para u n a d e d u c d o nthem there last

n i g h t

l o g i c a SObre e l p r e s e n t e , C u a n d o Losbilletes t ienen que estar en mi bolsa!L o s puse a l h a y e r noche.

queremos expresa r ce r teza :

You can't park here.

No se puede aparear aqui.

We

it's

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L o contrario d e must e n este u s o

e s can't (vease 1.4):

E s m u y cor r iente usar a q u f u n a

f o r m a cont inua: must be - ing:

Maria can't be in London.

I spoke to her in Rome this morning.Mar ia no puede es tar en Londres .

Hable con ella en R o m a e s t a m a n a n a .

S e u s a must have +

p ar t ic ip io p a r a h a c e r

u n a d e d u c t i o n l o g i c a

sobre el pasado:

People have got their umbrellas up. It m ust be raining.La gente t i ene a b ier tos lo s paraguas . Debe de es tar l loviendo.

Jake must have written that.

It's his handwriting.Jake debe de haber escrito eso.

Es su letra.U n a v e z m a s , l o contrario a qui , e s

can't have/couldn't have + partici-

p io (vease 1.4): Jake can't have written that. He's only five!

J a ke no puede haber escr i to eso . {Solo t i ene c inco anos !

E X E R C I S E 1P o n g a la f o r m a correcta de mus t /have to en las f r a s e s . Use los v e r b o s de la casilla.

m us t n ' t ha ve t o will I have t o

d o w e have t o hasn ' t h a d t o h a d t o

1 . He doesn't go to work at the weekend.

2 . If I join the club, pay the membership fee straight a w a y ?

3 . Be c a r e f u l - that's h o t . You touch it.

4 . w e a r a special u n i f o r m for this job?

5 . We arrived late at the theatre and w a i t outside u n t i l the interval.6 . Susan's been in France for a week and she still speak French.

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I E X E R C I S E 2

C o m p l e t e lo s bocadillosd e l o s dibujos c o n m u s t o has to/have to .

3

Elija e l ve r b o a p r o p i a d o p a r a c a d a f r a s e .

1 . Look. That sign says 'Men only'! W e g o in !

A can't B don't have t o

2 . Free drinks before seven o'clock today! I p a y anything!

A mustn't B won't have to

3 . There a r e n o entrance requirements fo r this course. Y o u take a test.

A don't have to B mustn't

4 . Y o u b e rude to your aunt when s h e comes tomorrow!

A won't have to B mustn't

E X E R C I S E 4

U n a la s columnas A y B p a r a h a cer r e c o m e n d a c i o n e s o expresar deseos.

A i . My brother lives in your town. B A Y o u must take th e children.

2 . We've g o t a b i g f l a t in London. B W e must meet again soon.

3 . T h e n e w theme park is wonderful! c Y o u must come a n d visit u s .4 . I've really enjoyed seeing you. D Y o u must give h i m a call.

EXERCICE

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Complete las frases junto a las seiiales. Use: must /mustn' t , has to /have to o doesn ' t

h a v e to/don't h a v e to .

C o m p l e t e la s e gunda fr as e d e l p a r d e forma qu e signif ique lo m i s m o que la p r i m e r a .Use: must be/must have o can't be/can't have.

1 . I'm s u r e t h a t Ja p a n e s e is a di f f i cu l t l a n g u a g e fo r E u r o p e a n s to l e a r n .

J a p a n e s e a d i f f i c u l t l a n g u a g e f o r E u r o p e a n s to l e a r n .2 . I'm s u r e t h a t m y b o y f r ie n d p h o n e d m e w h i l e I was out.

M y b o y f r i e n d p h o n e d m e w h i l e I was out.

3 .1 d o n ' t b e l i e v e it's m i d n i g h t a l r e a d y !

It m i d n i g h t a l r e a d y !

4 .1 d o n ' t b e l i e v e t h a t s h o p h a s c l o s e d d o w n . I t was a l w a y s s o b u s y .

T h a t s h o p c lo s e d d o w n . It w a s a l wa y s s o b u s y .

5 . I'm c e r t a i n th a t he's t h e b e s t p l a y e r i n th e c l u b .

H e t h e b e s t t e n n i s p l a y e r i n t h e c l u b .

6 . L o o k a t t h o s e t r e e s ! I'm s u r e th e w in d b l e w th e m d o w n !L o o k a t t h o s e t r e e s ! T h e w in d b l o w n th e m d o w n !

E X E R C I S E 6

Householder: This is my Woman to friend: Put your Cashier: Sorry, but your

drive. You Park here. purse away. You give dog stay outside

money to every charity It's the rule.

Driving instructor: Slow

down! YOu Stop at

that sign!

Man to woman: Oh good.

when we go to the party, we

Wear anything format.

Librarian: Please be quiet.

You Shout in the

library.

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N E E D ( T O )

N e e d s e p u e d e u s a r c o m o u n v e r b o o r d i n a r i o I n e e d / S h e n e e d s m o r e m o n e y .

c o n e l s i g n i f i c a d o d e ' r e q u e r i r ' : N e c e s i t o / E l l a n e c e s i t a m a s d i n e m .

N e e d ( t o ) - N e c e s i d a d y o b l i g a t i o n p r e s e n t e y f u t u r a

C o m o v e r b o m o d a l n e e d e x p r e s a n e c e s i d a d ( a m e n u d o u n a n e c e s id a d q u e s ie n te e l q u e

h a b l a ) , e n l a f o r m a a f ir m a t i v a d e l p r e s e n t e s i e m p r e u s a t o + i n f i n i t i v o :

L a f o r m a n e g a t i v a s e p u e d e f o r m a r c o m o I need to S p e n d m o r e t im e a t h o m e .u n v e r b o m o d a l n e e d n ' t o c o m o u n v e r b o Necesito pasar m as iempo en casa

n o r m a l con don't/doesn't n e e d to :

W e n e e d n ' t / d o n ' t n e e d to g o o u t i f y o u d o n ' t w a n t t o .

N o t e n e m o s n e c e s i d a d d e s a l i r s i n o t e a p e t e c e .L a p r e g u n t a s e p u e d e f o r m a r

d e d o s m a n e r a s ( a u n q u e n e e d

I... n o e s m u y c o r ri e n t e ) : N e e d I / D o I n e e d t o d o t h a t c o u r se ?jTengo neces idad de hacer ese cu rso?

8 8 N e e d t a m b i e n p u e d e e x p r e s a r u n a

obl iga t ion d e s d e ' f u e r a ' , por e j e m -

p l o , u n a l e y u n a r e g u l a t i o n , u n aD o w e need to/have to t e k e o u r

passports?a u t o r i d a d e x t e r n a . E n e s t e s e n t i d o , e s T e n e m o s q u e c o g e r n u e s t w s p a s a p o r t e s ?

p a r e c i d o a h a v e to ( v e a s e 4 . 1 ) :

L a f o r m a n e g a t iv a needn't am e n u d o e x p r e s a lo s s e n t i m i e n -

Y oun e e d n ' t c o o k t h i s . I l i k e it r a w .

tOS d e l d u e habla' N o h a y neces idad de que coc ines es to . Me gus ta crudo .

P e r o don't/doesn't h a v e to e x p r e s a un h e c h o ( v e a s e 4 .1 ) :

Y o u d o n ' t h a v e t o c o o k t h i s . I t c a n b e e a t e n r a w .

No t i enes neces idad de cocer es to . Se puede comer crudo .

N e e d ( t o ) - N e c e s i d a d y o b l i g a t i o n p a s a d a

S e v e r a q u e e l p a s a d o d e n e e d e s m a s d i r e c t o D i d y o u n e e d t o s e e m e ?q u e e l p r e s e n t e : T e n i a s n e c e s i d a d d e v e r m e ?

cesidad de

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S in embargo , h a y d o s f o r m a s negativas e n e l pasado, l a s cuales tienen sentidos diferentes.

5 ? C o n l a f o r m a didn't need t o ,

n o sabemos s i l a action pasada f u e

llevada a cabo o n o :

W e d i d n ' t n e e d t o g e t a visa.No necesitdbamos conseguir un visado.

... ESTO PODRIA SIGNIFICAR Q U E , 0 BIEN CONSEGUIMOS U N

V I S A D O P E R O N O F U E NE C E S A R 1 0 , 0 Q U E N O CONSEGUIMOS

U N VISADO, PERO Q U E N O IMPORTO.

C o n la f o r m a en pasad o de needn' t

have + participio, solamente es posible

e l primer signif icado:

W e n e e d n ' t h a v e g o t a visa.No teniamos necesidad de haber

conseguido un visado.

... ESTO SIGNIFICA Q U E CONSEGUIMOS U N VISADO

PERO QUE NO NOS FUE N E C E S A R 1 0 .

N e e d + -ing - P e r m i s o y p e t i t i o n

!2 Need + -ing tiene el m i s m o

s i g n i f i c a d o pasivo q u e need t o

b e + participio: T h e c a r n e e d s w a s h i n g / n e e d s t o b e washed.El coche necesita un lavado.

E X E R C I S E 1

C o m p l e t e lo s h u e c o s c o n need en f o r m a a f i rm a t i va , n ega t i va o i n t erro ga t i va . T e n g a

c u i d a d o , h a y d o s f o r m a s p a r a la s p r e g u n t a s y l a s n e g a c i o n e s .

1 . W e ' r e s t a r t i n g to a r g u e to o m u c h . W e to s p e n d s o m e t im e a p a r t .

2 . to t ake a ll t h o s e c l o th e s w i th y o u o n h o l i d a y ?

3 . I t ake a n umbrella, d o y o u t h i n k ?

4 . W e 'r e g o i n g t o t h e m u s e u m , b u t y o u c o m e i f y o u d o n 't wa n t to .

5 . Y o u l o o k v e r y s t r e s s e d . Y o u t o r ela x m o r e .6 . G o o d n e w s ! I've a lr e a d y p a s s e d th e c o u r s e , s o I t o d o t h e l a s t e s s a y .

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E X E R C I S E 2

S o n es tas f r a ses cor r ec t a s o n o ? H a g a u n a m a r c a o u n a c r u z e n l a s casi l las .

1 .W e r e a ll y n e e d e d to h a v e a h o l i d a y . W e w e r e e x h a u s t e d !

2 . Y o u n e e d n 't h a v e c o m e t o s e e m e . I w a s g o i n g to c a ll y o u .

3 . Y o u d i d n ' t n e e d to c o m e t o s e e m e . I w a s g o i n g to c a l l y o u .

4 . H e d i d n ' t s i g n th e f o r m , b u t t h a t w a s O K b e c a u s e h e n e e d n ' t h a v e s i g n e d i t .

5 . H e d i d n ' t s i g n th e f o r m , b u t t h a t w a s O K b e c a u s e h e d i d n 't n e e d to s i g n i t .

6 . We t o o k o u r t e n t , b u t w e d i d n ' t n e e d to t ake i t .

7 . We d i d n 't t a ke o u r t e n t , b u t w e n e e d n ' t h a v e ta k e n i t .

E X E R C I S E 3

E s c r i b a f r a ses s o b r e c a d a d i b u j o c o n l a f o r m a need + ing.

V u e l v a a es c r i b i r la s f r a ses u s a n d o need to .

1. (the tyre/blow up)

The tyre needs blowing up.

2. (the armchair/repair) 3. (his eyes/test)

4 . ( t h e s h i r t / w a s h ) 5 . ( t h e h o u s e / r e b u i l d ) 6 . ( t h e p l a n t / w a t e r )

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W I L L • W O N ' T

Probablemente usted conocera will como verbo auxil iar para f o r m a r el f u t u r o . W il l t am-

bien e s u n verbo m odal c o n u n a variedad d e significados q u e veremos e n esta u n idad .

W il l / W o n ' t - D e c i s i o n e s h e c h a s a l a h o r a d e h a b l a r

Se usa will/won't para expresar una

decis ion hecha mien tras hab lamos. Se

u s a para una intention que acabamos de

tomar , una in tencion no p rem edi tada: .

Are you going now? I'll come with you.V as a salir?, ire contigo.

W e w o n ' t take t h e car.No cogeremos e l coche.

5! A m e n u d o se usa w i l l /

w on ' t d e e s t a m a n e r a p a r a

expresar o fe r tas , negat ivas ,

p romesas y amenazas: „

A m e n u d o , s e u s a e l verbo

think con will:

O f e r t a

N e g a t i v a

P ro me sa

A me n aza

I ' l l carry the heavy bag.Y o llevare la bolsa pesada.

I w o n ' t move the car.No pienso mover e l coche.

Y o u r father mil give you the money.Tu padre te dard el dinero.

I'll call the police if you don' t go .Llamare a la policia s i no te vas .

I don' t think I'll join the club.No pienso ingresar en el club.

I think well buy the blue car.Creo q u e co m p r a r em o s e l coche azul .

W ill / W o n ' t - P r e d i c c i o n e s

S e usa wil l /won't para s imples

predicciones sobre el f u t u r o :

3 5 Para predicciones, a me n ud o s e u s a n

v e rb o s q ue e x p re san in ce r t id umb re ,

tales com o think, expect, suppose, conwill/won't:

It w i l l be colder tomorrow.Ha rd mu cho mds fr io ma nana.

England w o n ' t win the World Cup.Inglaterra no ganard la Copa del Mundo.

I e x p e c t he'll arrive in a minute.Supongo q u e l legard dentro de un momento .

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T a m b i e n s e u s a n a d v e r b i o s t a l e s

c o m o d e f i n i t e l y ( d e f m i t iv a m e n t e ) y

c e r t a i n l y ( c ie r ta m e n t e ) p a r a h a c e r q u e

l a s p r e d i c c io n e s s c a n m a s f u e r t e s , o

p r o b a b l y ( p r o b a b l e m e n t e ) y p o s s i b l y

( p o s i b le m e n t e ) p a r a h a c e r que las p r e -

d i c c i o n e s s c a n m as d e b i l e s :

U n e m p l o y m e n t w i l l d e f i n i t e l y r i s e t h i s

y e a r .El paw es seguro q u e suba este ano.

W e p r o b a b l y w o n ' t see you later.Seguramente no te veremos luego.

W il l / w o n 't - D e d u c t i o nS e p u e d e u s a r w i l l / w o n ' t p a r a f o r m a r d e d u c c i o n e s q u e s o n c a s i s e g u r a s :

T h a t w i l l be the postman at the d o o r .Ese debe de ser e l car t e ro q u e estd en la puerta.

(S iempre viene a esta hora) . S he m u s t b e staying at the Hilton .She'll be Staying at the Hilton. Ella debe de hospedarse en el Hilton.

Ella se hospedard en e l Hil ton. (Hem os l lam ado a todos lo s otros hoteles

(Siempre se qu eda en el Hil ton) . y no estd en ninguno)

C O M P A R E E S T E U L T I M O u s o C O N M U S T P A R A

U N A D E D U C C I O N L O G I C A ( V E A S E 4 . 3 )

3 W i l l / w o n 't - D i s p o s i t i o n y d e t e r m i n a t i o n

S e p u e d e u s a r w i l l p a r a e x p r e sa r

d i s p o s i c i o n :

E v i d e n t e m e n te , p o d e m o s t a m b i e n u s a r

w o n ' t p a r a e x p r e s a r f a l t a d e d i s p o s i c i o n

( v e a s e 6.1 ' n e g a t i v a ' )

M y husband w i l l f i x t h a t t a p f o r y o u .M i mar ido te arreglard ese grifo.

I 'm a f r a i d h e w o n ' t s e e y o u .M e t e m o que no va a ver te .

P o d e m o s u s a r w i ll /w o n ' t p a ra e x p r e s a r u n a f u e r t e

d e t e r m i n a ti o n p a r a h a c e r a lg o o p a r a no h a c e r l o :

I w o n ' t b e i n t im i d a t e d b y y o u !

jNo me in t imidards!

W e mil ge t ou r m o n e y back!/Recuperaremos nuestro dinero!

F U E S E Q U E C U A N D O

EL A C E N T O SE PONE EN

W I L L , C O M O EN EL

U L T I M O E J E M P L O

A N T E R I O R , SE USA LA

P A L A B R A C O M P L E T A

NO LA CONTRACC10N.

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W ill - P e t i c i o n e sSe puede usar will para hacer peticiones,

genera lmente de f o r m a mas fami l i a r q ue

cortes:

Para ser mas cortes, se usar ia o bien

would (vease 8.1) o could (vease 2.4) ,

W ill /w o n 't - O r d e n e s

Se puede usar will/won't para orde-

n e s fuertes, generalmente dadas p or unapersona con autor idad sobre o t ra , por

e j e m p l o , en una situation militar...

o u n padre hab lando a un n ino :

E X E R C I S E 1

C o m p le te la s respuestas e n cada m i n i -

dialogo. U s e will o won't y u n verbo

f r a s a l d e l a casilla.

W i l l you close th e window, please.Quieres cerrar la ventana,por favor.

W o u l d / C o u l d you close th e window,

please?Quieres cerrar la ventana,por favor?

Y o u w i l l r e po r t to the o f f i c e a t once.Usted vendrd a la oficina inmediatamente.

Y o u w i l l stay in your room today!Te quedards en tu habitation hoy!

come with y o u

get some

p a y f o r

help y o u

stay long

e n o u g h time

1 . I think I'm going to play a trick o n t h e teacher.

- That's a horrible idea. I won't help you if you do.2 . - Oh no! I've forgotten mypurse and we've already ordered the food!

- Don't worry. I the meal this time.

3 . - I'm going to a lecture on astronomy tonight. Is anyone interested?

-Yes, I . I'm fascinated by astronomy.

4 . - We've got f r i e n d s in Vienna.Do you want their address?

- No, thanks. We to visit anyone.

5 . - Oh, we haven't got anymilk. What a nuisance!

-1 for you on the wayhome.

6 . - Whydon't youstay for dinner?

- No, I . I've got a lot of work to do.

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Escriba una p r e d i c t i o n p or cada u n o d e l o s t i tu lares de lo s periodicos .

Us e l o s ad verbios d e f i n i t e l y , c e r t a i n l y , probably o p o s s i b l y , so lo u n a v ez .

J A P A N E S E L I K E L Y TO B U I L D U N D E R G R O U N D C I T Y

PRIME MINISTER C E R T A I N TO R E S IG N N E X T W E E K

P O S S IB L E H O U S E P R IC E R IS E N E X T Y E A R

C H A N C E L L O R N O T T O R A I S E T A X E S - D E F I N I T E

1 . Th e J a p a n e s e 3. H o u s e p r i c e s

2 . Th e Pr im e M i n is t e r 4. The C h a n c e l l o r

Use la in form ation para formar frases co n w i l l / w o n ' t + infinitivo o w i l l / w o n ' t + be + i n g .

1 . T h e t e le p h o n e r i n g s . Y o u 'r e e x p e c t i n g y o u r s i s te r to ca l l .

T h a t ' / / be m y s is ter .

2 . I t ' s S a t u r d a y a f t e r n o o n . T o m a l w a y s p l a y s cricket o n S a t u r d a y a f t e r n o o n .

T o m will be p l a y i n g c r i c k e t .

3 . T h e p o s t m a n c a l ls . Y o u 'r e e x p e c t in g a parcel.

T h a t

4 . I t ' s W e d n e s d a y . Y o u r f r ie n d S a r a a l w a y s wo r k s a t th e g y m o n W e d n e s d a y .

S a r a

5 . Y o u r b o ss is a l w a y s b u s y . S o m e o n e a s ks t o s e e h i m w i t h o u t a n a p p o i n t m e n t .

I 'm a f r a i d h e

4

B u s q u e d o s respues tas entre A y H p ar a cada u n a d e las frases .

1 . D a d , I can't d o t h i s h o m e w o r k. I t 's t o o d i f f ic u l t .

2 . M y t e l e v i s i o n ' s b r o k e n . C a n M i c h a e l re p a i r t e le v i s i o n s ?

3 . D o y o u t h i n k you'll g e t th e jo b a s D i r e c t o r ?4 . 1 d o n ' t b e li e v e w e 'l l e v e r g e t t h e m o n e y f o r t h e car .

A Y e s , I w a n t i t so m u c h th a t I wil l ge t i t !

B I a g r e e . I t h i n k th e in s u r a n c e c o m p a n y w o n 't p a y u s .

c Y e s , b u t h e w o n ' t re p a i r f r i e n d s ' t h i n g s .

D B r i n g i t t o m e . I ' l l h e l p y o u .

E N o , o f c o u r s e n o t . T h e y w o n 't g iv e i t to a w o m a n !

F W e wil l ge t i t, e v e n i f we h a v e t o f i gh t f o r y e a r s !

G Well , I won't h e lp y o u . Y o u h a v e to l e a r n t o d o i t b y y o u r s e l f .H Y e s , he'll f i x i t f o r y o u .

EXERCISE 2

EXERCISE 3

EXERCISE

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Una los bocadil los numerado s de los dibujos c on una d e la s frases .

A Will y o u marry m e ?

B Will y o u tell M r s Green?

c Y ou will do you r hom ework, B il ly!D Will y o u help m e cross , young man?

E Y o u won' t g o o u t with him , m y girl!

F Will y o u turn that do wn?

EXERCISE 5

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Shall y s u f o r m a negativa shall n o t (contraccion shan't) s e pueden usar d e l a m i s m a

f o r m a q u e will y won't (vease 6.1.) pero solo c o n l a s primeras personas d e l singular y d e lp l u r a l (I y w e )

!G E N E R A L M E N T E S E C O N T R A E E L

W I L L Y E L S H A L L A ' L L H A B L A N D O Y

E N L A ESCRTTU RA FA M I LI A R. L A

D I F E R E N C I A SE H A C E M A S N O T A B L E

E N LA E S C R I T U R A F O R M A L .

I s h a l l / w i l l come with you.

Ire contigo.

W e s h a n ' t / w o n ' t stay f o r dinner.No nos quedaremos a cenar.

S h a l l - C o n s e j o s y s u g e r e n c i a s

Se puede usar shall (n o will) What s h a l l I wear tonight?

p a r a pedir consejo: Q u e mepongo e s t a n o c h e ?

S h a l l w e wait a n y longer f o r him?E n es tas s i tuac iones t ambien s e ! L e e s p e r a m o s m a s t i e m p o ?

puede usar should (vease 3.1):

! Should w e wait a n y longer p o r him?! iDeberiamos esperarle mas tiempo? \ W h a t s h a l l w e d o a t t h e w e e k e n d ?

Que hacemos en elfin de semana?

T a m b i e n podemos pedir y hacer S h a t t we try that new pizzeria?

sugerencias c o n shall (n o will): -Vamos a la

nueva p i z z e r i a ? _

T a m b i e n podemos usar shall (n o will) shall I carry fo r you?p a r a ofrecer algo: .Quiere que le lleve eso?

S h a l l - P r e d i c c i o w sI think I s h a l l / w i l l be late.

C o m o s e v i o c o n will/won't, s e puede usar C r e o q u e l l e g a r e t a r d e

shall/shan't para hacer predicciones: W e s h a n ' t / w o n ' t make much moneyNo haremos mucho dinero.

I s h a l l / w i l l come as soon as I can.Esto tambien puede expresar intencion: _Llegareen cuantopueda.

SHALL . SHAN'T

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S h a l l - P r o m e s a s y r e g l a s

E s posible, a unq ue bastante an t icuado , hacer una promesa a alguien con shall:

Y o u s h a l l g o t o t h e party.1 Shall se puede u sar para ex presar reglas

f o r m a l e s y o r d e n e s , g e n e r a l m e n t e p o r

escrito;Th e panel's decision shall be final .

La decision del jurado sera inapelable.

A menudo , se usa la voz pasiva de esta manera formal en la escritura:

Applications s h a l l be submitted by 1st August

L as solicitudes deberdn se r entregadas para el 1 de agosto.

EXERClSE 1Case las p r e g u n t a s e n la c o l u m n a A c on la s r e s p u e s t a s de la c o l u m n a B. D e s p u e scom p lete las p r e g u n t a s d e A c o n la s p a l a b r a s d e la casi l la.

i Shall IA

Shall w e1 . g o t o t h e c o u n t r y a t t h e w e e k e n d ?

2 g e t y o u a n o t e p a d ? | What shal l we

3 . t ake a s a p r e s e n t t o n i g h t ? Where shal l I

4 - p u t t h is c h a i r ? H o w shall I5 . a d d r e s s th e M i n is te r ?

6 . s t ay a t h o m e th i s e v e n in g ?

B

A W h y don't we t a k e s o m e f l o w e r s ?

B Y o u c a n j u s t c a ll h im 'Sir'.

c O v e r th e r e , u n d e r th e w i n d o w .

D G o o d i d e a. I 'd l ike t o g e t a w a y f r o m th e c i t y .

E Y e s , I w a n t to w a t c h th e f o o t b a l l o n t h e T V .F Y e s , please. I 'd like t o w r it e s o m e t h i n g s d o w n .

Tu iras a la fiesta.

Shall we

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2Esta es u n a l ista d e resoluc iones d e A n o Nue vo: c osas q u e t i e ne in t e nt ion d e hacer

d u r a n t e el ano. Escr iba tres co n shall y tres co n shan't .

1.1 s h a l l

2 .1 s h a n ' t3.1 shall

4 .1 s h a n ' t

5.1 s h a l l

6 .1 s h a n ' t

H e aqui unas re g las para u n a c o m p e t i t io n . H a g a la s m a s norm ale s (t a l c om o pone en

la s ins trucc iones) co n shall/shall not .1 . Please a r r i v e a t the h o t e l a t 8.45 a .m.

Entrants shall arrive at the hotel at 8.45 a.m.

2 . We'll g i v e o u t t h e competition papers a t 9.00 a .m.

Competition papers shall be given out at 9.00 a.m.

3 . Y o u m u s t n 't ta l k d u r i n g th e c o m p e t i t i o n .

E n t r a n t s

4 . Y o u m u s t f i n i s h w ri t i ng b y 10.30.

E n t r a n t s

5 . We'll hold th e i n t e r v i e w s between 11.00 a n d 12.00.

I n t e r v i e w s

6 . We'll a n n o u n c e o u r f i n a l d e c i s i o n a t 12.30.

O u r f i n a l d e c i s i o n

EXERCISE 2

EXERCISE 3

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W o u l d - P e t i c i o n e s W o u ld you pass th e salt, please?

1 Wou ld cuando s e u s a e n peticiones Tienela bondad deP

asarme la sal?

es mas cortes que will:

Could es igual de cortes que would C o u l d you pass th e salt, please?

(vease 2.4): Podria pasarme la sal,por favor?

W o u l d l i k e - D e s e o s , o f e r t a s y p e t i c i o n e s8 8 E n e l ingles coloquial generalmente usamos la fo rma con tra ida ( 'd l ike) e n l a s f r a s e s

a f i r m a t i v a s . Would l ike puede i r seguido p o r u n infinitivo:

I'd like to buy a ticket to Oxford , please.Quisiera comprar un billete para Oxford, por favor.

Would l ike s e u s a para hacer W o u ld y o u l i k e some coffee?o f e r t a s corteses... Quiere algo de cafe?

o por una frase nominal: I'd ticket to Oxford , please.

Quisiera un billete para Oxford, por favor.

invitaciones y sugerencias: Would you liketo come for

L e gustaria venir a comer?

y para hacer peticionesI

Quisiera una habitacion doble, por favor.

Podemos usar would l ike + infinitivo I ' d l i k e t o swim every day.

para expresar un deseo general . FijeseM e

gustaria nadar todos los dias.

q u e hay una diferencia entre el signifi- (U n

deseo para el futuro)

cado d e would like + infinitivo y like + I l i k e t o swim every day.infinitivo. Compare estas frases: M e gusta nadar t o d o s l o s dias.

sal?

I' please.

r lunch?

I'd like a double room, plase.de cosas:

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W o u ld l ik e - U n a p o s i b i l i d a d f u t u r a

S e u s a w o u l d p a r a h a b l a r s o b r e

p r e d i c c i o n e s y p o s i b i l i d a d e s f u t u -

r a s . Son posibilidades que d e p e n d e nd e a l g u n a o t r a c o s a q u e h a s u c e d i -

d o o a lg o q u e c a m b i a e n e l f u t u r o :

Se usa w o u l d be + a d j e t i v o p a r a

h a b l a r s o b r e n u e s t r a s r e a c c i o n e s a

p o s i b i l i d a d e s f u t u r a s :

An a la r m c lo c k w o u l d h e l p us w a k e

up o n t im e .

Un despertador nos ayudar ia a despertarnosa la hora. (Pew no tenemos u no ahora.)

C a r o l w o u l d be an e x c e le n t m a n a g e r e s s .Carol ser ia u na directora excelente. (Pero no

es directora todavia.)

A p a y r i s e w o u l d b e n i c e .Un a u m en t o de salario ser ia bienvenido.

W o u ld r a th e r /W o u ld p r e f e r - P r e f e r e n t i a sW o u ld r a t h e r v a s e g u i d o p o r e l i n f m i to s i n t o . S e u s a p a r a d e s c r i b i r u n a p r e f e r e n c i a .

S i g n i f i c a l o m i s o q u e p r e f e r ( p r e f e r i r ) :

S e u s a l a f o r m a n e g a t i v a w o u l d r a t h e r n o t c o m o u n a

m a n e r a c o r t e s de r e h u s a r una o f e r t a o p e t i c i o n :

- W o u l d y o u m in d a n s w e r in g s o m e q u e s t io n s ?- Y d r a t h e r n o t , t h a n k y o u .- jLe importaria responder a algunas preguntas?

- Prefiero no hacerlo, gracias .

- W o u l d y o u p r e f e r t h e y e l l o w o r t h e g r e e n s h i r t ?

- Y d r a t h e r h a v e t h e g r e e n o n e .- tPrefer i r ia us ted la cam isa am ari l la o la verde?

- Prefiero la verde.

- W o u l d y o u l i k e s o m e t e a ?

iLe gustaria un poco de te?

• Y d r a t h e r h a v e c o f f e e .Prefiero tomar cafe.

W o u ld - A c e t o n e s h a b i t u a t e s e n p a s a d oS e p u e d e u s a r w o u l d p a r a d e s c r ib i r c o s a s q u e s u c e d i e r o n e n e l p a s a d o . S e re f i e re a c o s a s

q u e s u c e d i e ro n r e g u l a r , h a b i t u a l o f r e c u e n t e m e n t e . S e p u e d e u s a r p a r a e v e n t o s i n d i v i d u a l e s .

T i e n e un s i g n i f i c a d o p a r e c i d o a used to ( v e a s e 10.1):

5 5 W o u ld s o l o s e p u e d e u s a r p a r a a c -

c i o n e s e n e l p a s a d o . N o s e p u e d e u s a r

p a r a e s ta d o s p e r m a n e n t e s . ( W h e n s h ew a s y o u n g s h e w o u l d h a v e l o n g h a i r ) .

W e w o u l d g o s w i m m i n g e v e r y

T u e s d a y a f t e r n o o n .

Soliamos i r a nadar todos losm a r t e s por la tarde.

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Para describir estados en t iempos pasados se usa used to o e l pasado

simple (vease 10.2):

W hen she was young sh e used to have/she had long hair.Cuando ella era joven solia llevar el pelo largo.

I w i s h . . . w o u l d51 Para ex presar un deseo de que algo cam bie

o sea d i feren te , o para que a lgun o t ro haga

algo, se usa: I wish + pronombre/sustantivo

+ would/wouldn't .

U s a m o s esta estructura solamente para hablar so-

bre cosas que estan f u e r a de nue stro control personal.

N o se puede u s a r I wish.. . would para hablar sobre

noso tros mismos:

It's cold. / w i s h they w o u l d

turn on the heating.Hace frio. /Y a podian poner la

calefaccion!

I w i s h Sheila w o u l d n ' t

complain so much./Ya podia Sheila dejar de

quejarse tanto!

E X E R C I S E 1

H a g a es ta c onver s ac ion m as c o r t es r e e m p l a za n d o la s frases s u b r a y a d a s co n e x pre -

s iones a p r o p i ad a s u s a n d o la f o r m a w o uld .

P o r e j e m p l o : I 'd l ike to bu y a t i cke t to Edinburgh.

C l e r k C a n I h e lp y o u ?

C u s t o m e r Y e s , ( 1 ) 1 w a n t t o b u y a t ic ke t t o E d i n b u r g h .C l e r k (2 ) F i r s t c l a s s o r s t a n d a r d c l a s s ?

C u s t o m e r First c l a s s , p l e a s e . C a n I r e s e r v e a s e a t ?

C l e rk O f c o u r s e , s ir . W h i c h t r a in ( 3 ) d o y o u w a n t t o t ra v e l o n ?

C u s t o m e r (4 ) I w a n t th e 3.05.

C l e r k S m o k i n g o r n o n - s m o k i n g c a r r i a g e ?

C u s t o m e r ( 5 ) I w a n t n o n - s m o k in g , p le a s e.

C l er k V e r y g o o d , s ir . ( 6 ) H o w d o y o u w a n t to p a y ?

C u s t o m e r B y c r e d i t c a r d p l e a s e .

C l e r k ( 7) D o y o u w a n t a r e c e i p t?

C u s t o m e r N o , t h a n k s .

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E X E R C J S E 2

Rel lene lo s huecos c o n 'd l ike o l i k e .

1.When I go to Switzerland next January I to learn to ski.

2.1 t o s i t b y t h e f i r e o n cold winter evenings.

3 . A f t e r I f i n i s h college I to take a secretarial course.

4 . I 'm feeling rather fat. I to lose some weight.

5 . I to take a shower before I have breakfast i n t h e mornings.

6 .1 to play more sport, but I just don't have the time.

7 . - Would you like a drink?

- Yes, please. I tohave anorange juice with ice.

8 . - Would you like to see my holiday photos?

- Yes. I to seethem.

9 . W e always to take lots o f photos when we g o o n holiday.

E X E R C I S E 3

Carolina esta planeando unas vacaciones para el proximo verano. Esta hablando so -

b r e la s d i fe re nte s p o s i b i l i d a d es . C o m p l e t e su s frases usando would be y u n adje t i vo

a p r o p ia d o d e l a casilla.

expens ive fasc ina ting u nusu a l re lax ing exhaus t ing boring

1 . T wo weeks o n a beach 4. A tour o f Egypt

2 . Staying a t t h e Ritz hotel in Paris 5 . Staying a t home

3 . Mountain climbing in Switzerland trip to Antarctica

4

U n a l as sugerencias e n l a c o l u m n a A c o n la s respuestas e n l a c o l u m n a B.

A B

1 . H o w about lunch o n Tuesday? A I ' d rather have a steak.

2 . Shall we meet a t nine? B She'd rather take th e train.

3 . H o w about going t o t h e theatre? c I 'd rather make i t Wednesday.

4 . Would y o u like some chicken? D I 'd rather meet a t ten.

5 . Shall I b u y h e r a plane ticket? E They'd rather have books.

6 . Shall I b u y them some toys? F I ' d rather g o t o t h e cinema.

EXERCISE 4

arctica

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5

A n a e s t a h a b l a n d o s o b r e l a s cosas q u e s o lia n s u c e d e r e n s u n i n e z . C o m p l e te la s f r a s e s .

1 . A W e went t o t h e cinema every Saturday.

B Every Saturday we would go to the cinema.

2 . A I s a t a n d read books f o r hours a n d hours.B I

3 . A M y mother read stories t o m e a t bedtime.

B A t bedtime m y mother

4 . A M y father took u s f o r long walks.

B H e

5 . A M y aunts a n d uncles visited u s a t t h e weekends.

B A t th e weekends m y aunts a n d uncles

6

U n a lo s dibujosc o n l a s frases.

1 . -I w i s h h e ' d w e a r a t i e .

2 . - I w i s h h e w o u l d n ' t w e a r a t i e .

3 . -I w i s h it w o u l d s t o p r a i n i n g .

4 . -I w i s h it w o u l d r a i n .

EXERCISE 5

EXERCISE

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M A Y • MIGHT

M a y /M ig h t - P o s i b i l i d a d

E n l a s unidades 1 y 2 vimos e l u s o d e c a n y could para expresar po sibi lidad. Tam bien

podemos u s a r m a y y might para expresar posibilidad

M a y y might pueden expresar ambos u n a posibilidad e n e l f u t u r o . S o n m u y parecidos,

pero, might es algo m as remoto, por ejemplo:

m ay sugiere entre un 50-60 p or ciento d e posibilidades d e q u e suceda algo.

might sugiere entre un 30-40 por ciento de posibilidades:

It m ay rain on Sunday. It's so cold that it m i g h t even snow.Puede que llueva el domingo. Race tantofrio que podria incluso nevar.

N o se suele usar m ay o might para

p r e g u n t a r sobre posibilidades. E n v e z

de ello se usa el verbo think:

D o you think you m i g h t leave your job?^Crees quepodrias dejar tu trabajo?

Se puede usar m ay y might para hablar sobre

la posibilidad en el presente. E n este caso, esta-

m o s haciendo una deduction basada en nues t ro

conocimiento de la situation:

S h e m a y / m i g h t b e busy today.

Puede que este ocupada hoy.

U n a v e z mas , might expresa u n a posibilidad q u e e s u n poco m a s remota:

It's not likely, but h e m i g h t be at the l ibrary.No es muy probable, pero el podria estar en la biblioteca.

S e puede usa r t an to m ay have c o m o

might have + participio para hablar so-bre una posibilidad en el pasado. Se pueden

u s a r ambos verbos para sugerir u n a incer-

t i d u m b r e sobre si una action sucedio o no :

S h e m a y n o t h a v e waited a t t h e

right place.Puede qu e ella no haya esperado en

el sitio apropiado.

I think I m i g h t h a v e seen this film.Puede que haya visto esta pelicula.

Pero tambien se puede

u s a r m ight not have cuan-

do sabemos que la actionsucedio:

W e m i g h t n o t h a v e caught this train!fPodiamos no haber cogido este tren! (Pero si lo cogimos).

I m i g h t not h a v e heard th e phone ring.Podria no haber oido el telefono. (Pero si lo oi).

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podemos usar might cuando sabemos que la action no sucedio:

Esto es parecido W hy did you climb th e tree? Y ou m i g h t have fal len dow n.a could (vease 2 3) Por que

tesubiste al arbol? Podrias haberte caido. (Pew no te caiste.)

M a y /M ig h t - P e r m i s o

Y a hem os vis to la f o r m a m a s corriente d e pedir permiso, c o n c a n (vease 1.3). Tambien s e

p u e d e usar m ay para pedi r permiso. M ay es mas f o r m a l que c a n :

a Se puede usar might para pedir permi- M a y I u s e your phone, please?s o , p e r o e s m u y c o r t e s y d e ta n te o , e s deck, i P u e d o u s a r t u t e l e f o n o , p o r f a v o r ?

q u e n o estamos m u y seguros d e cual serala respuesta: Might l make a suggestion?

Podria hacer una sugerencia?

S i usamos m a y para d a r permiso, d a l a impresion d e s e r m u y formal . m a s corriente p o r

escrito: Food m ay be eaten only in the bar area.Solo se puede comer en la zona del bar.

Se puede usar tanto m ay not comoN o .o u m a y n o t / m i g h t y n

might n o t para rehusar permiso . L a s No, no puedes sahr de la habitacion.d o s lormas s o n m u y loraiales y

d e n s e r m u y f u e r t e s :p u e

M ig h t - S u g e r e n d a s y p e t i d o n e s

Se puede usar might para hacer don't know where Bill is .sugerencias d e tanteo: - Y ou m i g h t look in the garage.

No se donde estd Bill.

Podrias mirar

enelgarajeSe podria usa r might para hacer una

pet ic ionde tanteo:

Podrias llamarme cuando llegues.

Esto t iene el m ism o s ignif icado que, por ejemplo, will you call m e w hen you arrive?(vease 6.5), pero e s m a s d e tanteo ( e l q u e habla n o esta seguro d e u n a respuesta posi t iva) .

O

e

Mighthac

n o t l e a v e t h e r o o m .

- I

Y o u m i g h t c a l l m e w h e n y o a r r iv e .

a j e .

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M ig h t h a v e - C r i t i c a

S e usa m i g h t h a v e + participio

p a r a c r i t ic a l a u n a p e r s o n a p o r n o h a -

c e r a lg o e n e l p a s a d o , c o m o c o n c o u l dh a v e ( v e a s e 2 . 3 ) :

Y o u m i g h t h a v e t o l d m e .Podrias habermelo dicho.

S h e m i g h t h a v e o f f e r e d t o h e l p .Podria ella haberse ofrecido a ayudar.

M a y a s w e ll /M ig h t a s w e l l

L a s f r a s e s m a y a s w e l l / m ig h t a s w e l l s e u s a n c o r r ie n t e m e n t e p a r a e x p r e sa r u n c u r s o d e

a c t io n q u e n o e s e l i d ea l, p e r o q u e e s e l m e jo r b a j o l a s c i r c u n s t a n c i a s :

W e m a y / m i g h t a s w e l l w a t c h T V .

Podemos ver la 'tele '. (No hay nada mejor qu e hacer).

Y o u m a y / m i g h t as w e l l t e ll th e t r u t h .Y a podrias decir la verdad. (Se que estds mintiendo).

E X E R C I S E 1

M i r e l o s p a r t i d o s d e s e m i f i n a l

d e l c a m p e o n a t o d e t e r n s c o n e l

r a n k i n g del m u n d o y las v e c e s

q u e lo h a n g a n a d o . C o m p l e t e la s

f r a s e s c o n la s p o s i b i l i d a d e s q u et ie n e c a d a j u g a d o r d e g a n a r .

1 . B r o w n .

2 . Miller _

3 . Nelson

4 . Stiles

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Complete e l dialogo entre

u n a secretaria d i s t r a i d a d e

la escuela y e l di r e c t o r . U sa

la informatione n l a cas i l la

p a r a a y u d a r t e . U s a m a y om i g h t .

M s Price: visited h e r parents a t t h e

w e e k e n d

M r Jones: t r ip to museumw i t h Class 3B - all

a f t e r n o o n

M r s Allen: bad toothache this morning - did

sh e go to dentist

M r W y n d h a m : still has 'flu - visited doctor in

morning

M r s Lewis: training course Monday- how

m a n y days

M r Travis: here? teaching M r Jones' First

Certificate group

H E A D Where is everybody this afternoon? Where's Mrs Price?

S E C R E T A R Y Ah, I'm not sure, but she (1) might have visitedher parents at theweekend.

H E A D Oh. What about Mr Jones?

S E C R E T A R Y Now, Mr Jones ... I think he (2) may be on a museum trip with 3B.

H E A D Right. And Mrs Allen isn't here, is she?

S E C R E T A R Y Er, no. She (3) to the dentist.

H E A D Have y o u seen M r Wyndham?

S E C R E T A R Y Um, no. He's got flu and he (4) the doctor this morning.

H E A D I suppose Mrs Lewis is here?

S E C R E T A R Y Er, well, actually. I think she (5) on a two-day course.

H E A D Good grief! Are any teachers here today? What about Mr Travis?

S E C R E T A R Y Mmm. Mr Travis (6) Mr Jones' First Certificate group,

as Mr Jones is out.

H E A D Well, I'm glad to hear that someone's doing some work!

E X E R C J S E 3

C o m p l e t e l a segunda f r a s e d e cada p a r e j a d e m a n e r a q u e s i g n i f i q u e lo m i s m o q u e la

p r i m e r a .book bring pay take wear wear

1 . You may wear only s o f t shoes o n court.

2 . more than tw o guests a t o n e t im e .

3 . food o r drink onto th e courts.

4 . f o r t h e courts b y cheque o r credit card.

5. tennis clothes i n t h e lounge.

6 . courts o n e week in advance.

EXERCISE 2

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E X E R C 1 S E 4

U n a la s p r e g u n t a s d e l a c o l u m n a A y l a s s u g e r e n c i a s o p et i c i o n es d e l a c o l u m n a B.

A B

1 .I c a n ' t t h i n k o f a g o o d r e s t a u r a n t . A Y o u m i g h t s e n d fo r p a s t p a p e r s.

2 . H o w c a n I s t u d y fo r th i s e x a m ? B Y o u m i g h t s i t on i t .

3 . S h a l l I h e l p y o u c o o k th e d i n n e r ? c Y o u m i g h t ri n g th e S p a n i s h s h o p .

4 . W h e r e c a n I g e t g o o d S p a n i s h wi n e ? D Y o u m i g h t p e e l th e p o t a t o e s .

5 . C a n I h e lp y o u close y o u r suitcase? E Y o u m ig h t tr y th e 'Good Food Guide'.

E X E R C J S E 5

C o m p l e t e la s e g u n d a f r a s e d e c a d a p ar e j a d e m a n e r a que s igni f ique lo m i s m o que la

p r i m e r a .

1 . T h e y d i d n ' t t e l l m e t h e y w e r e c o m i n g .They m ight have told m e they were com ing.

2 . H e d i d n ' t t e l l m e h e w a s a v e g e t a r i a n !

H e

3 . Y o u d id n ' t l i s t en t o m e !

Yo u

4 . S h e d i d n ' t o f f e r t o b u y o n e d r i n k !

S h e

E X E R C l S E 6

Es c r i b a una f rase p o r c a d a s i t u a t io n . Use las p a l a b r a s c la v e s e n t r e p a r e n t e si s.

1 . Y o u a r e f i s h i n g in a r iver . Y o u h a v e n ' t c a u g h t a f i s h a l l d a y .

(may/go/fish shop) W e m ay a s well go to the fish shop.

2 . Y o u g o t o th e c in e m a . W h e n y o u a r riv e , t h e f il m h a s started.

(might/come back/tomorrow) We

3 . Y o u r c a r i s t w e n t y y e a r s o ld . It n e v e r s t a r t s i n t h e m o r n i n g .(may/sell/buy/new one) We

4 . Y o u p h o n e y o u r fr ie n d e v e r y d a y . S h e i s n e v e r a t h o m e .

(might/write/letter) I

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U S E D T O

U s e d to • A c c i o n e s d e p a s a d o h a b i t u a lS e usa used to para descr ibir acciones que sucedieron f recuentemen te o regularmente en

el pasado pero que ya no suceden. (corresponde al imperfecto espanol):

I u s e d to run everywhere w hen I w as young. Nowadays I w alk .Solia ir corriendo a todos los sitios cuan do era joven. Hoy en dia voy andando.

Tambien se puede usar would con este significado (vease 8.5):

I w o u l d run everywhere w hen I was young.

Nowadays I wa lk .Y o solia ir corriendo a todos los sitios cuando en era joven.

Hoy en dia voy andando.

Para hacer una pregunta con used to se usa did + pronombre/nombre + used to . Cui dado

con la f o r m a en que se escribe: used to se convierte en use to despues de d i d ) :

D id you use to smoke?Solias fumar?, fumabas antes?

D id Shakespeare use to live in London?Solid vivir Shakespeare en Londres? Vivid Shakespeare in Londres?

L a f o r m a n e g a t iv a d e

used to es didn't use to( n o didn't used to):

Para hacer el significado

m a s f u e r t e , se u sa never

used to:

I d i d n ' t use to like classical music.No me solia gustar la musica clasica/No m e gustaba

la musica cldsica.

S he d i d n ' t use to wear jeans.Ella no solia llevar jeans/Ella no llevaba jeans antes.

I never u s e d to eat meat:Y o nunca solia comer carne/Yo nunca comia carne antes.

S h e never u s e d to swear!Ella nunca solia decir tacos/ Ella nunca decia tacos.

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U s e d t o - S i t m d o n e s y e s t a d o s p a s a d v sT a m b i e n se usa used to para describir s i tuaciones o estados en e l pasado que ya no existen

o que ya no s on ciertos:

H o l l y u s e d t o live i n Tokyo. N o w s h e lives i n Florence.Holly solia vivir en Tokio. Ahora v ive en Florencia.

Colour televisions u s e d to be really expensive.Los telev isores en color sol ian s e r m u y cams.

N o s e u s a used t o para des-

cribir cuanto t i empo d uro en

e l pasado una situation o a c -

t i o n . P a r a e s o s e u s a e l pasado

simple (e n espanol se usa eli n d e f m i d o ) : . -

I l i v e d i n a n apartment f o r t e n years.

( N o I u s e d t o l i v e i n a n apartment f o r t e n years).Viv i diez anos en un apar tamento .

H e w o r k e d hard a l l h i s M e .( N o H e u s e d t o w o r k hard a l l h i s life).El trabajo duro toda su v ida.

E X E R C l S E 1

L a s f r a se s s i g u i e n t e s d e s c r ib e n l o s h a b i to s a c t u a t e s d e a l g u n a s p e r s o n a s . E s c r i b a

f r a s es s o b r e s u p a s ad o u s an d o used to o n e v e r used to .

1 . Jean is a heavy smoker.

Jea n didn ' t use to /never use d to sm oke.

2 . Simon doesn't drive these days.

Simon used to drive.

3 . Elizabeth o f t e n eats s p i c y f o o d .

4 . Our children don't wake up during the night any longer.

5 . Michael does a lot of exercise.

6 . The police spend a lot of time in cars these days.

7 . My husband doesn't play golf any more.

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E X E R C i S E 2

M i r e l a s f o t o s d e Sashay H o l l y . U s e l a information para c o m p l e t a r l a s fr a s e s c o n

la s f o r m a s apropiadasd e u s e d to . R e c u e r d e q u e algunosd e l o s huecosp u e d e n s e r

n e g a t i v e s .

10 years ago

1 . Sasha have a beard.

2 . Holly wear long dresses.

3. Sasha wear glasses.

E X E R C i S E 3

n o w

4 . Holly wear glasses.

5 . Holly have short hair.

6 . Sasha wear jeans.

N o todas estas f r a s e s s o n g r a m a t ic a l m e n t e c o r r e c t a s . Se n a l e solo la s f r a s e s c o r r e c t a s .

1 . It would always be s u n n y when I was a child.

2 . It always used to be cold in the winters.

3 . She didn't use to ski very well.

4 . C o f f e e would be very expensive in those days.

5. It wouldn't rain during the holidays.

6 . He would drink a cup of c o f f e e every morning.

7 . It used to be wet in April for f i v e years.

8 . We would go to the south of France every spring.

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De la unidad 1 a la 10 de este l ibra s e ban visto lo s verbos modales u n o p o r u n o . C o m o se

sabe, lo s verbos modales pueden expresar u n niimero diferente d e s ignif icados. Este sumario

esta, por lo tanto, organizado segun estos significados m a s q u e segun cada verbo.

E l numero entre parentes is se refiere a las secciones en l as unidades pr incipales donde se

puede encont ra r mas in format ion sobre cada ejemplo .

S l G N I F I C A D O

1 . H A B I L I D A D

V E R B O E J E M P L O

Can/Can't I can speak French.

(1.1) Y o s e hablar f i a n c e s .

I can't se e you.

N o puedo v e r t e .

Could I could speak F rench wh en I was younger.

(2.1) Y o sabia hablar f i a n c e s c u a n d o e r a m a s joven.

H e couldn't repair the car yesterday.

E l n o pudo a r r e g l a r e l c o c h e a y e r .

B e able to I' l l be able to speak French at the end of the course.

(1.1) Sabre hablar f i a n c e s a l f i n a l d e lc u r s o .

H e w as able to repair the car straightaway.

P u d o a r r e g l a r e l c o c h e inmediatamente.

I won't be able to see you tomorrow.

N o podre v e r t e manana.

2 . P O S I B I L I D A D / C a n (presente): H e c a n b e a d i f f i c u l t child.

P R O B A B I L I D A D (1.2) E l puede s e r u n nino d i f i c i l .

(futuro): W e can m eet you tonight at 8 o 'clock.P o d e m o s verte a l a s ocho.

Could (presente): There could be Me on other planets.

(2.2) P o d r i a haber v i d a e n o t r o s planetas.

(futuro): We could move next m onth.

P o d r i a m o s t r a s l a d a r n o s e l m e s q u e viene.

Could have W e could have been killed in the crash!

(2.3) jPodiamos habernos matado e n e l choque!

Should She should be at work by now.(3.3) Ella d e b e r i a estar t r a b a j a n d o ahora.

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S h o u l d have He should have passed the exam.

(3.3) El deberia haber aprobado el examen.

W o u ld He would be perfect for the job.

(8.3) El seria perfecto para el trabajo.

M a y (presente): T he doctor may be able to see you now.

(2.1) El doctor qukd pueda verte ahora.

( f u t u r o ) T he weather may be better tomorrow.

El tiempo puede que mejore mahana.

M a y have I may have met her before.

Puede que le haya conocido antes.

Might (presente): H e might still be in Venice.

(9.1) Puede que el este en V e n e c i a todavia.

(futuro): T he director might retire early.

El director puede que se retire temprano.

Might have They might have l e f t already -1 don't know.

(9.1) Puede que se hayan retirado temprano - no se.

3 . P E R M I S O Can/Can' t C a n I s m o k e i n here?

(1.3) ( P u e d o fumar aqui?

Y e s , you can / No, you can't .

Si, puedes/No, no puedes.

Could Could I use your bathroom?

(2.4) (Podria usar tu bano?

M a y M a y I u s e t h e o f f i c e phone, please?

(9.2) iPuedo usar el t e l e f o n o de la o f i c i n a , por favor?

M i g h t Might I borrow a company c a r tonight?

(9.2) Podria tomar prestado uno de los caches de la

e m p r e s a esta noche?

4 . P E T I C I O N E S C a n C a n y o u help m e with m y homework, Dad?(1.3) iMe puedes ayudar con mis deberes, papa?

C o u l d Could y o u show m e t h e w a y t o t h e station?

(2.4) iPodria usted mostrarme el camino a la estacion?

W i l l W i l l y o u close t h e window , please?

(6.4) iQuieres cerrar la ventana, por favor?

W o u ld W o u ld y o u take this t o t h e bank, please?

(8.1) iquieres llevar esto al banco, por favor?

M i g h t Y o u might g e t m e some m i lk w hile you're out?

(9.3) iPodrias traerme algo de leche ya que sales?

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5. O F E R T A S W ill I' ll carry that heavy bag for you .

(6.1) Y a t e llevo e s a b o l s a pesada.

Shall Shal l I get you something to eat?

(7.1) traigo algo para comer?

W o u l d W o u l d you like to lie d o w n for a whi l e?

(8.2) gustaria echarte un rato?

6. P R O M E S A S W i ll Y our fa ther w i ll g i ve you som e m oney .

(6.1) T u padre t e d a r d algo d e d i n e . r o .

I promise I won' t te l l anyone.

Prometo n o decirselo a nadie.

Shall Y ou shall have that bike fo r Christmas!

(7.3) j T e n d r d s esa bid para N a v i d a d e s !

7. O R D E N E S M u s t Y ou m u s t be on t i m e in future!

(4.1) jDebes llegar a tiempo en elfuturo!

W i l l Y ou w il l report to the off icer in charge.

( 6 . 6 ) Deberds presentarte a l o f i c i a l d e guardia.

Shall The exam shall be conducted in silence.

(7.3) El examen se h a r d en silendo.

8. C R I T I C A Could have Y ou could h ave invi ted me to your par ty !

(2.3) i Y a podias haberme i n v i ta d o a l a f i e s ta !

Should have Y ou should have wri tten your name in ful l .

(3.2) Deberias haber escrito el nombre completo.

Y o u shouldn' t have said that .

N o deberias haber dicho eso.

M i g h t have She m ight , at least, have thanked m e.

(9.4) Por lo menos, podria haberme d a d o las gradas.

9. C O N S E J O / Could W e could go to the new bar this evening.S U G E R E N C I A S (2.4) P o d r i a m o s i r a l nuevo b a r e s t a t a r d e .

S houl d Y ou should really go to the doctor.

(3.1) V e r d a d e r a m e n t e deberias ir al medico.

M u s t Y o u m u s t tr y these chocolates - they're del icious!

(4.2) Deberias probar estos bombones, estdn delidosos.

Shall Shall I tell him the t ruth?

(7.1) iL e. digo la v e r d a d ?

Migh t Yo u m ight phone the restaurant and check that i t 's open.

(9.3) P o d r i a s t e l e f o n e a r a l restaurantey comprobar s i e s t d abierto.

tE

le

fle

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1 0 . O B L I G A C I O N

11. N E C E S I D A D

1 2 . D E D U C C I O N

Should Y ou should tell the police w hat you saw .

(3.1) Deberias decir a la policia lo que viste.

O u g h t t o Y o u ought t o phone home.

(3.1) Deberias t e l e f o n e a r a casa.

M u s t Y o u m ust circulate that report b e f o r e t h e meeting.

(4.1) Deberias hacer circular ese i n f o r m e antes de la reunion.

Y o u m ustn't touch those w ires.

No debes tocar esos hilos electricos.

H a v e t o Y o u have t o w a i t in t h e queue.

(4.1) Tienes que esperar en la cola.

Y o u don't have to pay on a Sunday.

Los domingos no se paga.

N e e d I need t o lose an other three kilos.

(5.1) Necesito perder otros tres kilos.

Y o u needn't/don't need t o show m e your passport.

No necesita usted ensenarme su pasaporte.

D o I need t o answer a l l t h e questions?

T e n g o que responder a todas las preguntas?

Needn't have You needn't have bought any milk. I've got plenty.

(5.2) No tenias por que haber comprado leche. T e n g o cantidad.

Need This report needs typing/needs to be typed.(5.3) Hay que pasar a mdquina este i n f o r m e .

The door doesn't need painting/need to be painted.

La puerta no necesita que la pinten.

Those calculations can't be easy.Esos cdlculos no pueden serfdciles.

T h e y can't have bought a new car.

No pueden haber comprado un coche nuevo.

Can't

(1.4)

Can't have

(1.4)

Couldn't have H e couldn't have done i t. H e w asn't there.

(2.3) No puede haberlo hecho. El no estaba alii.

M u s t S h e must b e a t home. T h e lights a r e o n .

(4.3) Ella debe de estar en casa. Las luces estan encendidas.

Must have It must have rained a lot in the last we ek.(4.3) Debe de haber llovido mucho la semana pasada.

W i l l What's that noise?(6.3) Que es ese ruido?

It'll be the express train.

Sera e l tren expreso.

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13. I N T E N C I O N / W ill /W on't H e' ll help you paint th e walls .V O L U N T A D (6.4) T e a y u d a r d a pintar l a s paredes.

I won' t pay more than 20 pounds for a ticket.N o pagare m a s d e 2 0 libras p o r u n a entrada.

Shall/Shan't I shall come as soon as I can.

(7.2) I r e e n cuanto pueda.

I shan't stay very long.N o m e quedare mucho t i e m p o .

1 4 . P R E D I C C I O N Will /Won't O n e d a y scientists wil l f in d a cure f o r cancer.(6.2) U n d i a l o s c i e n t i f i c o s encontrardn l a cura d e l c a n c e r .

H e probably won't recognize m e.P r o b a b l e m e n t e n o m e reconocerd.

Shall/Shan't I think I shall be late.

(7.2) C r e o q u e l l e g a r e t a r d e .

W e shan't learn much in this class.N o a p r e n d e r e m o s mucho e n esta clase.

1 5 . D E S E O S W o u l d I 'd l ike t o g o home now.(8.2) M e gustaria i r a c a s a ahora.

W o u l d rather I'd rather stay here with you than go out.(8.4) P r e f e r i r i a quedarme aqui contigo q u e s a l i r .

I'd rather not go out today.

P r e f e r i r i a n o salir hoy.

W is h + would I wish he wou ld speak louder.(8.6) j Y a podia hablar u n poco m a s alto!

I wish you wouldn't argue so much.j Y a podias d e j a r d e discutir tanto!

16. H A B I T O S Y W ould W hen I was young we would go to the beach every morning.E S T A D O S P A S A D O S (8.5) uando e r a joven soliamos i r a l a playa t o d a s l a s

mananas.

Used to I used to go to the cinema twice a w e e k .(10.1) Y o solia i r a l cine d o s veces p o r semana.

Used to She used to have lovely hair.

(10.2) Ella solia tener u n pelo precioso.

CC

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P r e g u n t a s

Ponga estas palabras en el orden correcto para hacer preguntas.

1. 1 b e d g o have d o t o t o

D o I have to go to bed?

2 . tomorrow to able will g o skiing b e w e

3 . football h e play u s e t o d i d

4 . c o f f e e like would t e a o r y o u

5 . t h e t h e Post O f f i c e y o u m e could tell

t o w a y

6 . that carry y o u f o r I shall

7 . nine come o'clock c a n a t they

8 . need we visa a g e t to d o

9 . your m a y u s e I telephone

1 0 . this m e with y o u will help

R e f e r e n d a d e t i e m p o

EXERCSE2

< , S e r e f i e r en estas f r a s e s a l pasado, presente o f u t u r o ? Senate la casilla correcta.

1 . Sh e must b e Spanish.

2 . H e can't have done i t .

3 . She'll have t o g e t a visa.

4 . W e would walk fo r miles in those days.

5 . They used to live next door t o u s .

6 I wasn't able to help him.

7 . They could f i n d a cure fo r cancer soon.

8 . Y o u could have invited u s !

9 . Y o u needn't have bought a n y milk.

1 0 . That exercise can't b e d i f f i c u l t .

1 1 . Y o u mustn't take a n y photos in here.

1 2 . Answers shall b e written in ink.13.I m a y have l e f t i t o n t h e bus.

1 4 . She'll b e able to s e e y o u a t six.

1 5 . Could I u s e your phone?

EXERCISE 1

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U s o d e l i n f i n i t i v e c o n o s in " t o "

R e l l e n e lo s huecos co n to s i e s necesario.1 . Danny can't_ drive.

2 . He has _ get adriving licence.

3 . H e ought _

4 . H e used

5 . H e should

6 . H e might pass th e test th e f i r s t time.

7 . H e will b e able work a s a taxi driver.

8 . H e must

_ take some driving lessons.

drive his father's car.

_ practise driving every day.

9 . H e needs

1 0 . H e could

f i n d a good instructor.

_ talk to other learners.

_ phone a driving school.

C o m p l e t e la s f r a s e s c o n can, can' t h a v e y u n a l a s c o n l o s d i b u j o s .

1 . I'm a f r a i d y o u smoke in here.

2 . She been there - she was with me all day!

3 . Working o n a computer make y o u f e e l tired.4 . They b e o n holiday, their dog's i n t h e garden.

5 . O n a clear d a y y o u s e e t h e French coast.

6 . B u t mum, I broken it. I was in my bedroom all day!

EXERCISE 3

Gg

EXERCICE 4

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^ E X E R C I S E 5 C o m p l e t e la s f r a s e s c o n u n a f o r m a d e c a n o b e ab l e to .

sunbathe in our 5.1would love to. W e really e n j o y

own garden.

2 .1 know your name, but Iremember it. (negative)

3 . I n m y garden y o u hear th e sea.

4 . Jackie s ki really well.

retire.

6 . When h e i s eighteen h e

vote in the election.7. 1 want to play the violin

when I grow up.

8 . T h e goalkeeper f e l l over b u t h e

catch the ball.

E X E R C l S E 6

R e l l e n e l o s h u e c o s c o n c an ' t o m u s t h a v e y u n v e r b o d e l a casilla.

1 . Gerry's c a r i s still i n t h e garage, h e out.

2 . There's no ice cream in the f r i d g e , Sylvia it all.

3 . T h e video isn't working. Clive i t .

4 . T h e streets a re wet. I t last night.

5 . It's very cold in the o f f i c e today. The caretaker the heating this morning.

6 . The cigar box is empty. My dinner guests all my cigars.

7 . He doesn't have a key to the s a f e so he the money.

8 . T h e dogs aren't i n t h e house. Sarah them f o r a walk.

E X E R C I S E 7Solo u n a frase d e cada p a r e s correcta. Senale la frase correcta, A o B .

1 . A I missed th e party. Y o u could have told m e about i t!

B I missed the party. You could tell me about it!

2 . - What shall we do tomorrow evening?

A - Well, we will be able to go to the skating rink.

B - Well, we could go to the skating rink.

3 . A I n t h e f u t u r e they could f i n d a cure f o r cancer.

B I n t h e f u t u r e they a r e able t o f i n d a cure f o r cancer.

4 . A He's feeling better now. I'm glad the doctor was able to help him.

B He's feeling better now. I'm glad the doctor could have helped him.

5 . A Excuse m e . A re y o u able t o tell m e t h e w a y t o th e police station?B Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the police station?

6 . A John could have taken th e car, it's still i n t h e garage.

B John couldn't have taken the car, it's still in the garage.

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L e a e l p a r r a f o sobre

S o u t h e r t o n , u n a p e q u e n a

c iu d a d d e I n g l a te r r a , y u s ela i n f o r m a t i o n p a r a r e l l e -

n a r lo s huecos d e l a f rase .

U s e l a s f o r m a s a p r o p i a d a s

d e can,c o u l d y b e a b l e to .

S o u t h e r t o n

S o u t h e r t o n h a s s e e n a l o t o f c h a n g e s r e c e n t l y . P e o p l e u s e d t od r i v e i n t o t o w n a n d s h o p a t a l l t h e s m a l l s h o p s i n t h e c e n t r e .T h e y o f t e n p a r k ed o n t h e m a i n r o a d a n d s o t h e r e w a s a l o t o f

t r a f f i c . T h e Town C o u n c i l d e c id e d to i n t r o d u c e r e s t r i c t i o n s l a s tm o n t h , a n d n o w i t i s n ' t p o s s i b l e to p a r k i n t h e t o w n c e n t r e .S h o p p e r s h a v e to p a r k i n a n ex p en s i v e c a r p a r k n e a r th e TownH a l l . B u t n o w a l a r g e s u p e r m a r k e t is b e i n g b u i l t j u s t o u t s i d e th et o w n . W h e n i t o p e n s n e x t J a n u a r y i t w i l l h av e a l a r g e f r e e c a rp a r k . I t wil l b e g o o d n e w s fo r s h o p p e r s b u t m a n y o f t h e s m a l ls h o p k e e p e r s i n t h e o l d t o w n c e n t r e b e l i e v e t h a t t h e y w i l l l o s em o n e y . S o m e e v e n t h i n k t h a t th e y w i l l b e f o r c e d t o c lo s e d o w nc o m p l e t e l y . S o m e a r e p r e d i c t i n g t h a t i n f i v e y e a r s ' t i m e t h e r ewill b e n o s h o p s l e f t i n t h e t o w n . People w i t h o u t c a r s m a y f in di t v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o g e t t h e i r f o o d a n d b a s i c e s s e n t i a l s .

1 . In the old days people could/were able to shop in the town centre.

2 . They park their cars on the main road.

3 . N o w y o u park i n t h e town centre.

4 . Shoppers park their cars in a car park near the town hall, but it's quite

expensive.

5 . Next year, people shop a t th e n e w supermarket.

6 . They park their cars f r e e o f charge.

7 . In f i v e years' time people probably shop in the town centre, as all the

shops will be gone.

8. And people who don't have cars get the things they need very easily.

E X E R C I S E 9

C o m p l e t e la s f rases usando s h o u l d h a v e o s ho u l dn ' t ha v e y e l v e r b o e n t r e parentesis.

1 . John's good a t chemistry b u t h e

failed the exam, (pass) He should

have passed the exam.

2 . Susan's got a car but she took the

bus and was late, (take) She

her car.

3 . Derek stayed in the sun all day and

got sunburnt, (stay) He in

the sun so long.

4 . T h e manager resigned b u t s h e

couldn't f i n d a new job. (resign)

She .

5 . M y brother a t e t o o much chocolateand f e l t sick, (eat) He so

much chocolate.

6 . Clare didn't drive c a r e f u l l y a n d s h e

had an accident, (drive) Clare

more carefully.

7 . Elizabeth didn't bring a n umbrella

and she got very wet. (bring) She

an umbrella.

8 . Henry wore jeans t o t h e interview

and didn't get the job. (wear) Henry

such unsuitable clothes.

9 . Jenny shouted a t a customer a n d

got the sack, (shout) She at a

customer.

1 0 . O u r teacher expected Juan t o g e t a n'A' in the test but he only got a 'C'.

( g e t ) Juan a better result.

EXERCISE 8

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EXERCISE 10

C o m p l e t e lo s m i n i d i a l o g o s

u s a n d o la s f r a s e s d e l a casi-

l l a y should, shouldn't o 'dbetter.

get your eyes tested

smoke so muchl i e down f o r a f e w

minutes

eat so much

b u y o n e f o r th e o f f i c e

h u r r y thenstop the car and call a

mechanic

ecarry such a heavy bag

phone the fire service try it sometime

1 . - Oh look, that buildings on fire! 6. - What do you think of thatnew

- We . Mexican restaurant?

2 . - I've got an a w f u l pain in my - It's fantastic.You .

back. 7. - Oh, I'm feeling quite dizzy and sick!

- You . -You .

3 . -1 can't read small print very well 8. - What's that new computer like?

these days. - it's excellent. We .

- Perhaps you . 9. _ Oh, look at the time. We're goingto

4 . - The car engine's making a very be late!

strange noise. - We .

- We . 10 . - Dave's put on a lot ofweight

5 . -1 can't stop coughing.

- Well, you .

recently.

- Well, he really

EXERCISE 11

Vu el v a a escribir cada frase usando u n a f o r m a d e need.

1 . M y c a r should b e washed.M y car needs washing/to be washed.

2 . D o I have t o s e e y o u tomorrow?

D o I need to see you tomorrow?/Need I see you tomorrow?

3 . D i d s h e have t o g e t a n y books?

4 . I have t o g o t o t h e bank later.

5 . They didn't have to take their car.

6 . Must I g e t u p early tomorrow?

7 . M y jacket should b e cleaned.

8 . Y o u don't have to come i f y o u don't want to .

9 . That house ought t o b e repainted.

1 0 . Y o u don't have to bring a present.

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EXERCISE 12

Elija el verbo correcto , A o B , por cad a frase .

1 .Y o u s m o k e in h e re . I t ' sf o r b i d d e n .

A don't h a v e to B c a n ' t

2 . Y o u b r i n g a n y m o n e y , th e

d r i n k s a r e f r e e .

A needn't B mustn't

3 . g e t a v i s a to e n t e r th e U S A ?

A Do I h a v e to B M u s t I

4 . L o o k a t t h a t s i g n . Y o u p a r k

h e r e .

A don't h a v e to

B aren't a l l o w e d to

5 . I'm g e t t i n g so fat - I r e a l l y try

to l o s e w e i g h t .

A h a v e to B m u s t

6 . W e p a y f o r t h e c o f f e e , i t was

i n c l u d e d i n t h e p r i c e .

A needn't B d i d n ' t h a v e to

7 . I t ' s a g e s s i n c e w e m e t . W e r e a l l y

get t o g e t h e r s o o n .

A must B h a v e to

8 . T h e n e i g h b o u r s b e a t h o m e ,I s a w t h e l i g h t o n i n t h e i r b e d r o o m .

A h a v e to B m u s t

9 . I n m y c o u n t r y , m e n s p e n d o n e

y e a r i n t h e a r m y .

A m u s t B h a v e to

1 0 . Y o u t a k e a t a x i , t h e r e ' s a g o o d

b u s s e r v i c e .A don't h a v e to B m u s t n ' t

1 1 .L i s t e n , c h i l d r e n , y o u f i n i s h th ee s s a y n o w i f y o u d o n 't w a n t to .

A don't h a v e to B c a n ' t

1 2 . Y o u r e a l l y g o t o t h a t r e s t a u r a n t ,th e f o o d ' s a w f u l .

A needn't B m u s t n ' t

1 3 . L o o k a t t h e w a t e r i n t h e g a r d e n . I t

h a v e r a i n e d l a s t n i g h t .

A h a s t o B m u s t

1 4 . t ake a t o w e l o r d o e s th e h o t e lp r o v i d e t h e m ?

A W ill I h a v e to B M u s t n ' t I

1 5 . S h e b e m a r r i e d , s h e i s n ' t o ld

e n o u g h .

A must B c a n ' t

1 6 . T h e i n s t r u c t i o n s a re c l e a r , y o u

u s e t h e c a m e r a u n d e r w a te r .

A shouldn't B don't h a v e to

1 7 . L o o k a t t he s i g n . Y o u s w i mh e re , i t ' s too d a n g e r o u s .

A can't B needn't

18 .E v e r y o n e ' s c a r r y i n g a n u m b r e l l a , i t

b e r a i n i n g o u t s i d e .

A m u s t B h a s t o

1 9 . N o w t h a t t h e l a w h a s c h a n g e d we

s h o w o u r p a s s p o r t s w h e n w e

c r o s s th e b o r d e r .

A mustn't B d o n ' t h a v e to

2 0 . S t u d e n t s t a ke a l o n g t im e to l e a r nR u s s i a n . I t b e v e r y d i f f i c u l t .

A h a s t o B m u s t

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EXERCISE 13

Case la s frases c on lo s dibujos .

1 . T h e y n e e d n 't h a v e b r o u g h t t h e irskis .

2 . H e d i d n 't n e e d to b r i n g h iss u n g l a s s e s .

3 . Sh e n e e d n 't h a v e b r o u g h t h e ru m b r e l l a .

4 . H e n e e d n 't h a v e b r o u g h t h iss u n g l a s s e s .

5 . T h e y d i d n ' t n e e d to b r i n g t h e i rskis .

6 . S h e d i d n ' t n e e d to b r i n g h e ru m b r e l l a .

EXERCISE 14

Case la s frases de la c o l u m n a A c on las respues tas en la c o l u m n a B.

1 . The p h o n e ' s r inging.

2 . D o y o u k n o w t h e w a y t o th e p o s to f f i c e ?

3 . I t ' s v e r y h o t i n h e r e .

4 . C a n y o u j o i n u s f o r l u n c h o nS u n d a y ?

5 . W e ' v e r u n o u t o f t e a .

6 . I t ' s l a t e , I ' d b e t t e r o r d e r a t a x i .

A I ' l l o p e n a w i n d o w .

B I'l l g o o u t a n d g e t s o m e .

c I ' l l a n s w e r it.

D W e w o n ' t b e a b l e to , w e ' r e g o i n ga w a y .

E D o n ' t b o t h e r . W e ' ll t a k e y o u h o m e .

F I ' l l show y o u w h e r e i t i s .

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1 EXERCISE 15

L ea el t ex to y las pred icc io nes a co nt inuat io n . Despu es u se la in form at ion para c o m -

pletar los n o m b r e s d el pe rs ona l d el hot e l H o r s e W h it e.

S a r ah S m e d le y has just t a k e n o v e r as

the g e n e r a l m a n a g e r of the W h i t e

H o r s e H o t e l in W a r m i n g to n . S h e is

g o in g t o m a k e a l o t o f c h a n g es t o th e

s t a f f . She has n o t i c e d t h a t the

h o u s e k e e p e r i s a l w a y s l a t e a n d l o o k s

u n t i d y . She t h i n k s t h a t the a s s i s t a n t

receptionist is v e r y e f f ic i e n t and co u l d

e a s i ly b e c o m e the c h i e f r e c e p t i o n i s t .

S h e i s v e r y i m p r e ss e d b y t h e c a te r in ga s s i s t a n t and t h i n k s she c o u l d c o p e

w i t h a m a n a g e r i a l p o s i ti o n if one

b e c a m e a v a i l a b l e . S h e i s q u i t e h a p p y

w i t h t h e c le a n e r a n d t h i n k s s h e i s w e l l

s u i te d f o r h e r p r e s e n t jo b . O n t h e o t h e r

h a n d , S a r a h t h i n k s t h a t the

r e s e r v a t i o n s m a n a g e r f i n d s h e r w o r k

to o d i f f i c u l t a n d w o u l d b e b e t t e r o f f

d o i n g s o m e t h in g less r e s p o n s i b l e .

S a r a h ' s w o r s t p r o b l e m is t h a t she has

f o u n d out t h a t the bar m a n a g e r has

b e e n s te a li n g m o n e y f r o m t h e c a s h b o x .

1 . G E N E R A L M A N A G E R Sarah Smedley

2 . H O U S E K E E P E R

3 . R E S E R V A T IO N S M A N A G E R

4 . A S S I S T A N T R E C E P T I O N I S T

5 . B A R M A N A G E R

6 . C A T E R I N G A S S IS T A N T

7 . C L E A N E R

E s t a s s o n l a s p r e d i c c i o n e s q u e l a g e n t e e nW a r m i n g to n hiz o c uando S arah s e h iz o c argo

d e s u t rabaj o .

- I s u p p o s e A m a n d a wi l l s t ay in the s a m ej ob .

- I t h i n k Je a n w i ll p r o b a b l y be m o v e d to an

e a s ie r j o b .

- Jackie w i l l poss ib ly bem a d e a m a n a g e r .

- C a r o l w il l d e f i n i t e l y be s a c k e d .

- I e x p e c t Ja n i n e w i l l get ap r o m o t i o n .- I t h in k H i la r y w i ll p r o b a b l y be s a c k e d .

EXERCISE 16

U se las claves (entre parentes i s ) para h a c e r d e d u c c io n e s u s a n d o w i l l o won' t . H a g ac a m b i o s y a n a d a c u a l q u i e r p a la b r a q u e s e a necesaria.

1 . - S o m e o n e 's k n o c k in g on the d o o r .

(That/be/postman) - That'll be the postman.

2 . - W h e r e 's S y l v i a t o d a y ?

(She/be/at/office) - .

3 . - Why i s n 't G e o rg e a n s w e r in g hisp h o n e ?

(He/not/be/at home/today) - .

4 . - Why c a n 't M ike m e e t us for l u n c h ?

(He/be/work/all day) - .

5 . - W h e r e do you t h i n k the t w i n s are s t a y i n g t h i s w e e k?(They/not stay/Ritz) - .

6 . - Thep h o n e 's r in g i n g .

(That/be/plumber) - .

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EXERCISE 17

C o m p l e t e l a s f r a s e s usando shal l o shan' t . A n a d a c u a l q u i er o t r a palabraq u e s ea

necesaria.

1 . Why don't we go to the new James

Bond f i l m tonight?

go to the new James Bond film

tonight?

2 . Would you like me to record that

programme for you?

record that programme for you?

3 . I'm afraid I can't arrive until a f t e r

dinner.

arrive until a f t e r dinner.

4 . What are we going to do tomorrow

evening?

do tomorrow evening?

5 . Would y o u like m e to take that b a gf o r you?

take that bag for you?

6 . We aren't going to enjoy this meal.

e n j o y this meal.

7.1will definitely give up smoking

this year.

give up smoking this year.

8 . Y o u will definitely g e t a p a y rise

next month.

get a pay rise next month.

EXERCISE 18

P o n g a estas palabrase n e l orden c o r r e c t o p a r a h a c e r u n a lista d e l o s r e g l a m e n t o s d e

lo s examenes.E m p i e ce c o n l a palabra q u e s e l e d a .

1.sides both candidates of write shall 4.written answers ink shall in be

on paper the Answers .

Candidates .

2 . n o t calculators used shall b e

Calculators .

3 . shall write page o n name

candidates their each

Candidates .

5 . room permitted shall talking

examination in be not the

Talking .

6 . o n e shall examination completed

the in be hour

The .

EXERCISE 19

V u e l v a a escribir la s f r a s e s usando u n a f o r m a d e w o u l d . H a g a cualquier c a m b i o y

a n a d a cualquiero t r a p a l a b r a q u e s ea necesaria.

IN A R E S T A U R A N T

1.1 want two c o f f e e s and a croissant,

please.2 . Bring u s t h e bill.

3 .1 prefer the steak.

4 . D o y o u want t h e s e t menu?

5 . H o w about sitting a t this table?6 . H o w d o y o u want to pay?

7 . What d o y o u want t o drink?

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E X E R C I S E 2 0Lea este texto sobre losmodales

ingleses. Complete los huecos con una f o r m a de would o wouldn't y un verbo apropia-

do de la casilla.S o c ia l m a n n e r s h a v e c h a n g e d a lo t i n E n g l a n d i n t h e l a st s e v e n t y y e a r s , e s p e c i a l ly i n th ew a y t h a t m e n t re a t w o m e n . I n t h e o l d d a y s m e n ( 1) w h e n e v e r a w o m a n c a m e i n to

th e r o o m , a n d t h e y (2 ) a g a i n u n t il s h e s a t d o w n . I f a m a n w a s w e a r i n g a h a t h e ( 3)a s a s ig n o f r es p e c t t o a w o m a n . A m a n ( 4) a d o o r f o r a w o m a n a n d u s u a l ly

h e ( 5 ) f o r h e r t o w a l k t h r o u g h b e f o r e h e w e n t th r o u g h h i m s e l f. A n d w h e n a m a na n d w o m a n w e r e w a l k i n g a l o n g a s t r e e t th e m a n ( 6 ) o n t h e o u t s i d e n e a r e s t th er o a d . A t d i n n e r p a r t ie s m e n an d w o m e n ( 7) t o g e t h e r b u t a f t e r th e d e s s e r t th e w o m e n(8) in the d i n i n g room. The men (9) their b r a n d y and s m o k e their cigars

a n d t h e w o m e n (10 ) a n d d r in k c o f f e e i n a s e p a ra t e r o o m .

EXERCISE 21

L e a l as s i t u a c i o n e s y c o m p l e t e la s f ra s e s m o s t ra n d o l o q u e l a g e n t e s i e n te . U s e wish +

would/wouldn't.

1 . J a n e is v e r y a n g r y b e c a u s e h e r

m o t h e r w o n 't a l lo w her to w e a rm a k e - u p .

J a n e : / wish my mother would

allow me to wear make-up.

2 . S i m o n is d i s a p p o i n t e d b e c a u s e h isg i r l f r i e n d w o n 't m a r ry h i m .

S im o n : m a r ry m e .

3 . D a n n y isn't p l e a s e d b e c a u s e h is

s i s t e r w o n ' t l e n d him her c a r .

D a n n y : l e n d m e h e r c a r .

EXERCISE 22

4 . L i z z y is a n g r y b e c a u s e C a r l u s e s h is

m o b i le p h o n e i n th e c a r.

L i z z y : u s e h i s p h o n e i n t h e c a r .

5 . Jo n a t h a n i s u p s e t because h i s p a r e n t sd o n ' t a l lo w h i m t o p la y f o o t b a l l o n

S u n d a y s .Jo n a t h a n : a llo w m e t o p l a yf o o t b a l l o n S u n d a y s .

6 . C l i v e is a n n o y e d b e c a u s e h is f la t m a t el e a v e s the d o o r u n l o c k e d .

C l i v e : l e a v e the d o o r u n l o c k e d .

C a s e la s p r e g u n t a s d e l a c o l u m n a A c o n l as r e s p u e s t a s e n l a c o l u m n a B .

1 . D o y o u t h i n k y o u ' l l t a k e e a r l y

r e t i r e m e n t ?

2 . D o y o u t h i n k th e w e a t h e r w i l li m p r o v e ?

3 . Where's th e g a r d e n e r g o n e ?

4 . D o y o u t h i n k G a r y ' s g o i n gto get the j o b ?

5 . What's h a p p e n e d t o t h e c a r ?

6 . I s t h e r e a n y m i l k i n t h e f r i d g e ?

7 . D o y o u t h in k R e a l M a d r idw i l l w i n t h e c u p ?

8 . A r e y o u a n d J i m g o i n g t o b u y

t h a t n e w h o u s e ?

A I ' m n o t s u r e , b u t h e m a y b e i n t h e

g r e e n h o u s e .

B I d o n ' t t h i n k s o . I t m i g h t e v e n s no w ,

c T h e y m i g h t. T h e y 'v e got a v e r y g oo d t e a m .

D I m i g h t d o i f t h e y o f f e r m e a g o o d p e n s i o n .

E I d o n ' t kn o w . St e v e m i g h t h a v e b o r r o w e di t f o r t h e d a y .

F W e m i g h t i f we a g r e e o n a g o o d p r i c e .

G W e l l h e m i g h t . I t a l l d e p e n d s o n t h e

i n t e r v i e w ?H T h e r e m a y b e . I t h in k Jo h n b o u g h t s o m e

y e s t e r d a y .

walk talk sit down take it off drink

stand up open wait s t a u e a t

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EXERCISE 23

L ea las frases y senale la s aserciones ver dader as , A, B, o C. Senale s o lamente u n a .

1 . - 1 m a y h a v e w a te r e d th e p l a n t s y e s t e r d a y .

A Sh e w a t e r e d th e p l a n t s y e s t e r d a y .B S h e i s n ' t s u r e w h e t h e r s h e w a t e r e d th e p l a n t s y e s t e r d a y .

c S h e d i d n ' t w a t e r th e p l a n t s y e s t e r d a y .

2 . - Wem ig h t h a v e c r a sh e d the c a r !

A T h e y d i d n ' t c r a s h th e ca r .

B T h e y c r a s h e d th e ca r .

c T h e y don't k n o w w h e t h e r t h e y c r a sh e d th e ca r .

3 . - The floor was r e a l l y s l i p p e r y . I m i g h t h a v e h u r t m y s e lf !

A H e h a d a n a c c i d e n t a n d h e h u r t h im s e lf .

B H e isn't s u r e w h e t h e r h e h u r t h i m s e l f .

c H e s l i p p e d o n t h e f lo o r b u t h e d i d n 't h u r t h i m s e l f.

4 . - H e m a y h a v e p u t it i n t h e f i l i ng c a b i n e t .

A H e didn't p u t i t in t h e f i li n g c a b i n e t .

B S h e i s n ' t s u r e w h e t h e r h e p u t i t in t h e f i l i ng c a b i n e t .

c H e p u t i t i n th e f i l i ng c a b i n e t .

5 . - W e l l, r e a l ly J o h n . Y o u m i g h t h a v e i n v i te d us to y o u r p a r ty !

A J o h n d i d n ' t i n v i t e t h e m t o h i s p a r t y .

B Jo h n i n v i te d t h e m t o h i s p a r t y .c T h e y d o n 't k n o w w h e t h e r Jo h n i n v i te d t h e m t o h i s p a r t y .

6 . -1 m i g h t h a v e b e e n th e r e a s a c h i l d .

A S h e h a s b e e n t h e r e .

B S h e i s n ' t s u r e w h e t h e r s h e h a s b e e n t h e r e .

c S h e h a s n 't b ee n th e r e .

7 . - L o o k at t h i s m e s s , D a i s y ! Youm ig h t h a v e wa s h e d up!

A D a i s y w a s h e d u p .

B D a i s y d i d n ' t w a s h u p .

c H e doesn't k n o w w h e t h e r D a i s y w a s h e d u p .

EXERCISE 24

Com p le te las frases con should, m u s t o had better. C ad a u n a d e estas f ormas s e

usara dos veces .

1 . There's s o m e th i n g w ro n g w it h th e steering. Y o u s to p th e c a r.

2 . Y o u lo o k r a t h e r p a l e . P e rh a p s y o u s t a r t t a k i n g v i t a m i n p i l l s .

3 . T h a t f i sh i s d e f i n i t e l y n o t f r e s h . Y o u n o t e a t i t.4 . T h a t n e w s h o w is really f a n t a s t i c . Y o u really see i t !

5 . I f y o u ' r e l o o k i n g f o r a c a r p e t y o u t r y t h a t n e w s h o p o n t h e H i g h S t r e e t .

6 . T h a t r e s t a u r a n t wa s u n b e l i e v a b l y g o o d . Y o u r ea l l y t ry i t !

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EXERCISE 25

M i r e la s f o t o s d e B e ec h R o a d en 1890 y B e ec h R o a d h o y . E sc r ib a c u a tr o f r a se s u s a n d o

used to , y c u a t r o f r a s e s u s a n d o didn't use to. U s e l a s f r a s e s d e l a cas i l la .

P O S I T I V E

1 . T h e r e

2 . T h e r e

3 . P e o p l e _

4 . C h i l d r e n

N E G A T I V E

5 . T h e r e

6 . T h e r e

7 . T h e r e

8 . T h e r e

a shop on the corner

a n y parking m eters

a n y carsride horses

play in the street

a n y satellite dishes

a n y street lamp strees on the street

EXERCISE 25

A l g u n a s d e e s t as f ras e s so n g r a m a t i c a l m e n t e inc orre c t as o estan m a l e s c r i ta s . S e n a le

la s f ras e s c orre c t as.

1. 1 w o u l d e a t s w e e t s a l l t h e t im e w h e n I w a s a c h i l d .

2 . C a r s w o u ld b e v e r y e x p e n s i v e in t h o s e d a y s .

3 . Didn't y o u u s e d to live i n o u r street?

4 . C l a r e u s e d t o b e h a p p y .

5 . M y b r o t h e r w o u l d b e v e ry h a p p y w h e n h e p l a y e d f o o t b a l l .

6 . D i d y o u u s e t o h a v e a Mercedes?

7. 1 w o u l d c y c le u p a n d d o w n th e r o a d f o r h o u r s .

8 . W e n e v e r u s e d to w a t c h T V e v e r y d a y .9 . W e used to l ive in Paris fo r three m o n t h s last y e a r .

1 0 . H e d i d n ' t u s e d to s m o k e in t h o s e d a y s .

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C O N S O L I D A T I O N E X E R C I S E S

EXERCISE 27 Elija el verbo correcto, A, B o C para cada frase.

1.He's late. He overslept.

A ) must have B ) should have

c ) has to have

2.1 lost my room key but the hotel

receptionist replace it.

A ) could B ) could have

c) wasable to

3 . Y o u r answers b e written in

pencil or ink, it's up to you.

A ) must B ) have to c ) c a n

4 . Excuse m e , y o u tell m e t h e

way to the bank?A ) could B ) should c ) shall

5 . We're running o u t o f petrol. W e

stop at the next f i l l i n g station.

A ) m a y B ) could c) 'd better

6 . I f y o u want t o g o t o Brazil next year,

you get a visa.

A ) might B ) will have to

C ) m ay

7 . It's lucky that we weren't caught inthat storm. We got soaked!

A ) needn't have

B ) might have c) have to have

8 . T h e s u n shine a l l t h e time

when we were children.

A ) used to B ) might c ) could

9 . B u t h e done i t , h e w a s with

me all day!

A ) mustn't have B ) should have

c)can't have

1 0 . 1 hear you had a party yesterday. You

invited us!

A ) m a y have B ) needn't have

O might have

1 1 . Where's David? H e b e here b y

n o w .

A ) had better B) might o should

1 2 . A t t h e e n d o f t h e course y o u

speak f l u e n t l y .

A ) c a n B ) can't

C ) will b e able to

1 3 . Peter l e f t it on the table, I

don't really know.

A ) might have B ) can't have

C ) must have

1 4 . Clare be at home, her light's on.A ) can't B ) must c ) shouldn't

1 5 . Y o u take a n y money, it's f r e e

entry on Sundays.

A ) mustn't B ) needn't c ) can't

1 6 . 1 think they probably lose the

election.

A ) c a n B ) willc ) should

1 7 . It's going to be a very long f i l m . I'm

sure we e n j o y it.A ) shan't B ) can't c ) needn't

1 8 .You show me your tickets. I've

already checked them.

A ) may not B ) needn't o couldn't

1 9 . Don't bother phoning Jack. It's three

o'clock, so he be out.

A ) c a n ' t B) w i l l C ) ca n

2 0 . T h e e x a m i n a t i o n b e c o n d u c t e d inc o m p l e t e s i l e n c e .

A ) shall B ) would c ) c a n

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U N I T 1

Exercise 1

2 . c a n

3 . w a s able t o

4 . t o b e ab le t o

5 . wasn ' t ab le t o

6 . c a n ' t

7 . c a n

8 . be ing ab le t o

9 . will b e able t o

1 0 . w a s able t o

1 1 .c a n

1 2 . be ing ab le t o

Exercise 2

1. C a n Picture C

2 . will b e able t o P i c t u r e A

3. Can't Picture B

4 . t o b e able t o P i c t u r e D

5 . be ing ab le t o P i c t u r e E

Exercise 3

1 . B 2 . A 3. A 4 . A

5 . B

Exercise 4

2 . C a n y o u lend m e £10?

3 . C a n y o u tell m e t h e t i m e o f

th e nex t t r a in to Paris?

4 . C an I p ay b y credi t card?

5 . C a n I cash som e t r ave l le r ' s

c h e q u e s ?

6 . C a n w e s i t n e a r t h e

w i n d o w ?

7 . C a n I change th i s sh i r t f o r a

l a rger s i ze?

Exercise 5

1 . c a n ' t

2 . c a n

3 . c a n ' t

4 . c a n

5 . c a n

6 . c a n ' t

Exercise 6

1 . B

4. D

2 . E 5. F

5 . A 6 . C

U N I T 2

Exercise 1

1 . When I w a s a chi ld I cou ld s k i

be t te r than m y b ro ther .

2 . It was so cold yes terday I

couldn ' t feel the t ips of my

f i n g e r s .3 . M y com pute r b roke down las t

Wednesday, bu t t he eng inee r

wa s able to f ix i t .

4 . T h e jewels were

the shop , bu t the

s tolen f r o m

police were

able to

g e t them back.

5 . 1 los t m y d ic t ionary yes te rday

a n d I c o u l d n ' t f i n d i t anywhere .6 . T h e ear thquake w a s ter r ib le

-we could f e e l th e whole house

shaking!

Exercise 2

B C h i l d r e n c o u l d

g e t t he vo te .

C M e n c o u l d h a v e

b a b i e s

D People could l ive

to the age of 200.

E Wigs cou ld

b e c o m e

f a s h i o n a b l e a g a i n .

F R o b o t s c o u l d

p e r f o r m

o p e r a t i o n s in

h o s p i t a l s .

Exercise 3

1 . c o u l d n ' t

2 . c o u l d n ' t

3 . c o u l d

4 . c o u l d

5 . c o u l d6 . c o u l d n ' t

Exercise 4

1 . Katie could have

2 . David could have

3 . M ar ion cou ld

h av e

4 . Ralph cou ld have

5 . L iz cou ld have

6 . K aren cou ld

have

Exercise 5

1 . W e c o u l d f ly

to New York.

2 . W e c o u l d g o

to th e c i n e m a .

3 . W e c o u l d

dr ive to the

c o u n t r y .

4 . Y e s , y o u

cou ld wr i te

a b o u t

N a p o l e o n .

5 . Y o u cou ld

b u y s o m e

C D s .

U N I T 3

Exercise 1

1 . h a d bet t e r 5 . shou ld

2 . s h o u l d n ' t 6 . s h o u l d n ' t

3 . h a d be t te r 1 . h a d be t te r n o t

4 . s h o u l d s h o u l d

Exercise 2

2 . H e ough t to have locked th e door .

3 . S h e o u g h t n ' t t o have over s lep t .

4 . H e o u g h t to have p rom ised t o c u t taxes .

5 . Th e d o c t o r o u g h t to have g iven h im ant ibiot ics .6 . H e o u g h t n ' t to h a v e u s e d c h e a p m a t e r i a l s .

7 . T h e y o u g h t t o have inv i ted Har ry .

Exercise 3

1. A

2 . D

3. C

4. E

5 B

6 . G

7. F

8 . ld

s.

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U N I T 4

Exercise 11. h a v e to2 . will I h a v e t o

3 . m u s t n ' t

4 . D o w e h a v e t o

5 . h a d t o

6 . h a s n ' t h a d t o

Exercise 2

1. h a v e to

2 . h a s t o

3 . h a v e to

4 m u s t

Exercise 3

1 . A

2 . B

3 . A

4 B

Exercise 41 . m u s t n ' t2 . don ' t have t o

3 . h a s t o

4 . h a v e t o

5 . d o n ' t h a v e t o

6 . m u s t n ' t

Exercise 5

1 . D

2 . C

3. A

4 B

Exercise 6

1. m u s t b e

2 . m u s t h a v e3 . c a n ' t b e

4 . c a n ' t h a v e

5 . m u s t b e

6 . m u s t h a v e

U N I T 5

Exercise 1

1 . n e e d2 . D o y o u n e e d3 . N e e d4 . n e e d n ' t / d o n ' t n e e d t o5 . n e e d

6 . d o n ' t need

Exercise 2

1 . / 2. / 3./

4. X 5. / 6. /

7 . X

Exercise 3

2 . Th e arm cha i r needs r epa i r ing / to b e r epa i r ed .

3 . H is eyes need tes t ing/to be t es t ed .

4 . Th e sh i r t needs c lean ing/ to b e c leaned .

5 . Th e h o u s e n e e d s r e b u i l d i n g / t o b e r ebu i l t .

6 . Th e p lan t needs water ing/ to b e watered.

U N I T 6

Exercise 1

2 . '1 1 p a y f o r

3 . '1 1 com e wi th

y o u

4 . won' t have

e n o u g h t i m e

5 . '1 1 g e t s o m e

6 . won' t s t ay long

Exercise 2

1 . T h e Japanese wi l l p robab ly

bu i ld an u n d e r g r o u n d c i t y .

2 . T h e Pr im e M in is te r wi l l

ce r ta in ly r es ign nex t week.

3 . House p r ices wi l l pos s ib ly

r i s e nex t year .

4 . T h e C h a n c e l l o r d e f i n i t e l y

won ' t r a i s e t axes .

Exercise 3

3 . That ' l l b e m y parcel .

4 . Sara will b e working a t

th e g y m .

5 . I 'm a f r a i d h e ' l l b e b u s y /

h e won ' t b e free/he

won ' t s ee y o u .

Exercise 4

1 . D/G 2. C/H

3. A/E 4. B/F

Exercise 5

1 . D 2. C

3 F 4 A

5. E 6 . B

U N I T 7

E x e r c i s e 1

1 . D Shal l w e

2 . F Shall I

3 . A What sha l l w e

4 . c Where shal l I

5 . B H o w sha l l I

6 . E Shall w e

E x e r c i s e 2

1.I shall give up smoking.

2 . I shan ' t watch T V a l l e v e n i n g .

3 . I shal l read f o r a n h o u r e v e r y d a y .

4. I shan ' t ea t snacks be tween m ea ls .

5. I shal l b e f r i end l ie r to people.6 .I s h a n ' t borrow money f r o m m y

f r i e n d s .

E x e r c i s e 3

3 . Entrants sha l l not talk during

t h e c o m p e t i t i o n .

4 . E n t r a n t s s h a l l f i n i s h writ ing

by 10.30.

5 . Interviews shal l b e he ldbe tween 11.00 an d 12.00.

6 . O u r f i n a l dec i s ion sha l l b e

a n n o u n c e d a t 12.30.

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U N I T S

Exercise 1

2 . Would y o u like f i r s t c las s o r

s t a n d a r d c l a s s ?

3 . Which t r a in would y o u like t o

t r ave l o n ?

4 . I'd like th e 3.05.

5 . I 'd l i k e n o n - s m o k i n g , p l e a s e .

6 . H o w would y o u like t o p a y ?

7 . Would y o u like a r ece ip t?

Exercise 2

1 . 'd like2 . like3 . 'd like4 . 'd like5 . like6 . 'd like7 . 'd like8 . 'd like9 . like

Exercise 3

1 . Two weeks on a b e a c h w o u l d b e r e l a x i n g .

2 . Stay ing at the Ri tz ho te l in Paris would

b e e x p e n s i v e .

3 . M o u n t a in c l i m b i n g i n S w it z e r l a n d w o u l d

b e e x h a u s t in g .

4 . A t o u r o f E g y p t w o u l d b e f a s c i n a t i n g .

5 . Stay ing at h o m e w o u l d b e b o r i n g .

6 . A tr ip to Anta rc t i ca w o u l d be u n u s u a l .

Exercise 4

1 . C 4. A

2. D 5. B

3. F 6 . E

Exercise 5

2 . 1 would s i t and r ead books fo r h o u r s a n d h o u r s .

3 . A t b e d t i m e m y m o t h e r w o u l d r e a d stor ies t o m e .

4 . H e would take us for long walks .

5 . A t t h e weekends m y a u n t s a n d unc les would v i s i t u s .

Exercise 6

1 . C 2 . B

3. A 4. D

U N I T 9

Exercise 1

1 . Brown m a y win.2 . M i l l e r m i g h t w i n .

3 . N e l s o n m i g h t w i n .

4 . Stiles wil l p robab ly

win .

Exercise 2

3 . m i g h t h a v e g o n e4 . m a y h a v e v i s i t e d

5 . m i g h t b e / m i g h t h a v e

g o n e

6 . m a y b e t e a c h i n g

Exercise 3

2 . Y o u m a y n o t br ing3 . Y o u m a y n o t take

4 . Y o u m a y p a y

5 . Y o u m a y n o t wear

6 . Y o u m a y b o o k

Exercise 4

1. E 2 . A

3. D 4. C

5. B

Exercise 5

2 . H e m i g h t h a v e t o l d me h e w as a v e g e t a r i a n !

3 . Y o u m i g h t h a v e l is t e n e d t o m e !

4 . Sh e m i g h t h a v e o f f e r e d t o b u y a dr ink!

Exercise 6

2 . We m i g h t as wel l com e back tom or row.

3 . We may a s well sel l i t and buy a new o n e .

4 . 1 might as well wri te her a le t ter .

U N I T 10

Exerc ise 1

3 . E l i z a b e t h d i d n ' t u se to /never used to ea t sp icy food .

4 . Ou r c h i l d r e n u s e d to wake u p d u r i n g th e n i g h t .

5 . M i c h a e l d i d n ' t u se to /never used to do a lo t o f exerc i s e .

6 . The p o l i c e d i d n ' t u se to /never used to s p e n d a lo t of

t im e in ca r s .

7 . M y h u s b a n d u s e d t o p l a y g o l f .

E xe r c i se 2

1 . d id n ' t u se to

2 . used t o

3 . used to

4 . d i d n ' t u s e t o

5 . d i d n ' t u s e t o

6 . used t o

Exerc ise 3

2.

3

6 .

8 /

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Exercise 1

2 . Will w e b e able t o g o ski ing tomorrow?

3 . D i d h e u s e t o p lay foo tba l l?

4 . Would you like tea or coffee?5 . C o u l d y o u tel l m e t h e w a y t o t h e Post O f f i c e ?

6 . Shal l I car ry that f o r y o u ?

7 . C a n t h e y c o m e a t nine o 'c lock?

8 . D o w e need t o g e t a v i sa?

9 . M a y I u s e your t e l ephone?

1 0 . Will y o u he lp m e with this?

Exercise 2

Past 2. 4. 5. 6. 8. 9. 13.

Presen t 1 . 1 0 . 1 1 . 1 5 .

Futu re 3 . 7 . 1 2 . 1 4 .

Exercise 3

1. - 5. - -

2 . tO 6. - 9. tO

3. tO 7. tO 10. -

4. tO

Exercise 4

1 . Can't Picture C

2 . can ' t have P i c t u r e F

3. C a n Picture B

4. can't Picture A

5. C a n Picture D

6 . can ' t have P i c t u r e E

Exercise 5

1 . being able t o

2 . c a n ' t

3 . c a n

4 . c a n

5 . b e able t o

6 . will be able to

7 . b e able t o

8 . w a s able t o

Exercise

1 . can ' t

2 . m u s t

3 . m u s t

4 . m u s t

5 . can ' t

6 . m u s t

7 . can ' t

8 . m u s t

h a v e gone

h a v e eaten

have broken

have r a ined

h a v e turned o n

have smoked

have s to len

have taken

Exercise 7

1. A

2 . B

3. A

4. A

5. B

6 . B

Exercise 8

2 . could/were able t o

3 . c a n ' t

4 . c a n



7 . won't be able to

8 . won' t b e able t o

Exercise 9

2 . S h e should have taken h e r car.3 . H e shou ldn ' t have s t ayed i n t h e s u n s o l o n g .

4 . S h e s h o u l d n ' t h a v e r e s i g n e d .

5 . H e shou ldn ' t have ea t en s o much choco la t e .

6 . Cla re should have dr iven more careful ly .

7 . S h e s h o u l d h a v e b r o u g h t a n u m b r e l l a .

8 . Henry shou ldn ' t have worn such unsu i t ab le

c l o t h e s .

9 . S h e shou ldn ' t have shou ted a t a cus tomer .

1 0 . Juan should have got a better resul t .

Exercise 10

1 . We'd bet ter phone t h e f i r e service .2 . Y o u shou ldn ' t ca r ry such a h e a v y b a g .

3 . Perhaps y o u shou ld g e t your eyes t e s t ed .

4 . We'd better stop t h e c a r a n d call a m e c h a n i c .

5 . Well, y o u shouldn ' t smoke s o m u c h .

6 . I t ' s fantast ic . Y o u shou ld t r y i t s o m e t i m e .

7 . Y ou 'd be t te r l i e down f o r a f e w m i n u t e s .

8 . It's excellent. W e should b u y o n e f o r t h e o f f i c e .

9 . We'd bet ter hur ry then.

1 0 . Well, he really shouldn't eat so much!

Exercise 11

3 . D i d s h e need t o g e t a n y books?

4 . 1 need to go to the bank la ter .

5 . They needn' t have taken thei r car . / T hey d idn ' t need to take

their car .

6 . Do I need to ge t up ea r ly tom or row? / N e e d I ge t up early

t o m o r r o w ?

7 . M y jacket needs c leaning. / M y jacket needs to be cleaned.

8 . Y o u don ' t need t o c o m e i f y o u don' t want t o . / Y o u n e e d n ' tc o m e i f you don ' t wan t to .

9 . T hat house needs r epa in t ing . / T hat house needs to be repainted.

1 0 . Y o u needn' t br ing a present . / You don ' t need to br ing a presen t .

Exercise 12

l . B 2 . A

5 . B 6 . B

9.B 10. A

13.B 14. A

17.A 18. A

Exercise 13

1. E 2 . C

5 . F 6 . A

Exercise 14

l.C 2.F

5. B 6 . E

3. A

7. A

l l . A

15. B

19. B

4 . B

8 . B

12. B

16. A

20. B

3. B 4 . D

3. A 4 . D

8.8.

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Exercise 15

2 . H o u s e k e e p e r H i l a r y

3 . R e s e r v a t i o n s m a n a g e r J e a n

4 . Assi s t an t r ecep t ion i s t Jan in e

5 . B a r m a n a g e r C a r o l

6 . Ca ter ing a ss i s t an t Jack ie

7 . C l e a n e r A m a n d a

Exercise 16

2 . She ' l l b e a t t h e o f f i c e .

3 . H e won' t b e a t h o m e

t o d a y .

4 . He' l l b e a t work a l l d a y .

5 . T h e y w o n ' t b e s t ay ing

a t t h e Ri tz .

6 . Th a t ' l l b e t h e p l u m b e r .

Exercise 18

1 . Candidates shal l wri te o n both s ides o f t h e paper .

2 . Calcu la to r s sha l l n o t b e used .

3 . Candidates shal l wri te thei r name o n each page .

4 . Answers shal l b e written i n ink.

5 . Talking shal l n o t b e permi t t ed i n t h e e x a m i n a t i o n r o o m .

6 . T h e examina t ion sha l l b e comple ted i n o n e h o u r .

Exercise 17

1 . Shall w e g o t o t h e James

Bond f i l m t o n i g h t .

2 . Shal l I record that

p r o g r a m m e f o r y o u .

3 . I shan ' t a r r ive un t i l a f t e r

d i n n e r .

4 . What shal l w e d o t o m o o r o w

e v e n i n g ?

5 . Shal l I take that b a g f o r y o u ?

6 . W e s h a n ' t e n j o y t h i s mea l .

7 . I shal l g ive u p smoking th is

yea r .8 . Y o u shal l g e t a p a y r i se next

m o n t h .

Exercise 19

1 . I 'd like t w o c o f f e e s a n d a

c ro is san t , p lea se .

2 . Would y o u br ing u s t h e bil l ,

p l e a s e ?

3 . I'd prefe r th e steak. / I'd ra therh a v e the s teak.

4 . Would y o u like t h e s e t m e n u ?

5 . Would y o u like t o s i t a t th is table?

6 . H o w would y o u like t o p a y ?

7 . What would y o u like t o dr ink?

Exercise 2 0

1 . would s tand u p

2 . wouldn ' t s i t down

aga in

3 . would take i t o f f

4 . would open5 . would wai t

6 . would walk

7 . would e a t

8 . wouldn ' t s t ay

9 . would d r ink

1 0 . would ta lk

Exercise 2 1

2 . I wish m y g i r l f r iend would

mar ry m e.

3 . wish m y sis ter would lend

m e h e r car.

4 . wish Car l wou ldn ' t u s e h i sp h o n e in the car.

5 . wish m y parents would

a l l o w m e t o p lay foo tba l l o n

S u n d a y s .

6 . I wish m y f l a t m a t e w o u l d n ' t

l eave the door un locked .

Exercise 2 2

l . D 2 . B 3 . A

5 . E 6 . H 7 . C

4 . G

8.F

Exe rc i s e 23

l . B 2 . A 3 . C

5 . A 6 . B 7 . B

4 . B

Exercise 24

1 . h a d be t t e r 4 . m u s t

2 . shou ld 5 . should

3 . h a d bet ter 6 . m u s t

Exercise 25

Pos i t ive

1 . There used t o b e a s h o p o n t h e corner .2 . There used t o b e trees o n t h e s treets .3 . Peop le used to ride horses .4 . Chi ld ren used t o p lay i n t h e street .

N e g a t i v e

5 . There d idn ' t u s e t o b e a n y parking meters .6 . There d idn ' t u s e t o b e a n y cars .7 . There d idn ' t u s e t o b e a n y satell i te dishes.8 . There d idn ' t u s e t o b e a n y st reet lamps.

Exercise 2 6

1 . / 4. / 6./ 7 / 8/

Exercise 27

1 . A 2 . C 3 . C

5 . C 6 . B 7 . B

9 . C 1 0 . C

13.A 1 4 . B

17.A 18 . B

l l . C

15. B

1 9 . B

4 . A

8 . A

1 2 . C

16. B

2 0 . A

7/18/2019 121915234-Modal-Verbs


L a s s i g u i e n t e s p a l a b r a s y e x p r e s i o n e s se usa n e n l a s i n s t r u c c i o n e s e n i n g le s p a r a l o s e je r c i c io s . E s

m u y p o s i b l e q u e u s t e d n o t e n g a n e c e s i d a d n u n c a d e h a c e r u s o n a d a m a s q u e d e u n a s p o c a s d e e l l a s ,

p e r o s i e m p r e le se rv i r an d e a p o y o p a r a a s e g u r a r s e q u e t o d a s l a s i n s t r u c c i o n e s e s t a n t o t a l m e n t e c l a r a s .

A form of . . .

u n a forma d e

A bse n t - m inde d

distraido

A d danadir

Adjec t ive

a d j e t i v o

A d v e r b

adverbio

A nsw e rr e s p u e s t a

B e ca re fu l

t e n cuidado

B ox

c a j a , recuadro

( g r a m a t i c a l )

B r a c k e t s

parentesis

B r o c h u r e

folleto

C a r t o o n

d i b u j o s animados

C h i l d h o o d

ninezC h o o s e

elegir

C o l u m n

columna ( d e u n

texto)

C o m p e t i t i o n

competitionC o m p l e t e

completo

C o n v e r s a t i o nconversation

C o r r e c t

correcto

C r o s s

cruz

C u e word

palabra claveD e d u c t i o n

deduction

Desiredeseo

Dialogue

d i a l o g o

D u r i n g

durante

E a c h se n t e nc e

c a d a frase

E x a m i n a t i o n

examen

E x p r e s s i o n

e x p r e s i o n

E x t r a c textracto

Fee l ings

sentimientos,

emociones

F i r s tprimero

F o r m a l

formal

F u t u r e

futuro

G a p

hueco ( e n u n

didlogo)

G r a m m a t i c a l

gramatical

H a b i thabito, costumbre

Half / h a l v e s

m i t a d / mitades

H e a d t e a c h e r

directorI n c o r r e c t

incorrecto

Inf in i t ive

i n f m i t i v o

I n f o r m a t ion

information

I n s t r u c t i o n

instruction

I n t e n d

tener intentionL i s t

lista

Make a c h a n g e

hacer u n cambio

M a n n e r smodales

M a t c hpartido

M i n i dialoguemini didlogo

Mis ta keequivocation

Necessa ry

necesarioN e ga t ive

negativa

N e w Year

r e so lu t i onresolution d e a n o

nuevoN e w spa pe r

h e a d l i n e sportada d e l

periodicoN o u n

sustantivoN u m b e r e d

numerado

Onc eu n a v e z

Only

solamenteO r d e r

o r d e n , secuenciaPair

par

P a r a g r a p hp a r r a f oPassage

p a s a j e , texto

Pastpasado

Phrasefrase

Pic tu r ec u a d r o , d i b u j o

Plan

plan, planear(vacaciones)Player

jugador ( d e tenis,

por e j e m p l o )

Polite

cortes

Posit ive

positive

Possibili ty

posibilidad

P r e d ic t i on

prediction

Presen t d a y

actual

P r o m p tpronto

Pu tponer

Que s t ion

pregunta

R e c o m m e n d a t i o n

recomendacion

R e f e r

r e f e r i r

R e m e m b e r

r e c o r d a r

R e p la c e

reemplazar

R e q u e s t

r e q u e r i r , petition

R e s p o n s er e s p o n d e r ,

r e s p u e s t a

Rewri te

volver a escribir

R uler e g l a , regulation

Second

s e g u n d o

Secre ta ry

secretaria

Semi- f ina l l ine -up

semi final

Sign

l e t r e r o , s e r i a l d e

t r d f i c o

Si tua t i on

situation

Some of

a l g o d e

Speech b u b b l e

bocadillo ( e n

comics)

Spelling mis t a ke

f a l t a d e o r t o g r a f i a

Staff

plantilla, personal

S t a r t with

para empezar

Study

e s t u d i a r , estudioSugges t ion

sugerencia

Su i tab lea p r o p i a d o

Take ove rhacerse cargo

Tennis

c h a m p i o n s h i p

campeonato d e

tenis

The ( n u m b e r of )

t ime s

e l numero d e veces

Th e s a m e a sl o mismo q u e

Tick

hacer u n a s e r i a l ,

m a r c a

Time re fe rence

r e f e r e n c i a horaria

Twiced o s veces

U nde r l i ne d

s u b r a y a d o

U s eu s a r , u s o

V e r b

verbo

V e r b p h r a s ef r a s e verbal

Word r a n k i n g

e l ranking mundial

( j u g a d o r e s d e

tenis, por

e j e m p l o )

7/18/2019 121915234-Modal-Verbs


FONDO EDITORIAL STANLEY

INGLES

3000TESTSELEMENTARYLEVEL

KEYS3000 TESTS

2000TESTSADVANCED LEVEL

KEYS2000TESTS

1500 STRUCTURED TESTS

• NIVELES 1, 2 Y 3

KEYS 1500 STRUCTURED TESTS

2000 BILINGUAL PHRASES • FRASES

BILINGUES • NIVELES 1, 2, 3, 4 Y 5

TRANSLATIONS • TRADUCCIONES

• NIVELES 1, 2, 3 Y 4

FILL IN T H E GAPS • NIVELES 1, 2 Y 3

KEYS FILL IN THE GAPS

DIDACTIC CROSSWORDS NIVEL 1

(EDICI6N FOTOCOPIABLE)

NEW GUIDE TO PHRASAL VERBS

EXERCISES - GUIDE TO PHRASAL

VERBS

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

• NIVELES 1, 2, 3 Y 4

KEYS ENGLISH GRAMMAR

GUIDE TO PREPOSITIONS

ENGLISH TO SPANISH

USING PREPOSITIONS

ENGLISH VERBS ONE BY ONE

IRREGULAR VERBS AND MODALS

MY ENGLISH TELLTALE

DICTATIONS IN ENGLISH

• N IV E L E S 1 Y 2

CONVERSATION IN ACTION

NEW GUIDE TO BUSINESS LETTERS

A T O ZED, A T O ZE E A GUIDE T O T H EDIFFERENCES B E T W E E N B R I T I S H AND A M E R I C A N

E N GL IS H

EVERYDAY IDIOMS IN BUSINESS

ESPANOL

T E S T S E S PA N O L

• N I V E L E S 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 Y 5

C L A V E S T E S T S E S P A N O L

C R U C I G R A M A S D I D A C T I C O S• NIVELES 1, 2 Y 3

D I C T A D O S EN E S PA NO L

• NIVELES A, B Y C

G RA M A T I C A E S PA NO LA EN M A R C H A

C L A V E S G R A M A T IC A E S PA N O L A

LO S V E R B O S E S P A N O L ES

D I F E R E N C IA S E N T R E SER 0 E S T A R

C L A V E S D I F E RE NC I A S SER 0 E S T A R

LECTURAS GRADUADAS

EN ESPANOL

NIVEL o LA FAMILIA PEREZ

iQUIEN SABE?

LA CLASE DE YOGA

NIVEL 1 LA ISLA MISTERIOSA

20.000 LEGUAS VIAJE SUBMARINO

EL CONDE DE MONTECRISTO

DON QUIJOTE DE LA MANCHA

NIVEL 2 LO S TRES MOSQUETEROS

UN CAPITAN DE 15 ANOS

MIGUEL STROGOFF

URDANETA. ELTORNAVIAJE

FRANCES

1000 TES TS EN F RA NQA I S

• N I V E L E S 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 y 5

C LE S PO UR LE S T E S T S EN F RA NQA I S

T R A D U I R E A U J O U R D ' H U I

• NIVELES 1, 2 Y 3

N O U V E A U G U ID E D E C O R R E S P O N D A N C E

C O M M E RC I A LE

M O T S C R O I S E S - N I VE L 1

M O N B IL A N G R A M M A T IC A L

D I C T E E S E N F R A N Q A I S

• NIVELES 1-A,1-BY1-C

E NT RA lNE Z -V O U S A U X V E RBE S

F R A N Q A IS - LIVRE D U P R O F E S S E U R


FRANQAIS-ELEVE


F R A N Q A IS - CAHIER D 'ACTIV ITES

LECTURAS GRADUADAS

EN FRANCES

NIVEL 0 L A F A M I L L E L E N O I R

QUISAIT?

NIVEL 1 L' lLEMYSTERIEUSE

20.000 LIEUES SO US LES MER S

LE C O M T E D E M O N T E - C R I S T O

NIVEL 2 LES T R O IS M O U S Q U E T A IR E S

U N C A P IT A I N E D E Q U I N ZE A N S

M I C H EL S T R O G O F F

GUIAS P A R A VIAJAR

GUlA DEL VIAJERO ESPANOL-INGLES

GUlA DEL VIAJERO ESPANOL-FRANCES

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