121 week 2 chapter 3 pain & its management newer
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Pain, its treament and alternativesTRANSCRIPT
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Pain
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Pain and It’s ManagementObjectives
• Define Pain• Assessing Pain• Pain Treatment
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Define Pain
• Sensation of hurting or strong discomfort• Subjective, can’t be measured objectively• #1 complaint by patients seeking medical
care• Usually accompanies:
inflammationtissue damageinfectiontrauma
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Purpose of Pain
• Protective function; motivates person to remove cause
• Each disease produces characteristic patterns which helps with diagnosis
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How Patients Express Pain
• Perceptions from past experience
• Pain threshold & tolerance
• Cultural expression• Age• Anxiety or stress level• Depression• Activity level
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How Pain Travels
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Pain Gate TheoryExplains why thoughts and emotions affect pain
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www.PainClinic.org
Pain Mechanisms – Normal Sensations
Sensory Cortex
SkinStimulation
Dorsal Horn
BrainStem
LimbicSystem
FeelingHappy
NormalHR, BP, RR,Skin temp
Descending Inhibition
Closing The Gate
CVS / RS Centres
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www.PainClinic.org
What Happens In Acute Pain
Sensory Cortex
Dorsal Horn
BrainStem
LimbicSystem
FeelingHappy
NormalHR, BP, RR,Skin temp
Descending Inhibition
Closing The Gate
CVS / RS Centres
SensitisedDorsal Horn(Wind Up)
BrainStem
PainPerception
CVS / RS Centres
RaisedHR, BP, RRCold Skin
LimbicSystem
PainBehaviour
Descending Inhibition
Helps Close The Gate
SkinStimulation
TissueInjury
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www.PainClinic.org
Recovery After Acute Pain
Sensory Cortex
Dorsal Horn
BrainStem
LimbicSystem
FeelingHappy
NormalHR, BP, RR,Skin temp
Descending Inhibition
Closing The Gate
CVS / RS Centres
SensitisedDorsal Horn(Wind Up)
BrainStem
PainPerception
CVS / RS Centres
RaisedHR, BP, RRCold Skin
LimbicSystem
PainBehaviour
TissueInjury
Descending Inhibition
Helps Close The Gate
TissueHealing
Dorsal HornWinds Back Down
BrainStem
PainSubsides
CVS / RS Centres
NormalHR, BP, RRWarm Skin
LimbicSystem
FeelingHappy
Descending Inhibition
Helps Close The Gate
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www.PainClinic.org
Why Does Chronic Pain Develop ?
Sensory Cortex
Dorsal Horn
BrainStem
LimbicSystem
FeelingHappy
NormalHR, BP, RR,Skin temp
Descending Inhibition
Closing The Gate
CVS / RS Centres
SensitisedDorsal Horn(Wind Up)
BrainStem
PainPerception
CVS / RS Centres
RaisedHR, BP, RRCold Skin
LimbicSystem
PainBehaviour
TissueInjury
Descending Inhibition
Helps Close The Gate
Setting The Scene
Badly Managed Acute Pain
Emotionally Sensitive Patient
Low IQ and ability to understand
Poor Coping Skllls
Previous Bad Pain Experiences
Pain Goes on For Longer
Surgical Complications
Poor Descending
Inhibition
- Gate Wide Open
ContinuingPain Input
PermanentlySensitised
Dorsal Horn
Activated
Silent
Channels
BrainStem
ChronicPain
CVS / RS Centres
? Risk of Hypertension
+ Angina
LimbicSystem
ChronicPain PtChronicPain Pt
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Referred Pain
• Pain that comes from area other than site where it originates due to shared sensory nerve pathways
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Assessment of Pain
• P=place• A=amount• I=interactions• N=neutralizes
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Pain Drawings
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Pain Treatment
• #1 choice for treatment of pain is medication
• Classifications of medications for pain treatment:opioidnon-opioidanalgesicsanestheticsanti-inflammatoriesPCAplacebo
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Pain Treatment Alternatives
BIOFEEDBACK
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Yoga
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Aromatherapy
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Massage
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Therapeutic Touch
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Humor
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Relaxation