12 the presidency. 2 presidential power prime ministerial power party leader, selects cabinet...
TRANSCRIPT
12
The Presidency
2
Presidential Power• Prime Ministerial Power
• Party leader, selects cabinet officers. Cabinet officers must support policy or resign. Minister in charge of failed policy must resign (WMD)
• Presidential Power- Much weaker• Nominated by non-party officials. • Little experience in DC, Cabinet as “spoils”• President and Congress were meant to share power• Few Powerful Presidents, JQ Adams-FDR:
– Jackson, Polk, Cleveland, Lincoln
• New Powers, supported by Supreme Court:– Independent offensive military capabilities– Domestic policy initiatives- internment, air traffic
control– Neustadt: Power ultimately from PERSUASION
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 - 3
Figure 12.2: Presidential Popularity
Source: Thomas E. Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright 1975 by Little, Brown and Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-1993. Reprinted by permission of the Gallup Poll News
Service.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 - 4
Figure 12.2: Presidential Popularity (cont’d)
Source: Thomas E. Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright 1975 by Little, Brown and Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-1993. Reprinted by permission of the Gallup Poll News
Service.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 - 5
Table 12.3: Partisan Gains or Losses in Congress in Presidential Election Years
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 - 6
Table 12.4: Partisan Gains or Losses in Congress in Off-Year Elections
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 - 7
Table 12.5: Presidential Vetoes, 1789-2000
8
Presidential Institutionalization I• Necessities of a vast Bureaucracy
• Brownlow Commission, 1937: Pres. needs help• White House Office and Executive Office of
President created; staffed near 400 people
• Three Organizational Strategies• Pyramid (Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, Bush I/II• Circular (Carter early in administration)• Ad Hoc (Clinton early in administration)
• EOP: includes WHO and OVP• Agencies mandated by law; Senate confirms • Office of Management and Budget, National S.C.
• Cabinet: Little, expandable fiefdoms• Few nominatable positions
9
Pres. Institutionalization II• Three Persuasive Audiences
– Fellow Politicians in DC– Party Activists and Officeholders outside DC– The Public
• Three Policy Prerogatives– The Veto
• Only 4% overrident• Line-item veto struck down
– Executive Privilege (controversial)• US v. Nixon (1971), Cheney’s “energy” policies
– Impoundment: Budget Reform Act of 1974– President has short window to act
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 - 10
Figure 12.1: Growth of the White House Office, 1935-1985
Sources: For 1935-1977: Congressional Record (April 13, 1978), 10111; for 1979-1985: annual reports filed by the White House with the House of Representatives Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, titled "Aggregate Report on Personnel; Pursuant to Title 3, United States Code, Section 113"; and Budget of the United States Government. From Samuel Kernell and Samuel Popkin,
eds., Chief of Staff (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 201.
11
Presidential Succession• Key problem: legitimacy
• FDR: only 4-termer
• 8 VP’s have ascended
• 25th Amendment provides for succession
• Impeachment: an Indictment only– Senate must convict
• Andrew Johnson: missed removal by one vote
• Nixon: resigned to avoid impeachment; removal?
• Clinton: impeached but not removed (2/3 required)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 - 12
Map 12.1: Electoral Votes per State
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 - 13
Table 12.1: The Cabinet Departments
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 - 14
Table 12.2: Number of Political Appointments in Cabinet Departments