Henry III

Religion and Education

Homage to Louis IX

Treaty of Paris 1259

• Recognize French dominion over Normandy and Anjou

• Homage for Gascony

1260

Trade Within the English Dominions

Wine

Gascon Wine

Royal Control Regained

• 1266 Dictum of Kenilworth – restore confiscated property for 7 times annual

value.

• 1267 Statute of Marlborough– Affirm Magna Carta– Affirm Provisions of Westminster

• Edward Effective Ruler

Two Countries

England• 1254 Ireland to Edward• 1257, 1263 Welsh

revolts• 1267 Principality of

Wales recognized

Scotland• 1234 Galloway revolt

crushed• 1263 Norway loses Isle

of Man• 1266 Norway cedes

Western Isles

1237 Treaty of York

Themes

• Anti-foreign sentimentsNote: Barons in England and ‘foreign’ advisors all speak the same language-French

• Increased interest in English culture– English saints and heroes

• Increased interest in expansion within the British Isles– Opposition to intervention in Gascony

Religion and Education

Artistic Interests

New Developments

Purgatory

• 1245, 47 Councils at Lyons affirm the doctrine of purgatory as a state

“Though one’s merits cannot change after death, the faithful on earth can assist those in purgatory to progress to heaven through the mass, prayers, and good works”Quoted in Robert Osei-Bonsu “Purgatory: A Study of the Historical Development and Its Compatibility with the Biblical Teaching on the Afterlife” Philosophy Study, April 2012, Vol. 2, No. 4, 286-299

Consequences

• Increased attention to lay devotion – Books of Hours

• Increased philanthropy• Chantries

Henry III - Marriage

Marriage to Eleanor of Provence, 1236

Henry III ResidencesQui non dat quod amat, non accipit ille quod optat

Ke ne duneke ne tine, ne prent ke desire

Woodstock Palace

Westminster Palace

Westminster Abbey

Meeting Place of Great CouncilChapter House

Painted Chamber, Westminster PalaceWilliam Capon 1817

•Bed chamber of Henry III•Site for almsgiving•Site for state occasions

Painted Chamber, Coronation of Edward the Confessor

Painted ChamberVirtues and VicesReconstructions by William Tristram, 1927

(L)Triumph of Largesce (generosity) over Covoitise (greed)

(R) Triumph of Debonerete (courtesy) over Ira (anger)

Ceiling Panels – Painted ChamberProphet Seraph

Henry III artistic motifs

• Edward the Confessor• Wheel of fortune• Dives and Lazarus

Cathedrals and Abbeys

• Durham Western towers 1217-1226• Westminster. Begun 1220• Peterborough,west front 1237• Salisbury 1237• Westminster 1243• Whitby, crossing, transepts 1250• Salisbury, W front 1260

English Cathedrals

Don Grimes, Osher Lifelong Learning, Wilmington Cathedrals Fall 2013, M 9 Canterbury, Wells, Lincoln, Salisbury.

Durham (1217-26

Petersborough

1237

Salisbury, 1237

Westminster Abbey1243

Westminster Abbey

WhitbyWhitby, transept 1250

Salisbury 1260

Twelve Months, Salisbury Cathedral Choir(King’s Chamber, Kennington; Queen’s Chamber, Clarendon)

Scholarship in the 13th Century

Conditions leading to modern science

• Translation of Greco-Arabic works on science and natural philosophy into Latin,

• Formation of the Medieval University• Emergence of the theologian-natural

philosophers

Communities of Scholars

• Bologna 1088, Paris 1119

• Oxford by 1190• Cambridge c. 1209• Other schools

– Northampton, Lincoln, York, London, Hertford and Exeter 1291 Confirmation of

Privileges of Cambridge

Colleges

Endowed boardinghouses for impoverished scholars. • 1249 University College• 1263 Balliol College• 1264 Merton College

“Mob Quad”

Academic Halls

Curriculum

• Liberal Arts– Trivium

grammar, rhetoric and dialectic – Quadrivium

arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music

• Graduate Studies– Theology, law, medicine

Bracton and Legal Scholarship

New Religious Groups

• Dominicans• Franciscans

Dominicans

• Black Friars• 1221 Land at Dover• 1223 Oxford • Urban mendicants• St. Thomas Aquinas

Franciscans Arrive

In the year of our Lord 1224, in the time of the Lord Pope Honorius...in the eighth year of the Lord King Henry, son of John, on the Tuesday after the Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, which that year was upon Sunday, the Friars Minor first came into England at Dover

House at London

‘Gray Friars’

• Embrace poverty • Could not own land• Lived by begging. • Activities in the world

– caring for the sick – preaching to the poor – singing and praying

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Medieval Science and Technology

• Ray Hain, Osher Lifelong Learning, Wilmngton Fall 2013, Friday at 9

Adelard of Bath (1080-1152)

• Travels to Greece and Middle East

• Introduces zero• Euclid into Latin• Natural philosophy

Adelard, Euclid, 1309 - 1316

Robert Grosseteste1170-1253

Grosseteste Career

• 1229-1235 Lecturer, Oxford on theology to Franciscans

• Works –Applications of Aristotle– De luce (Concerning Light)– Templum Dei (the Temple of God)

• 1235-1253 Bishop of Lincoln• 1250 Lyons denounces the pope and the

cardinals to their faces for 'acting contrary to Christ'.

Speculations

• Rainbow due to reflection and refraction• Colors related to intensity of light

Roger Bacon (1214-1294)1214-1292

Bacon Career

• Oxford at age 13• 1240’s Invited to Paris to reintroduce Aristotle• 1257 Becomes Franciscan• c. 1270 at Oxford• Restrained or imprisoned for alchemy

On Experimental Science, 1268

• …without experiment it is impossible to know anything thoroughly

• This is evident even in mathematics, where demonstration is the surest.

On Experimental Science, 1268Experience is of two kinds. • One is through the external senses: [including

through instruments]• …such experience is not enough for man, …

Hence man's intellect must be aided in another way, … there is divine inspiration not alone concerning spiritual but even about corporeal things.

Writings

• Opus Majorus– Mathematics is the door and key to the sciences – All this information [astronomical] is secured by

means of instruments suitable for these purposes, and by tables and by canons

Writings (2)

• The experimenter considers whether among visible things, he can find colors formed and arranged as given in the rainbow. He finds that there are hexagonal crystals from Ireland or India … and he holds these in a ray of sunlight falling through the window, and finds all the colors of the rainbow,

Optics

• Geometric optics• Parabolic burning mirrors • Theory that lenses may correct eyesight• Rainbow is due to the reflection and

refraction of sunlight through individual raindrops.

Gunpowder