12-0 dollar returns 12.1 total dollar return = income from investment + capital gain (loss) due to...
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12-1
Dollar Returns 12.1• Total dollar return = income from investment
+ capital gain (loss) due to change in price• Example:
• You bought a bond for $950 1 year ago. You have received two coupons of $30 each. You can sell the bond for $975 today. What is your total dollar return?
• Income = 30 + 30 = 60• Capital gain = 975 – 950 = 25• Total dollar return = 60 + 25 = $85
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Percentage Returns
• It is generally more intuitive to think in terms of percentages than dollar returns
• Dividend yield = income / beginning price
• Capital gains yield = (ending price – beginning price) / beginning price
• Total percentage return = dividend yield + capital gains yield
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Example – Calculating Returns
• You bought a stock for $35 and you received dividends of $1.25. The stock is now selling for $40.• What is your dollar return?
• Dollar return = 1.25 + (40 – 35) = $6.25
• What is your percentage return?• Dividend yield = 1.25 / 35 = 3.57%• Capital gains yield = (40 – 35) / 35 = 14.29%• Total percentage return = 3.57 + 14.29 = 17.86%
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12-4
More on Average Returns 12.5
• There are many different ways of calculating returns over multiple periods
• Two methods are:• Arithmetic Average Return• Geometric Average Return
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12-5
Arithmetic vs. Geometric Average Example
• You invested $100 in a stock five years ago. Over the last five years, annual returns have been 15%, -8%, 12%, 18% and -11%. What is your average annual rate of return? What is your investment worth today?
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Calculating Arithmetic Average
5.2 R
5
)11(1812)8(15 Return Average Arithmetic
A
AR
• The return in an average year was 5.2%.
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What is the investment worth today?
• FV=$100(1+.15)(1-.08)(1+.12)(1+.18)(1-.11)• FV=$124.44
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12-8
Calculating Geometric Average Continued
• What equivalent rate of return would you have to earn every year on average to achieve this same future wealth?
• Your average return was 4.47% each year. Notice that this is lower than the arithmetic average. This is because it includes the effects of compounding.
%47.4
12444.1
)1(100$44.124$
51
5
G
G
G
R
R
R
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12-9
Geometric Average
• The general formula for calculating the geometric average return is the following:
1R1...R1R1 Return Average Geometric1
T21 T
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12-10
Geometric vs. Arithmetic Average Returns 1957-2011
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