11AP Grammar Intensive UnitParts of Speech/FunctionsPhrase Types

Parts of SpeechNouns: Person, Place, Thing

Functions: Subject, Predicate Nominative, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Object Complement, Object of Preposition, Appositive,Adjective, Adverb

Parts of SpeechPronouns: Replace Nouns

Functions: All the same as nouns! Personal: he, she, we Possessive: his, hers, theirs (CAN BE ADJECTIVES) Reflexive/Intensive: myself, himself, yourself Relative: that, which, who, whom, whose Interrogative: who, whom, which, that, whose Demonstrative: this, that, these, those Indefinite: everyone, all, both, one

Parts of SpeechPronouns: Who vs. Whom

Who is always referring to a subject of a verb in a clause

Who went to the circus?Whom is always referring to an

object of a verb in a clauseYou may go with whomever you

choose.

Parts of SpeechPronouns: Who vs. Whom

Who vs. Whom – The he/him test Try restating your clause as statement or

answer. If you can substitute “he,” use who. If you substitute “him,” use whom.

Who went to the circus? He went to the circus Corie knows who made the cake. He made the

cake. For whom did you vote? I voted for him. You may go with whomever you choose. I choose

him.

Parts of SpeechVerbs: express action or state of

being Types:

Linking – describes state or condition, links to Subject Complement (Pred Nom or Pred Adj)

Helping – used with main verb Action – Transitive or Intransitive

Parts of SpeechVerbs: Transitive vs. Intransitive

Action Transitive – takes a direct object The rain pelted the windows. My cousin bought a car.

Action Intransitive – no object necessary The rain fell. My cousin drove.

Some are one, some are both The chorus sang patriotic songs. (trans) The chorus sang. (intrans)

Parts of SpeechAdjectives: modify noun/pronoun

Functions: Which one? What kind? How many? How much?

Placement: Before

I placed the arduous task in the hands of a capable student.

After The hikers, tired and hungry, straggled into camp

Predicate Adjective Deborah is practical.

Parts of SpeechAdverbs: modify verbs, adjectives

or adverbs Functions: Where? When? In what way? To

what extent? Usage:

Modify Verb She reads quickly. (in what way) She reads early and late. (when) She reads thoroughly. (to what extent)

Modify Adjective She is an awfully intense competitor We have a very difficult week ahead of us.

Parts of SpeechAdverbs: modify verbs, adjectives

or adverbs Functions: Where? When? In what way? To

what extent? Usage:

Modify Another Adverb She skated incredibly well at the Olympics.

For Emphasis: really, actually, truly, indeed She can actually fly over the ice She is a really good skater.

Nouns as Adverb My parents left yesterday. They will return Saturday.

Parts of SpeechPreposition: show relationships of

nouns/pronouns to other partsExamples: in, on, above, beside, past,

upon, with, by, etc. Prepositional Phrases:

The first speaker [on the program] is my mother. Her cousin will teach [in San Diego] next year. The two [of us] edited the article [for the

magazine].

Parts of SpeechConjunction: joins words/groups

Types: Coordinating, Correlative, or Subordinating

Coordinating: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet Correlative: either…or, neither…nor, both…

and, not only…but also, whether…or

Parts of SpeechConjunction: joins words/groups

Types: Coordinating, Correlative, or Subordinating

Subordinate: use to begin subordinate clauses Ex: after, although, before, because, unless, where,

while, than, since, though This computer is even better [than we had anticipated]. The sun had already set [when we reached the Grand

Canyon]. [If the price is right], I will buy your bicycle. [Since you can’t help me], I will do it myself

Note: many of these can also be used as prepositions, adverbs, or relative pronouns

Functions Subject

A noun or pronoun The person or thing “acting” in a sentence

The baby cried. Dogs and cats make excellent pets.

Functions Subject Complement - Predicate

Nominative Always a noun or pronoun (Nom = noun) Always used with a Linking Verb The linking verb links the noun in the subject to

the descriptive noun in the predicate

My grandfather is a farmer. Mr. Richards is the mayor. The flag became a national symbol. The lead actress was Reese Witherspoon. You are the one who called me.

Functions Subject Complement - Predicate Adjective

Always an adjective Always used with a Linking Verb The linking verb links the noun in the subject to

the descriptive adjective in the predicate

His stew tasted delicious. The cat is crazy! The gardener grew more tired. My whole family felt very satisfied. Are you frustrated with my attitude?

Functions Direct Object

Always a noun Used with a TRANSITIVE action verb Sentence usually doesn’t make sense without the

D.O

The rain pelted the windows. My cousin bought a car. Alice captured a crazy cat. Sam left his job last Tuesday. Madeline brought Sam a bouquet of roses.

Functions Indirect Object

Always a noun Used only with and to further modify a Direct

Object You can usually take an I.O. out and still have a

sensible sentence!

The salesman sold the company new computers.

My cousin bought me a car. Madeline brought Sam a bouquet of flowers. The teacher gave the students extra credit.

Functions Object Complement

Could be a noun, pronoun or adjective Directly modifies a direct object

America recently elected Barack Obama president.

The police caught the thief stealing. My aunt calls my uncle ‘sweetheart.’ We all consider her unworthy.

Functions Object of Preposition

Always a noun/pronoun Used within a prepositional phrase

Mike bought flowers [for Andrea]. The first speaker [on the program] is my mother. Her cousin will teach [in San Diego] next year. The two [of us] edited the article [for the

magazine].

Functions Other Functions of Nouns

Adjectives – noun phrase modifiers The child actor won an award.

Adjectives - Possessive modifiers The librarians' report was informative.

Adverbs We decided to go home. Today the children woke up early.

Phrases – Prepositional A group of words beginning with a preposition

and ending with a noun or pronoun [at the post office] [to school]

The noun or pronoun that ends a prepositional phrase is called the object of the preposition

Don’t be misled by a modifier coming after the noun/pronoun

Phrases - Appositive Appositive: a noun or pronoun placed beside

another noun or pronoun to identify or explain it Appositive phrase: an appositive and its

modifiers

Appos: Your friend [Ramla] called after you left. Appos. Phrase: Jesse Sheng, [the vice president

of the bank], sent me a card.

Phrases – Participial Participle: A verb form that can be used as an

adjective – present and past Present: ends in –ing Past: usually end in –ed or –d The pacing lion made me nervous. The hunted animal camouflaged itself.

Phrases - Participial Participial Phrase: A phrase containing a

participle and any complements or modifiers it may have

[Removing his coat], Jack rushed to the river. [Hesitating for a moment], he quickly grasped

the situation. High school graduates [replying to a college

questionnaire about their courses] often mention freshman English as the course [giving them the most trouble].

Phrases - Gerund Gerund: A verb form that is used as a noun Ends in –ing Gerund phrase: consists of a gerund and all of

the related words [Studying] always makes Trevor hungry. My favorite pastime is [sailing]. Ada made [reading] a top priority. [Waiting on tables] is a good way to earn

money in the summer.

TRICK!How to tell if it’s a gerund or a

participle

Try replacing the word/phrase with “it” or “this”… if it works,

it’s a gerund!

Phrases - Infinitive A verb form used with the word “to” Ex. To watch, to buy, to eat Infinitive phrase contains an infinitive and any

complements or modifiers I like [to go biking] on a Sunday afternoon. [To eat pickles] is a completely disgusting

experience.

Note: “to” can also start a prepositional phrase, so be careful! If the “to” is followed by a noun, it’s a prepositional; if it’s followed by a verb, it’s an infinitve!

The End