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1/14/2016 1 Soil Nutrition Management Joel Williams BioLife Ag www.biolifeag.com Latvia 19-01-16 Soil Chemistry Balance is the fundamental focus when remineralising and restoring soil fertility. It is more important to address all limitations together in balance rather than address just h f h one at the expense of another. Soil data should ideally be combined with leaf data for a full picture. Soil chemistry must also be considered within the context of soil biology especially. Soil and Plant Plant are One

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Page 1: 1/14/2016 - LLKCnew.llkc.lv/sites/default/files/baskik_p/pielikumi/... · 1/14/2016 1 Soil Nutrition Management Joel Williams BioLife Ag Latvia 19-01-16 Soil Chemistry • Balance

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Soil Nutrition Management

Joel WilliamsBioLife Ag

www.biolifeag.com

Latvia19-01-16

Soil Chemistry• Balance is the fundamental focus when remineralising and restoring soil fertility.

• It is more important to address all limitations together in balance rather than address just 

h f hone at the expense of another.

• Soil data should ideally be combined with leafdata for a full picture.

• Soil chemistrymust also be considered within the context of soil biology especially.

Soil and PlantPlant are One

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Calcium

• Calcium flocculates soil ‐ crucial for building soil structure.

• Consider overall base saturation, not just pH.

• 60‐70% on base saturation.

• Be careful not to over apply.

• Excess Ca limits its own uptake and 7 other nutrients!

• Excess P and Mg limit Ca uptake.

• Always combine Ca applications with a fungal food.

Magnesium

• 10‐20% on base saturation.

• Excess Ca, K and Na will antagonize uptake.

• Excess Mg limits its own uptake.

• High Mg soils are notoriously sticky –balance with calcium.

• N utilisation inefficient in high Mg soils.

Ca:Mg Ratio• Calcium and magnesium antagonize the uptake of each other. Balance is key.

• Critical ratio for soil structure.

• Clay – 7:1 (%BS)

• Sand – 3:1 (%BS)

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Potassium

• Excess Ca, Mg, Na, N and P limit uptake.

• High Mg soils trap K in clay layers.

• Na should never exceed K on base saturationsaturation.

• 5‐7% on base saturation.

• pH>7 soils are difficult to build K – add new exchange sites (OC and zeolite). 

Sodium

• Sodium disperses soil – breaks down soil structure.

• Surface seals, increased erosion potential.

E C M d K li it t k• Excess Ca, Mg and K limit uptake.

• Ensure Na < K on base saturation always.

• < 2% on base saturation.

• Buffer with humates and SOC.

C 2+

Mg2+ K+

N +

60-70%

10-20% 5-7%

<2%

Clay Colloid

Ca2+ Na+

Ca2+

Na+ Mg2+

K+

Clay Colloid

Nitrogen

• Excess N limits the uptake of Ca, K, B and Cu.

• Highly leachable anion (‐ve charge).

• Be careful of excess manure application –till hi h i NOstill high in NO3

• Biologically active soils NH4+ > NO3

• Very unstable so best to spoon feed.

• Combine with carbon.

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Phosphorus

• Highly charged element – notorious for ‘locking up’ with other elements.

• Generally poor availability in low biologically active soilsactive soils.

• Excess P limits the uptake of Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn.

• P and Mg are synergists.

• Balance fast and slow release inputs.

• AMF key to accessing soil reserves.

Sulphur

• Highly leachable (‐ve charge) – monitor regularly.

• Great for leaching high Mg or Na soils.

B ildi SOC i k t it l t t ti• Building SOC is key to its long term retention.

• Excess S limits B and Mo uptake.

Silicon

• Silicon can improve the stress tolerance of plants against:– Heavy Metals

– Salinity– Salinity

– Sodium

– Insects and Disease

• No ideal levels determined, leaf analysis generally easier to monitor.

• Comparative measurements – good vs bad.

Zinc

• Ca, Mg, K and P limit uptake.

• High N inputs and a cold spring limit uptake.

• Excess Zn can tie up P and Fe.

• P:Zn = monitor in leaf.

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Boron

• Most soil B remains in soil solution.

• Most leachable of all trace elements –regularly monitor soil levels.

B ildi SOC i k t it l t t ti• Building SOC is key to its long term retention.

• Always apply a carbon source with any B application.

• High Ca soils will require more B. Be careful not to overdo B in low Ca soils.

Copper

• Excess P, N, Ca, Fe and Mn limit uptake.

• High Cu limits Mn and Fe uptake.

• Peat soils tie up Cu.

• Humic acid helps to tie up excess Cu.

Manganese

• Excess Ca, P, Cu, Fe and Zn limit uptake.

• Excess Mn ties up Fe and P (↓pH).

• When K+Na on base saturation exceed 10%, M t k i li it dMn uptake is limited.

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Iron

• Excess Ca, P, Cu, Mn and Zn limit uptake.

• High Fe ties up P.

• Humic acid stimulates release of Fe.

• Fe should always be higher than Mn on soil test.

Soil Chemistry• All macro and micro elements should be tested and occasionally heavy metals.

• Soil Analysis can include:– Soluble: uses a weak extractant which mimics that of root exudates and indicates the soluble or plantof root exudates and indicates the soluble or plant available pool.

– Exchangeable: determines the CEC, base saturation percentages and cation ratios.

– Total Nutrient: uses acid digest to strip the total soil nutrient reserves.

• Organic matter/carbon

Why Test?

• We use soil chemistry testing to identify and correct nutrient limitations.

• Fertiliser recommendations are based from the soil chemistry numbersthe soil chemistry numbers.

Nutrient Efficiency• How efficient are we at delivering nutrients to crops?

• How much of our applied nutrients are actually being taken up by plants?

• N ~ 40‐50% of applied N 1,3

• P ~ 10‐20% of applied P 1,2

• K ~ 40% of applied K 1

1 Baligar and Bennett, 1986; 2 Richardson, 2000; 3 Chen et al, 2008

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50‐60% N80‐90% P

60% K

Soil Chemistry• Soil microbes release organic acids and enzymes that solubilise nutrient reservesreserves.

• Without adequate biological activity, nutrient cycling and subsequent plant growth is limited.

Soil Chemistry• Soil microbes release organic acids and enzymes that solubilise nutrient reservesreserves.

• Without adequate biological activity, nutrient cycling and subsequent plant growth is limited.

Soil Chemistry DataP K Mg B  Zn

1019 2920 1685 11.8 151

417 2107 491 2 82 63 1417 2107 491 2.82 63.1

103 782 341 1.92 6.72

All results in ppm. Totals = nitric acid; Exchangeable = ammonium acetate; Soluble = sodium acetate.

Soil Chemistry

• Soil Science is not an exact science!

• Don’t get too hung up on ideal levels – aim for the ballpark.

• Especially true the higher the organic matter• Especially true the higher the organic matter and biological activity.

Soil Chemistry

• Use short term inputs/strategies to correct urgent deficiencies only in addition to a longer term strategy of accessing nutrient reserves via plants and microbes.p

• Don’t just add nutrients, cycle them!

• Consider foliar spraying as a highly efficientmethod of nutrient delivery (later session).

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• Liquid Carbon

–Molasses 

–Fulvic acid

• Dry Carbon

–Compost

–Raw Humates

Carbon Sources

–Fish Emulsions

–Seaweed/Kelp Extracts

–Plant Teas

–Humic + Fulvic granules/powder

–Green Manures

Accessing soil reserveswith plants (and microbes)?

Accessing Nutrients via Plants

• Use plants root exudates to solubilise soil mineralsPl di i i• Plant diversity important– Different exudates

• Lactic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid

– Different rooting depths

Accessing Nutrients via Plants

• Legumes (particularly lupins and cowpea) have stronger root exudatesstronger root exudates

• Lupins increase available P for subsequent crop

• Buckwheat also a great nutrient scavenger

* Richardson, A.E, 2000

Source: Conservation Research Institute

Increasing Plant Diversity

• Cash crops• Cover crops• Rotational crops• Inter‐crops• Summer/Winter• Annuals• Perennials

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• Green manures are an important means to feed soil life.

• Add Organic Matter– Grasses

• Adds bulk/fine root mass

Green Manures

Adds bulk/fine root mass

– Oats • Quick establishment for narrow windows

– Lupins /Legumes• Add nitrogen/root exudates

– Brassicas • Biofumigation

Sarwar, M., Kirkegaard, J.A., Wong, P.T.W., Desmarchelier, J.M. 1998. Biofumigation potential of brassicas: III. In vitro toxicity of isothiocyanates to soil‐borne fungal pathogens. Plant & Soil 201: 103‐112. 

The power of diversity: Collaboration is more apparent than Competition

3000

4000

5000 47854350

Lbs. dry matter/plot

0

1000

2000

3000

Lupin Plot

Oil Seed Radish

Pasja Turnip Plot

Purple Top 

Radish

Cow Pea Plot

Cocktail Mixture 1/2 rate plot

Cocktail Mixture full rate plot

1232 12601496 1513

1914

Digesting Green Manures

• Incorporate the crop when mature• Green or brown?• Bacteria or fungi? • C:N Ratio

• Leave enough time for it to break down before planting next crop• Don’t bury it.• Don’t leave it all on top ‐ oxidation = loss of C.• Somewhere in between these two is ideal – a very light, mild 

scarification, or very shallow incorporation, slashing, rolling.

Digesting Green Manures

• Use commercial decomposing inoculums to speed up the process.

• The quicker we can incorporate the carbon into the biology, the less left over there will be to loose as CO2.the less left over there will be to loose as CO2.

• Apply nitrogen during incorporation (eg; spray foliage with fish)

Digesting Green Manures

• Living soil cover keeps root exudates flowing into the system feeding microbial biomass (particularly mycorrhiza).

Nutrient and Moisture Access• AMF are well documented to access soil reserves of P beyond the root zone.

• They also assist other macro‐nutrient access – Ca, Mg, K and N.*

d *• And micro‐nutrients – Zn, Cu, Fe.*

• AMF also increase drought resistance by accessing moisture in soil micro‐pores that roots cannot access.*

• AMF can also increase tolerance to salinity and heavy metals.*

* Gosling, P., Hodge, A., Goodlass, G., and Bending G.D. (2006) Arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi and organic farming. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 113: 17–35

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Cycling enough nutrients through soil biology and green manures takes time so we should also balance with short term 

strategies. 

• When minerals and microbes have been addressed, there is still a need to monitor the plant to assess the relative success of other management strategies. 

• Often balance can’t be achieved immediately. 

Plant Nutrition Management

• Nutrient uptake problems are often related to lockups in a poorly balanced soil. 

• Foliar feeding becomes the key to bypass soil‐based lockups and to manipulate crop quality over and above!

Plant Nutrition & Field Meters

Joel WilliamsBioLife Ag

www.biolifeag.com

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐> C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2

minerals/enzymes• Complex sugars• CarbohydratesA i A id

C6H12O6 (sugar) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐>minerals/enzymes

• Amino Acids• Proteins• Fats & Oils• Hormones• Vitamins• Phyto‐nutrients• Protective                   Compounds

/ y

Role of Nutrients

• N – Chlorophyll, AA, P

• P – Energy, root development

• K – Enzyme production, N

• B – sugar translocation, reproductive processes

• Cu – disease protection

• Zn – auxin production, l f isugar movement, N 

utilisation

• Ca – Cell wall strength

• Mg – Chlorophyll

• S – N utilisation, root development 

leaf size

• Mn – reproductive processes

• Fe – chlorophyll production

• Mo – N utilisation

• Si – cell wall strength

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Foliar Programs

• Crop Stage Programs• Germination – Mn, Zn, traces

• Early Root Growth – P

• Vegetative Structure N Mg• Vegetative Structure – N, Mg 

• Pre‐Flowering – B 

• Fruit Set – Ca 

• Fruit/Seed Fill – K 

MOBILITY OF NUTRIENTS

• Nitrogen • Calcium

All nutrients are readily absorbed into the leaves, however some are more readily translocated withinthe plant than others.

Good Mobility: Poor Mobility:• Nitrogen• Phosphorus • Potassium• Magnesium• Manganese

• Calcium• Boron • Zinc• Copper • Iron• Molybdenum• SiliconTesting the older leaves may help

give a true indication of mobile nutrient deficiencies

Benefits of in‐field monitoring:

• Immediate results.• Identify deficiencies or excesses that exist in plant (and 

Monitoring Plant Health

p (sometimes soil).

• Obtain information on spray mix suitability.

Monitoring Plant Health• When combined with conventional leaf analysis, in‐field monitoring is a powerful tool.

• Nutrient uptake problems are often related to lockups in a poorly balanced soil. 

• Foliar fertilising bypasses soil‐based problems.

• Refractometer• Sap pH• Sap specific ion

– K, Ca, Na, NO3

Tool Box

• Penetrometer

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• The refractometer measures an overall gauge of plant vitality, health and quality – photosynthesis!

• There are many variables that influence readings so a fine eye for detail and note recording is essential.

Refractometer• Measures total dissolved solids (TDS) or ‘brix’ in plant sap.

• TDS = not just sugars but also carbs, aminos, proteins, phytocompounds and minerals 

• In other words, ALL the products of photosynthesis.

Refractometer

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐> C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2

minerals/enzymes• Complex sugars• CarbohydratesA i A id

C6H12O6 (sugar) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐>minerals/enzymes

• Amino Acids• Proteins• Fats & Oils• Hormones• Vitamins• Phyto‐nutrients• Protective                   Compounds

/ y

• High brix crops:• Are sweeter tasting and more minerally nutritious and have better shelf life.

• Confer insect resistance.

Refractometer

• Have a lower freezing point (frost protection) and also greater heat tolerance. 

Interpreting Brix Factors Influencing Brix

• Time of day

• Clouds

• Storms

• Drought

• Irrigation

• Nutrient Balance

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Factors Influencing Brix

• Brix levels should remain uniformthroughout the plant. If there is a marked variation from the top to the bottom of the plant, then a nutritional imbalance is the most likely cause. 

• There should always be a variation in brix levels at different times of the day. Plants translocate sugars to the roots at night, and early morning readings should always be lower than afternoon readings, when the sugars are back in the leaves.

1. Take a baseline reading2. Apply trial treatment(s)

1. Mix different nutrients/solutions in each bottle

Diagnosis Technique

3. Take another reading 1hr later

4. If brix has increased by more than 2‐3⁰ then scale up

American researcher, Bruce Tainio

suggests that plant sap pH is a simple and 

accurate guideline for the following:

1 i k i l f i d

The Plant Sap pH Meter

1. Risk potential for insect damage.

2. Risk potential for foliar disease attack.3. Nutritional balance in the growing 

crop.4. Quality  and shelf life of fruit and 

vegetables.

Plant Sap pH

The Plant Sap Potassium-Meter

• Potassium is often overused, but nevertheless, tremendous amounts are utilised during the crop cycle.

• Potassium is the fruit‐filler ‐ a shortage will guarantee that yields will suffer.

• Conversely, an excess of potassium ties up magnesium and boron.

• The juggling act can be difficult.

The Plant Sap Calcium-Meter

• Similar to sap K meter, but measures leaf calcium.

• Ideal levels for your crop may need to be determined.

• Combine with sap pH meter, K meter and Na meter for powerful diagnosis of cation limitations and sap pH effects. 

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The Plant Sap Nitrate‐Meter

• Deficient nitrogen has a major impact on yield.

• Excess nitrogen has a major impact on qualityimpact on quality

The Plant Sap Nitrate‐Meter• Not only do different crops

require huge differences in nitrogen supply, it is becoming evidently clear varietaldiff i f ldifferences is of equal importance. 

• Standard ideal levels can sometimes be too vague and general.

• Build a database of differences in your crops/varieties/fields.

The Plant Sap Nitrate‐Meter

• Excess nitrate has a major impact on:• Quality • Pest pressure• Disease resistance

• High nitrate plants always have low• High nitrate plants always have low brix.

• Numerous scientific papers have highlighted the link between free nitrate and high insect pressure.

• Sap meters enable you to play the “how low can I go?” game.

Recipe for Nitrate Reduction

• Recipe to lower nitrates:– 2% Magnesium sulphate, 

– 60 g Sodium Molybdate

– 150 g Fulvic Acid Powder g

• Reduced NO3by ~1000 ppm in 3 days.

Low sap pH

K

Low    OK

Ca

Low    OK

Na

Low    OKMg?

Sap pH Diagnosis

Apply K

Leaf margins?

Old leaves?

Apply Ca

Growing tips?

Young leaves?

Apply Na

Sea salt

Apply Mg

Purpling?

Old Leaves?

High sap pH

N

Low    OK

P (low brix)

Low    OK

S

Low    OKB?

Sap pH Diagnosis

Apply N

(not NO3)

Chlorosis?

Old leaves?

Apply P

Purpling?

Old leaves?

Apply S

Chlorosis?

Young Leaves?

Apply B

Growing Tips?

Young Leaves?

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Penetrometer

• Pushed into the soil to measure resistance or the amount of compaction. 

• Soils with a reading of 300 psi+ are considered compact.are considered compact.

• Consider:– Ca:Mg Ratio– Organic carbon– Mechanical intervention combined with curative treatment.

Summary of theMonitoring Process

• Step 1. Define your goal

• Step 2. Calibrate your meter

• Step 3 Take a reading• Step 3. Take a reading

• Step 4. Record your results

• Step 5. Treat the area

• Step 6. Return to step 2 and repeat

Nutrition, Biology and Disease

Biological Disease Management• A combination of:

– Nutrition• Balanced nutrient supply

• Management of key ‘disease fighter’ nutrients

– Biology– Biology• Viable, active and diverse population

• Key antagonistic species

– Crop Management• Inducing resistance 

– nutrition and biology

Disease Fighters

• Although a balanced nutrient supply is necessary, key ‘disease fighting’ nutrients can also be specifically and intentionally managed:– Silicon

– Calcium

– Potassium

– Copper

– Nitrate (excess)

Disease and Silicon• Si is deposited in the cell wall.

• Physical barrier against disease (and insects).

• Si can also induce the plants immune response thereby improving the plants own capacity to t e eby p o g t e p a ts o capac ty tofight off disease.

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Disease and Calcium

• Just like Si, Ca is also deposited in the cell walls.

• Ca and Si rich plants will be less attractive to disease and insect attack.

• Both nutrients require B to deliver their ot ut e ts equ e to de e t ebenefits.

Disease and Potassium

• K plays a key role (along with Ca) in optimising sap pH.

• Ideal sap pH = 6.4

• Watch for K differences in older/younger atc o d e e ces o de /you geleaves.

• Also check for Mg if sap pH is low.

Disease and Copper

• Cu on the leaf surfaces sterilises the surface suppressing both pathogenic and unfortunately beneficial microbes also.

• Cu within the leaf also offers protection from disease without the sanitation.

• Monitor leaf levels and correct accordingly.

• Be mindful of excesses.

Disease and Nitrate

• It is impossible to build brix levels in high nitrate plants.

• Nitrates dilute plant sugars/carbs and weaken plant defences. 

• High nitrate plants are more attractive to insect pests (especially sap suckers).

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐> C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2

minerals/enzymes

• Complex sugars• Carbohydrates• Amino Acids

C6H12O6 (sugar) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐>minerals/enzymes

Amino Acids• Proteins• Fats & Oils• Hormones• Vitamins• Phyto‐nutrients• Protective                   Compounds

Biology & Disease Prevention• Competitive Exclusion

– Competition for space, food sources, nutrients etc

• Antagonism/Antibiosis– Production of antibiotic, ,antifungal and other inhibitory compounds

• Predation/Parasitism– Direct predation of disease causing organisms

• Induced Resistance

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Induced Resistance ‐How it Works

SAR ISR

A weak signal or lack of energy to respond to pathogen signal causes infection.

How do we ‘Induce’ Systemic Resistance?

• Nutrition: Silicon – promotes accumulation of phenolics in infected host epidermal cells & increases number of cells that respond.

• Biostimulants: Kelp ‐ cytokinins involved in ISR 

• Biology: Promote soil life diversity ‐many ISR responses happen at the root/soil interface with specific microbes such as:

• Healthy Soil• Mineral balance• Structure, aeration, drainage• Organic matter

Prevention of Disease

• Healthy Plant• Leaf Analysis• Brix Levels• Silicon?

• Inoculate beneficials

• By the time you are treating symptoms you have already lost productivity.

• However you need to stop the spread for next season’s crop.

• There are alternatives to chemicals RememberThere are alternatives to chemicals. Remember when using sanitisers or fungicides you are killing off the beneficial fungi as well….. And so

• It is important to re‐inoculate leaf or soil with beneficial microbes

Is the plant weakened? ‐ check brix, sap pH, colour, vigour, leaf thickness, leaf size, stem strength, root health/colour, insect vectors etc• The disease (symptom)may be caused by 

– Poor nutrition ‐ soil test, leaf test (low Ca, Cu, K, Si?), 

Treating the Root Cause

sap pH (lower in the older leaves?)– Poor soil structure – Lack of aeration?, poor drainage?: Balance major cations: Ca, Mg, Na, K 

– Lack of predatory organisms & diversity/balance ‐Biological analysis?

– Orchard/farm hygiene –many diseases are spread by farmers themselves & farm equipment.

• Minerals?– Ca, Si, K, Cu, NO3

• Microbes?– Diversity/specific species

Root Causes

• Soil/Plant Balance?

• Ask the plant what it requires? Meters?

• Learn from your mistakes.

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Understanding Amendments

Joel WilliamsBioLife Agriculturalwww.biolifeag.com

Soil Amendments• “To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction” Newtons Third Law.

• Every management decision will impact soil health in either a positive or negative way.

• Soil life are an ideal way to asses this.

• Guiding Philosophy: Does an input or practice increase or decrease soil biological health?

Nutrients and Carbon

• Every single time any nutrients are applied, they should be combined with a carbon source (liquid or dry).

• The carbon binds to the nutrients• The carbon binds to the nutrients chelating and complexing them, stabilising them, buffering them and improving uptake by plants.

Chelation

NUTRIENT CHELATOR   CHELATION

Humates

• What are humates?

• Humates are derived from prehistoric plant matter.

• Humates have been compressed and preserved as brown coal.

• Also called lignite and leonardite.

Humic Acid

• A biologically active fraction of humates.

• Larger sizedmolecule so it is more stable/resistant in the soil environment.

• Structurally complex nature and high bioactivityStructurally complex nature and high bioactivity means it is a fantastic fungal food source.

• Ideal for soil application.– Can be used as a foliar application though in some instances.

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Fulvic Acid• Another biologically active fraction of humates.

• Smaller sized molecule.

• Structurally simpler nature and high bioactivity means it is a great bacterial food.

• Ideal for foliar applications (powerful chelator)– Small molecular size, high exchange/surface area.

– Still commonly used for soil application though.

Seaweed Extracts• As kelp comes from the sea, it contains broad spectrum trace minerals, enzymes and vitamins.

• Also renowned for a wide array of different carbohydrates it produces (both bacterial and fungal foods)fungal foods).

• Contains mannitol – a powerful chelating agent and microbial stimulant.

Seaweed

• When compared to an unamended control, research has highlighted seaweed can significantly:– Increase soil pores.

– Increase aggregate stability.

– Increase soil microbial biomass.

– Increase microbial activity.

* Haslam, S.F.I. & Hopkins, D.W. (1996) Physical and biological effects of kelp (seaweed) added to soil. Applied Soil Ecology. 3 (3): 257‐261

Liquid Fish• Fish Hydrolysate

– Enzymatically digested.

– Not heat treated (max 50°C).

– Higher presence of complex carbon                    chains due to less physical processingchains due to less physical processing.

– Higher oil content.

– Fungal food.

• Fish Emulsion– Heat treated so complex carbon                          chains are denatured and broken down.

– Bacterial food.

Plant Teas

• Processing (often soaking) plant material to make a liquid extract (oil or water).

• Contains minerals (nutrition), carbon chains (food source) and phyto‐compounds (pest and disease mgmt) ideal plant and microbe fooddisease mgmt) = ideal plant and microbe food.

– Aloe vera

– Comfrey

– Nettle

– Lucerne

– Rosemary

– Garlic

– Anything!

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Biofertilisers• Apply new populations of soil organisms

– Composts

– Liquid Compost Extracts

– Commercial inoculums

– Manures

Source: Soil Food Web Inc ©

The Role of a Foliar

• Foliar applying nutrients is more efficient than soil applied:– Bypass soil imbalances– No nutrient antagonism (competition)– No leaching, no volatilisation– Less fertiliser required

• Nutrients are targeted directly onto plant surfaces for subsequent absorption

Foliar Applications

• When foliar applying consider:– Time of day– Spray pH– Spray EC– Chelation– Wetter/stickers– Nutrient synergists

A targeted foliar program to optimise planthealthwill further improve nutrient access 

(efficiency) from the soil.

So improving plant health in the short term will indirectly improve soil health in the long term.y p g

The Biological Link to Foliar Applied Nutrition

• Foliar applied nutrients is actually all about microbial stimulation.

• When calculated back, the amount of nutrient applied via foliar applications is very small.

• But those small amounts stimulate photosynthesis and hence sugar production.

• Those sugars etc are sent to the roots and exuded to feed soil microbes.

• Soil microbes in return, solubilise much more nutrient from the soil and feed the plant.

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Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐> C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2

minerals/enzymes• Complex sugars• CarbohydratesA i A id

C6H12O6 (sugar) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐>minerals/enzymes

• Amino Acids• Proteins• Fats & Oils• Hormones• Vitamins• Phyto‐nutrients• Protective                   Compounds

/ y

FEEDING THROUGH THE FOLIAGE

• 80% of foliar nutrients reach their mark compared with 10 - 30% soil applications.

• Many previous trials have produced mixed results.

• An understanding of the technology & appropriatepp

• It has taken a long time to gain mainstream acceptance and adoption of the philosophy.

technology & appropriate application methods should limit variations in response.

Bypasses problems in soil; ie.

WHEN TO FOLIAR SPRAY

• To correct major deficiencies in a hurry.• To relieve a stressed crop: drought, frost,

waterlogging, pest/disease pressure.

ypasses p ob e s so ; e• Lock-ups • Leaching in light soils• Nutrient competition

THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT

• Most stomata are on the underside of the leaf therefore foliar applications should be aimed here.aimed here.

• Overhead applications still benefit through tiny micropores in the leaf surface.

• The smaller the droplet size the better.

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SPRAY pH

• For optimal uptake of foliar fertilisers, careful attention should be given to the pH & conductivity of the spray solution.

• A pH of between 6 - 7 is generally the aim for fertilisers, unless other

specific responses are required.

TIME OF THE DAY

• Relative humidity is high.

Early morning or evening is the best time to spray because:

• Stomata are likely to be closed in the middle of the day when the temperature is at its highest (plants transpire & release moisture).

• The hot sun is also likely to evaporate the fine mist of spray.

Time of The Month

Best Time:6 days before full moon.

Worst time:6 days before new moon.

INCOPORATE SPRAY OILS

• Increased target penetration - natural oils bond with leaf surface, magnifying the penetration of spray.

• Drift reduction - Uniformity of droplet size reduces the very fine droplets associated with drift.

• Improved spreading capacity - helps overcome the problem of beaded droplets on waxy surfaces, spray is spread evenly over surface in a thin film.

• Rainfast enhancement - Natural oils ensure spray is rainfastimmediately after application.

• Odour reduction - Surrounds & traps any offensive odours.• Reduced evaporation - Coats the spray droplet to minimise

evaporation.

Thank YouSummary and Questions?Q

[email protected]